ABSTRACT
Liver disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Despite this, the natural history of liver disease is not well characterized and the evidence basis for specific therapeutic intervention is not robust. The spectrum of clinical liver disease encountered includes asymptomatic abnormalities of liver function; acute deteriorations in liver function, sometimes with a dramatic clinical phenotype; and decompensated chronic liver disease. In this paper, the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of patients with acute and chronic liver disease will be outlined. Advice will be given regarding initial assessment and investigation. The evidence for specific medical and surgical interventions will be reviewed, and management recommendations made for each specific clinical presentation. The potential role for liver transplantation will be considered in detail.
Subject(s)
Anemia, Sickle Cell/complications , Liver Diseases/complications , Adolescent , Adult , Anemia, Sickle Cell/diagnostic imaging , Anemia, Sickle Cell/physiopathology , Biopsy , Humans , Liver/pathology , Liver Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Liver Diseases/physiopathology , Liver Function Tests , Liver Transplantation , MaleABSTRACT
Patients with sickle cell disease can develop liver disease as a result of intrahepatic sickling of erythrocytes, viral hepatitis and iron overload secondary to multiple blood transfusions, and gallstone disease as a result of chronic hemolysis. The spectrum of clinical liver disease is wide and often multifactorial. Some patients develop cirrhosis that may progress to end-stage liver failure. Limited evidence exists for medical treatments. Exchange blood transfusions may improve outcomes in the acute liver syndromes. Liver transplantation may be an option for chronic liver disease. The role for prophylactic cholecystectomy in preventing complications of gallstone disease is controversial.
Subject(s)
Anemia, Sickle Cell/complications , Cholelithiasis/etiology , Liver Diseases/etiology , Transfusion Reaction/complications , Anemia, Sickle Cell/therapy , Blood Transfusion , Cholestasis, Intrahepatic/etiology , Hemolysis , Hepatitis, Viral, Human/etiology , Humans , Iron Overload/etiology , Liver Cirrhosis/etiology , Liver Diseases/therapySubject(s)
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/surgery , Liver Neoplasms/surgery , Liver Transplantation/methods , Female , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) causes both acute and chronic hepatitis, always in the presence of hepatitis B. Analysis of global HDV isolates has shown that at least eight genotypes exist. HDV RNA quantitation and genotyping are important tools in the diagnosis and management of infected individuals. There is, as yet, no commercially available quantitative HDV RNA assay. Several laboratories have developed in-house assays, but equivalent detection and quantitation across all HDV genotypes has not been demonstrated. In this study, the development of an in-house real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) assay is described to quantify HDV RNA in serum or plasma. Its efficiency was validated by testing 99 samples from patients with known chronic HDV infection, along with 22 samples from individuals without HDV. The assay has a dynamic range of 6.4×10(2) to 6.4×10(8)copies/mL. Amplicons of the quantitative PCR can be directly used for sequence analysis and genotyping. HDV-1, HDV-5 and HDV-6 were identified, reflecting the areas of origin of our cohort of patients. The ability to genotype and to accurately quantify HDV RNA levels in the more recently discovered African genotypes will be important for investigating the natural history of HDV in this group, compared to those with genotype 1 disease.
Subject(s)
Hepatitis D/virology , Hepatitis Delta Virus/isolation & purification , RNA, Viral/isolation & purification , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Serum/virology , Viral Load/methods , Hepatitis Delta Virus/genetics , Humans , London , RNA, Viral/geneticsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: A history of anaphylaxis after transfusion of immunoglobulin A (IgA)-containing blood products in selective IgA-deficient (sIgAD) patients can be a major problem, particularly in emergencies, when large quantities of blood products are required. CASE REPORT: A 19-year-old woman with end-stage Type 2 autoimmune hepatitis required liver transplantation as her only remaining treatment option. However, she also had sIgAD, anti-IgA antibodies, and episodes of anaphylaxis after receiving IgA-containing blood products. Liver transplantation would have been extremely challenging due to the difficulty of obtaining sufficient blood products from suitable IgA-deficient donors. Hence, it became imperative to devise a protocol to desensitize her to IgA-containing blood products. RESULTS: Using a continuous infusion of an IgA-enriched (6 mg/mL IgA) immunoglobulin preparation with gradual increases in concentration, she was successfully desensitized to IgA. Consequently, she was able to receive standard platelets, fresh-frozen plasma, and red blood cells with no complications. CONCLUSION: This approach could prove very useful in similar cases that may require administration of large quantities of blood products particularly in emergency lifesaving circumstances.
