The Study on Single-Event Effects and Hardening Analysis of Frequency Divider Circuits Based on InP HBT Process.

The single-event effects (SEEs) of frequency divider circuits and the radiation tolerance of the hardened circuit are studied in this paper. Based on the experimental results of SEEs in InP HBTs, a transient current model for sensitive transistors is established, taking into account the influence of factors such as laser energy, base-collector junction voltage, and radiation position. Moreover, the SEEs of the (2:1) static frequency divider circuit with the InP DHBT process are simulated under different laser energies by adding the transient current model at sensitive nodes. The effect of the time relationship between the pulsed laser and clock signal are discussed. Changes in differential output voltage and the degradation mechanism of unhardened circuits are analyzed, which are mainly attributed to the cross-coupling effect between the transistors in the differential pair. Furthermore, the inverted output is directly connected to the input, leading to a feedback loop and causing significant logic upsets. Finally, an effective hardened method is proposed to provide redundancy and mitigate the impacts of SEEs on the divider. The simulation results demonstrate a notable improvement in the radiation tolerance of the divider.

Enhancing egg production and quality by the supplementation of probiotic strains (Clostridium and Brevibacillus) via improved amino acid digestibility, intestinal health, immune response, and antioxidant activity.

This study focused on evaluating the influence of Clostridium butyricum and Brevibacillus strains on egg production, egg quality, immune response and antioxidant function, apparent fecal amino acid digestibility, and jejunal morphology when supplemented as probiotics in the diets of laying hens in the peak phase. A total of 288 healthy 30-week-old Hy-Line Brown laying hens were arbitrarily assigned to four dietary groups, which included control diet and control diet supplemented with 0.02% C. butyricum zlc-17, C. butyricum lwc-13, or Brevibacillus zlb-z1, for 84 days. The results showed that dietary C. butyricum and Brevibacillus sp. exerted a positively significant influence (P ≤ 0.05) compared to the control group on the performance, egg quality, and physiological response of the birds. The diets could reduce mortality rate and enhance (P ≤ 0.05) egg weight and egg mass, egg production rate, and feed efficiency. Further analysis suggested that the probiotic strains can enhance (P ≤ 0.05) eggshell quality, Haugh unit, thick albumen content, and albumen height. Also, probiotics enhanced (P ≤ 0.05) the antioxidant status via increased antioxidant enzymes and jejunal morphology as evidenced by increased villi surface area (VSA), the ratio of villi height to crypt depth, villi width, and villi height, and a significant reduction in crypt depth. Besides, nutrient absorption and retention were enhanced, as apparent fecal amino acid digestibility of key essential amino acids was substantially improved in the diet-based group. The concentrations of immunoglobulin M and A (IgM and IgA) increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in the probiotics group and the same effect was notable for complement proteins (C3) and immune organ (Spleen). Conclusively, the supplementation of Clostridium butyricum zlc-17 in comparison to Clostridium butyricum lwc-13 and Brevibacillus zlb-z1 strains significantly (P ≤ 0.05) promoted the antioxidant status, modulated the intestinal structure, enhanced amino acid digestibility, and regulated the immunity index of the laying hens, which finally improves the laying performance and egg quality of the laying hens.

Multi-agent evolutionary game in the recycling utilization of construction waste.

The recycling utilization of construction waste (CW) is of great importance to reduce waste discharge and protect natural resources. This study investigated the evolutionary decision making process and stable strategies among three stakeholders, including the government agency (GA), waste recycler (WR) and waste producer (WP), involved in CW recycling industry based on the game theory. The main factors that affected the strategies of the stakeholders were analyzed and the tripartite evolutionary game model is provided. The evolutionary stability strategy and stability conditions were analyzed subsequently. A numerical simulation illustrated the effectiveness of the proposed method, with which the evolutionary decision making process and stable strategies among the three stakeholders are simulated. It is shown that the GA plays different roles in different stages of the development of CW recycling industry. In the early stage, the supervision and policies of the GA are critical to improve the proportion of enterprises that implement the recycling strategy. With the mature of the CW recycling industry, it is profitable for enterprises to implement waste recycling, and a high proportion of enterprises choose to implement recycling strategy. Under this circumstance, the GA will gradually decrease their interventions to enterprises, and finally evolve into no supervision. Besides, it also concludes that low penalties and subsidies are not conducive to the evolution of the optimal strategy among the three participants, and excessive supervision costs will reduce the regulatory willingness of the GA, hindering the enthusiasm of WRs and WPs to implement the recycling strategy.

