Influence of menopause on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in highly emetogenic chemotherapy for breast cancer: A retrospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Female sex and younger age are reported risk factors for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in highly emetogenic chemotherapy, but the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to clarify the impact of menopause on CINV. METHODS: This retrospective observational study analyzed data from consecutive patients who received their first cycle of perioperative anthracycline-based chemotherapy for breast cancer between January 2018 and June 2020. The endpoints were association between CINV (vomiting, ≥Grade 2 nausea, complete response [CR] failure) and menopause as well as the association between CINV and follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH]/estradiol [E2]. RESULTS: Data for 639 patients were analyzed. Among these patients, 109 (17.1%) received olanzapine (four antiemetic combinations) and 530 (82.9%) did not (three antiemetic combinations). Premenopausal state (amenorrhea lasting ≥12 months) was significantly associated with ≥Grade 2 nausea and CR failure in univariate analysis but not in multivariate analysis. The premenopausal FSH/E2 group (defined by serum levels; FSH <40 mIU/mL and E2 ≥20 pg/mL) had a significantly higher rate of ≥Grade 2 nausea than the postmenopausal FSH/E2 group (FSH ≥40 mIU/mL and E2 <20 pg/mL) (48.8% vs. 18.8%, p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that changes in FSH and E2 due to menopause may affect the severity of nausea and that FSH and E2 (especially FSH) levels might be useful indicators for CINV risk assessment.

Serum Creatinine Elevation as a Risk Factor for Niraparib-induced Hematologic Toxicity.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Niraparib dosages can be individualized to reduce the starting dose based on body weight and baseline platelet count. However, even with individualized dosing, scattered cases of ≥Grade 3 hematologic toxicity occur. This study explored markers predictive of serious hematologic toxicity in niraparib therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective observational study investigated patients who started niraparib therapy at the Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research between December 2020 and March 2022. Associations between hematologic toxicities and serum creatinine ratio (percentage increase in serum creatinine between baseline and after niraparib initiation) were investigated. RESULTS: Out of 50 ovarian cancer patients who initiated niraparib, 45 patients were included in the final analysis. Twenty-three patients (51.1%) developed ≥Grade 3 hematologic toxicity, with neutropenia in 17 (37.8%), anemia in 9 (20.0%), and thrombocytopenia in 4 (8.9%). Patients with Grade 4 hematologic toxicity showed higher serum creatinine ratios than those with ≤Grade 2. Thrombocytopenia ≥Grade 3 occurred only within 2 months of niraparib initiation and was preceded by an increase in serum creatinine in all affected patients. CONCLUSION: Serum creatinine ratio offers a potential marker for predicting severe hematologic toxicity following niraparib therapy.

Impact of Primary Pegfilgrastim Prophylaxis on Relative Dose Intensity in Neoadjuvant/Adjuvant FEC-100 Chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND/AIM: This study aimed was to clarify the impact of pegfilgrastim (PEG) 3.6 mg primary prophylaxis of febrile neutropenia (FN) on the average relative dose intensity (ARDI) of neoadjuvant/adjuvant FEC-100 for breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective, single-centre cohort study including 296 patients who received FEC-100 compared PEG and non-PEG groups. The PEG group received PEG 3.6 mg as a single subcutaneous injection in each study cycle. The primary endpoint was the ARDI of FEC-100. The secondary endpoints were patient percentage of ARDI≥85%, factors associated with ARDI≥85%, and reasons for reduced ARDI. RESULTS: The PEG group showed significantly higher mean ARDI (95.6% versus 90.7%, p<0.001) and patient percentage of ARDI≥85% (93.0% versus 79.9%, p=0.001). PEG was significantly associated with ARDI≥85% (p=0.009). Neutropenia and FN, the main reasons for reduced ARDI, were significantly lower in the PEG group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Primary PEG 3.6 mg prophylaxis increased the ARDI of FEC-100.

Regorafenib-Induced Hand-Foot Skin Reaction Is More Severe on the Feet Than on the Hands.

Regorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Regorafenib-induced hand-foot skin reaction (HFSR) is a common side effect during treatment. The reported frequency of HFSR was 80% (grade 3: 28%) in the Japanese subpopulation in the CORRECT trial; however, more detailed data regarding HFSR in terms of onset and sites of susceptibility are unclear. Additionally, the risk factors for regorafenib-induced severe HFSR are unknown. The aim of this study was to compare HFSR between the hands and feet and identify preexisting risk factors for severe HFSR in Japanese patients receiving regorafenib. We retrospectively examined the onset and severity of HFSR on the hands and feet of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with regorafenib from May 2013 to October 2015 in the Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research. In addition, we examined the possible association between preexisting clinical factors and severe HFSR. Our results showed that no significant difference in the incidence of HFSR of any grade was observed between the hands (71%) and feet (74%) (p = 0.63). The incidence of grade 3 HFSR was more frequent on the feet (33%) than on the hands (8%) (p < 0.01). The onset of grade 3 HFSR was earlier on the feet than on the hands (p < 0.001). No preexisting risk factor was identified. Our findings indicate that severe HFSR was more prevalent on the feet than on the hands, suggesting the need for appropriate screening for early detection and treatment of regorafenib-induced HSFR.

[Safety Profile of the Combination of Prophylactic Pegfilgrastim and Cabazitaxel for Japanese Patients with Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer].

Cabazitaxel, which is a novel semi-synthetic anti-cancerous agent, is newly approved for the treatment of metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer(CRPC). The main dose-limiting toxicity is considered to be febrile neutropenia(FN). In this study, we retrospectively investigated the safety profiles of Japanese patients during cabazitaxel therapy. From September 2014 to August 2016, 17 patients initiated receiving cabazitaxel therapy in our institution. Prophylactically, pegfilgrastim was administered to all patients. Among 17 patients, 5 patients(29.4%)developed FN. Four of these patients(80%)developed FN in the first cycle and could continue the cabazitaxel therapy with dose modification, whereas 1 patient(20%)developed FN leading to septic shock in the 8th cycle. Although he recovered after appropriate medical treatment, he discontinued the cabazitaxel therapy. Regarding non-hematological adverse events, no unknown adverse events were observed. The most frequently observed adverse event was back pain(n=4, 23.5%). There was no influence on the continuation of treatment. Treatment discontinuation due to adverse events was observed in 1 patient(5.9%). Due to the prophylactic pegfilgrastim in combination, the occurrence rate of FN seemed to decrease. However, we must remember that FN is still frequently expressed even under the prophylactic pegfilgrastim.

A Feasibility Study of Capecitabine and Oxaliplatin for Patients with Stage II/III Colon Cancer -ACTOR Study.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Past studies have suggested that adjuvant capecitabine and oxaliplatin (CAPOX) provides decreased tumor relapse and longer survival in patients with curatively resected colon cancer. We report the first evidence of the feasibility of adjuvant CAPOX in Japanese patients with early colon cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eligible patients had histologically-confirmed stage II/III colon cancer and received curative resection. The primary endpoint was completion rate of treatment after 8 cycles of adjuvant CAPOX. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients were enrolled in this study. The completion rate of CAPOX and oxaliplatin were 77.8% and 61.1%, respectively. The incidence of grade ≥3 adverse events was neutropenia (n=6), thrombocytopenia (n=3), nausea (n=5), hand-foot syndrome (n=1) and peripheral sensory neuropathy (n=1). Three-year disease-free survival for stage II patients and stage III patients were 100% and 79.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Adjuvant CAPOX can be safely administered to Japanese patients with stage II/III colon cancer.

Self-Reported Adherence to Capecitabine on XELOX Treatment as Adjuvant Therapy for Colorectal Cancer.

