What adaptation to research is needed following crises: a comparative, qualitative study of the health workforce in Sierra Leone and Nepal.

BACKGROUND: Health workers are critical to the performance of health systems; yet, evidence about their coping strategies and support needs during and post crisis is lacking. There is very limited discussion about how research teams should respond when unexpected crises occur during on-going research. This paper critically presents the approaches and findings of two health systems research projects that explored and evaluated health worker performance and were adapted during crises, and provides lessons learnt on re-orientating research when the unexpected occurs. METHODS: Health systems research was adapted post crisis to assess health workers' experiences and coping strategies. Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with 14 health workers in a heavily affected earthquake district in Nepal and 25 frontline health workers in four districts in Ebola-affected Sierra Leone. All data were transcribed and analysed using the framework approach, which included developing coding frameworks for each study, applying the frameworks, developing charts and describing the themes. A second layer of analysis included analysis across the two contexts, whereas a third layer involved the research teams reflecting on the approaches used to adapt the research during these crises and what was learned as individuals and research teams. RESULTS: In Sierra Leone, health workers were heavily stigmatised by the epidemic, leading to a breakdown of trust. Coping strategies included finding renewed purpose in continuing to serve their community, peer and family support (in some cases), and religion. In Nepal, individual determination, a sense of responsibility to the community and professional duty compelled staff to stay or return to their workplace. The research teams had trusting relationships with policy-makers and practitioners, which brought credibility and legitimacy to the change of research direction as well as the relationships to maximise the opportunity for findings to inform practice. CONCLUSIONS: In both contexts, health workers demonstrated considerable resilience in continuing to provide services despite limited support. Embedded researchers and institutions are arguably best placed to navigate emerging ethical and social justice challenges and are strategically positioned to support the co-production of knowledge and ensure research findings have impact.

Improving emergency obstetric care in a context of very high maternal mortality: the Nepal Safer Motherhood Project 1997-2004.

The Nepal Safer Motherhood Project (1997-2004) was one of the first large-scale projects to focus on access to emergency obstetric care, covering 15% of Nepal. Six factors for success in reducing maternal mortality are applied to assess the project. There was an average annual increase of 1.3% per year in met need for emergency obstetric care, reaching 14% in public sector facilities in project districts in 2004. Infrastructure and equipment to achieve comprehensive-level care were improved, but sustained functioning, availability of a skilled doctor, blood and anaesthesia, were greater challenges. In three districts, 70% of emergency procedures were managed by nurses, with additional training. However, major shortages of skilled professionals remain. Enhancement of the weak referral system was beyond the project's scope. Instead, it worked to increase information in the community about danger signs in pregnancy and delivery and taking prompt action. A key initiative was establishing community emergency funds for obstetric complications. Efforts were also made to develop a positive shift in attitudes towards patient-centred care. Supply-side interventions are insufficient for reducing the high level of maternal deaths. In Nepal, this situation is complicated by social norms that leave women undervalued and disempowered, especially those from lower castes and certain ethnic groups, a pattern reflected in use of maternity services. Programming also needs to address the social environment.