Dynamic security assessment and the countermeasures analysis of land ecology in Henan province from 2007 to 2017.

The accurate control of the degree of land development and the objective assessment of current land ecology are important issues that human beings must consider. Taking Henan province as the research area, this paper uses the Driver-Pressure-State-Impacts-Response (DPSIR) conceptual model to establish an assessment index system of land ecological security, and employs the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) assessment model to evaluate the land ecological security of Henan province from 2007 to 2017. The assessment results show that the land ecological security value of Henan province is generally continuously improving in 2007-2017 (from 0.5640 in 2007 to 0.6512 in 2017), but there were minor fluctuations in 2009, 2013 and 2016. In 2012, the land ecological security level starts to improve from a critically secure state to a secure state. Finally, according to the evaluation results and the actual situation of Henan province, specific countermeasures are put forward from the three main factors that cause the low value of land ecological security: state, response and pressure.

The Effect of Inclusion Level of Soybean Oil and Palm Oil on Their Digestible and Metabolizable Energy Content Determined with the Difference and Regression Method When Fed to Growing Pigs.

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of inclusion level of soybean oil (SO) and palm oil (PO) on their digestible and metabolism energy (DE and ME) contents when fed to growing pigs by difference and regression method. Sixty-six crossbred growing barrows (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire and weighing 38.1±2.4 kg) were randomly allotted to a 2×5 factorial arrangement involving 2 lipid sources (SO and PO), and 5 levels of lipid (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) as well as a basal diet composed of corn and soybean meal. The barrows were housed in individual metabolism crates to facilitate separate collection of feces and urine, and were fed the assigned test diets at 4% of initial body weight per day. A 5-d total collection of feces and urine followed a 7-d diet adaptation period. The results showed that the DE and ME contents of SO and PO determined by the difference method were not affected by inclusion level. The DE and ME determined by the regression method for SO were greater compared with the corresponding respective values for PO (DE: 37.07, ME: 36.79 MJ/kg for SO; DE: 34.11, ME: 33.84 MJ/kg for PO, respectively). These values were close to the DE and ME values determined by the difference method at the 10% inclusion level (DE: 37.31, ME: 36.83 MJ/kg for SO; DE: 34.62, ME: 33.47 MJ/kg for PO, respectively). A similar response for the apparent total tract digestibility of acid-hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE) in lipids was observed. The true total tract digestibility of AEE in SO was significantly (p<0.05) greater than that for PO (97.5% and 91.1%, respectively). In conclusion, the DE and ME contents of lipid was not affected by its inclusion level. The difference method can substitute the regression method to determine the DE and ME contents in lipids when the inclusion level is 10%.

[Elementary SERS spectroscopy studies of three kinds of pathogens in Ag colloids prepared by microwave method].

The normal Raman (NR) and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for Alternaria alternate, Colletotrichum musae, and fusarium suspensions were measured by a portable Raman spectrometer (785 nm). The result indicates that the silver colloid prepared by microwave method shows high enhancement of Raman scattering for the three kinds of pathogens. Comparing SERS spectrums of the three kinds of pathogens, there are some similarities. In these SERS spectrums, the peaks in the range of 500-1 000 cm(-1) are very weak. Additionally, the peaks in the range of 1 000-1 600 cm(-1) are strong. Meanwhile, the peak at 481 cm(-1) is the strongest. Although these spectrums are similar, there are some differences such as the distribution and shape of peaks. Therefore, the three kinds of pathogens can be discriminated quickly.

[SERS spectroscopy study of three pathogenic bacteria].