Adherence has become an important issue in modern oncology treatment. Most studies have included heterogeneous target tumor types, regimens, and therapy settings. Our study focused on capecitabine during capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (XELOX) treatment as an adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer. The main aims of this study were to evaluate real-life adherence to capecitabine and to investigate candidate factors that might decrease adherence. We studied 338 consecutive patients who received XELOX treatment between December 1, 2011, and April 30, 2015, at the Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research. Our study assessed adherence to capecitabine through patient-reported treatment diaries and interviewed nonadherents to determine the reasons for not taking capecitabine at a pharmaceutical outpatient clinic. We calculated the adherence rate in a cycle as: number of times the patient took capecitabine/28. Relative dose intensities and factors associated with deteriorating adherence to capecitabine were retrospectively surveyed from electronic patient records. Uni- and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate factors associated with optimal adherence. The study covered 282 patients who received 2,055 cycles of XELOX. Median adherence rate was 94.0% in the first cycle, and median relative dose intensity of capecitabine was 77.8%. The most common reasons for nonadherence were nausea/vomiting and diarrhea. The presence of the following factors was not significantly associated with adherence: ECOG performance status ≥1 (p = 0.715), clinical stage (p = 0.408), primary tumor site (p = 0.576), age ≥70 years at study entry (p = 0.757), female gender (p = 0.504), and not living alone (p = 0.579). The adherence rate from this study was significantly higher than the adherence from metastatic settings. Adherence-enhancing interventions for capecitabine in XELOX treatment as adjuvant therapy comprised management of nausea/vomiting and diarrhea.

Self-Reported Adherence to Trifluridine and Tipiracil Hydrochloride for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: A novel oral agent that consists of trifluridine and tipiracil hydrochloride (TFTD) has been established as salvage-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Adherence to TFTD is crucial to maintaining appropriate curative effects. This study sought to clarify adherence to TFTD and identify candidate factors deteriorating adherence at our institution. METHODS: A total of 50 consecutive mCRC patients who received TFTD monotherapy between June 1, 2014 and July 31, 2015 were analyzed in this study. Adherence to TFTD was checked by pharmacists using a self-reported treatment diary and interviewing nonadherents at a pharmaceutical outpatient clinic. The adherence rate was defined as the number of patient intakes per 20 scheduled intakes in one cycle. We retrospectively surveyed the factors from the electronic patient record associated with reduced adherence. We measured relative dose intensity, defined as the dose intensity divided by the initial dose (each in milligrams per square meter per week). RESULTS: Patient characteristics were as follows: males/females, 20/30; median age, 61 years (range, 34-83 years); performance status 0/1, 37/13. Median relative dose intensity of TFTD was 91.0%. Adherence rates were 95.0% for the first cycle of TFTD, 97.3% for the second cycle, 98.0% for the third cycle, and 98.2% for the fourth cycle. Factors associated with deteriorated adherence to TFTD were nausea/vomiting/decreased appetite (27.1%, 23 instances), pain (25.9%, 22 instances), neutropenia (11.8%, 10 instances), and missed dose (4.7%, 4 instances). Increased nonadherence to TFTD was associated with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 1, while increased TFTD adherence in the first cycle was associated with prior regimens ≥4. CONCLUSIONS: The high frequency of treatment-related gastrointestinal disorder is the main factor affecting adherence to TFTD. Intensive supportive care in the management of these symptoms could assist adequate adherence to TFTD in mCRC patients.

[Preventive effect of polaprezinc suspension dispersed in sodium alginate solution (P-AG) for stomatitis induced by Docetaxel/Cisplatin/Fluorouracil (DCF) chemotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer].

We measured the effectiveness of the prophylactic administration of a polaprezinc suspension dispersed in sodium alginate solution (P-AG) by dividing it into two courses in the same patients, and measured the stomatitis induced by Docetaxel/Cisplatin/Fluorouracil (DCF) chemotherapy. We then evaluated the results. We defined the therapeutic course as the course where P-AG was given therapeutically for stomatitis induced after DCF chemotherapy. We defined the prophylactic course as when P-AG was prophylactically given before any incidences of stomatitis after the therapeutic course. We compared the incidences of stomatitis in the prophylactic courses with those of the therapeutic courses. The incidences of stomatitis that were higher than Grade 1 were 17 out of 17 patients (100%) in the therapeutic course. On the other hand, they were 15 out of 17 patients (88. 2%) in the prophylactic course. Compared with the mean of the Grade of Stomatitis by the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3. 0 (CTCAE v. 3. 0), the maximal Grade of stomatitis significantly decreased in the prophylactic courses compared to those of the therapeutic courses(p<0. 05). Therefore, these results suggested that we were able to decrease the severity of stomatitis by using P-AG prophylactically, as opposed to using P-AG therapeutically.