The SERS spectra of staphylococcus aureus, proteus, and Escherichia coli was obtained on colloidal Ag nanoparticles prepared by the microwave method with the portable Raman spectrometer. Staphylococcus aureus have obvious Raman vibrating peak at 725, 1 330 and 1 450 cm(-1), proteus have obvious Raman vibrating peaks at 650,725,950, 1 325 and 1 463 cm(-1), while E. coli have obvious Raman vibrating peaks at 650, 950, 1 125, 1 242,1 320 and 1 457 cm(-1). Each peak was assigned preliminarily. Not only the position of Raman vibration peaks but also the intensity of the three bacteria is obviously different, so SERS can be used for identification and distinction of E. coli, staphylococcus aureus and proteus.

Immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease DNA vaccines can be enhanced by coinjection with the Isatis indigotica extract.

The Isatis indigotica extract is widely used in clinical practice for the treatment of influenza, epidemic hepatitis, epidemic encephalitis B etc. The goal of this study was to investigate whether coinjection of the Isatis indigotica extract with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) DNA vaccine could increase the protective immune response. Mice were vaccinated twice with either FMDV DNA vaccine plus the Isatis indigotica extract or DNA vaccine alone. Compared with the group of DNA vaccine alone, in the group that received DNA vaccine plus the Isatis indigotica extract was observed a significant increase in not only FMDV-specific antibody response but also T cell proliferation assay. All swine immunized with either FMDV DNA vaccine plus the Isatis indigotica extract or DNA vaccine alone were partially protected from FMDV challenge, but the signs of DNA vaccine plus the Isatis indigotica extract group were less severe than that of DNA vaccine alone. Coinjection of the Isatis indigotica extract with DNA vaccine has adjuvant effect on the immune response against viral pathogens and its application provides an effective strategy to improve the efficacy of DNA vaccines.

[Adsorption properties of dye compounds on the sediments in Qinghe].

The adsorption properties of six kinds of dyes compounds on the sediments in Qinghe were studied through batch technique. The influences of pH, ion strength and temperature on adsorption as well as the adsorption isotherms were discussed and determined. It was shown that pH value and ion strength were the main effect factors on the adsorption, and the adsorption percentage increased with the temperature increase. The adsorption of these dye compounds on the sediment exhibited Freundlich adsorption behavior. The dynamic adsorption indicated that the adsorption process was divided into two steps: fast adsorption (less than 1 hours) and slow adsorption (more than 12 hours).

Sorption Behavior of Dye Compounds onto Natural Sediment of Qinghe River.

The objective of this study is to assess the adsorption behavior of C.I. Basic Yellow X-5GL, C.I. Basic Red 13, C.I. Direct Blue 86, C.I. Vat Yellow 2, and C.I. Mordant Black 11 on natural sediment and to identify sediment characteristics that play a predominant role in the adsorption of the dyes. The potentiometric titration experiment is used to investigate acid-base properties of the sediment surface with a constant capacitance surface complexation model. The parameters controlling the sorption such as solution pH and ion strength, as well as the influence of organic carbon and Ca(2+) ion on the adsorption, are evaluated. It is shown that the titration data can be successfully described by the surface protonation and deprotonation model with the least-squares FITEQL program 2.0. The sorption isotherm data are fitted to the Freundlich equation in a nonlinear form (1/n=0.3-0.9) for all tested dyes. With increasing pH value, the sorption of C.I. Mordant Black 11 and C.I. Direct Blue 86 on the sediment decreases, while for C.I. Basic Yellow X-5GL and C.I. Basic Red 13, the extent of sorption slightly increases. In addition, ion strength also exhibits a considerably different effect on the sorption behavior of these dye compounds. The addition of Ca(2+) can greatly reduce the sorption of C.I. Basic Red 13 on the sediment surface, while it enhances the sorption of C.I. Direct Blue 6. The removal of organic carbon decreases the sorption of C.I. Mordant Black 11 and C.I. Direct Blue 86. In contrast, the sorption of C.I. Basic Red 13 and C.I. Basic Yellow X-5GL is obviously enhanced after the removal of organic carbon. The differences in adsorption behavior are mainly attributed to the physicochemical properties of these dye compounds. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.