Molecular identification and prevalence of plerocercoid larvae (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) in some commercial fish species from Peru.

Diphyllobothriosis, a fish-borne zoonosis in South America, is mainly caused by the Pacific broad tapeworm Adenocephalus pacificus Nybelin, 1931, a parasite of considerable concern in fishery resources due to its impact on public health. A new diphyllobothrid, Diphyllobothrium sprakeri Hernández-Orts et al. Parasites Vectors 14:219, 2021, was recently described from sea lions from the Pacific Coast, but marine fish acting as intermediate hosts are unknown. The objective of this study was to confirm the presence of plerocercoid larvae of Diphyllobothriidae Lühe, 1910 (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea) in nine fish species of commercial importance in Peru. Of a total of 6999 fish (5861 Engraulis ringens, 853 Sciaena deliciosa, 6 Sciaena callaensis, 171 Scomber japonicus, 40 Trachurus murphyi, 40 Ariopsis seemanni, 18 Merluccius peruanus, 5 Sarda chiliensis, and 5 Coryphaena hippurus), 183 were infected with plerocercoid larvae, representing a total prevalence of 2.61% and a mean intensity of 3.2. Based on mtDNA cox1 sequences of 43 plerocercoids, a phylogenetic analysis revealed that 41 belong to A. pacificus and two to D. sprakeri. These findings are first molecular data for D. sprakeri larvae, and the infections of E. ringens and T. murphyi by plerocercoid larvae represent the first records of intermediate/paratenic hosts for this species. Hence, the findings of the current study enhance our understanding of the presence of diphyllobothriid species in commercial fish from the Southeastern Pacific Ocean and their potential impact on seafood safety for local human populations.

Past, Present, and Future of Naturally Occurring Antimicrobials Related to Snake Venoms.

This review focuses on proteins and peptides with antimicrobial activity because these biopolymers can be useful in the fight against infectious diseases and to overcome the critical problem of microbial resistance to antibiotics. In fact, snakes show the highest diversification among reptiles, surviving in various environments; their innate immunity is similar to mammals and the response of their plasma to bacteria and fungi has been explored mainly in ecological studies. Snake venoms are a rich source of components that have a variety of biological functions. Among them are proteins like lectins, metalloproteinases, serine proteinases, L-amino acid oxidases, phospholipases type A2, cysteine-rich secretory proteins, as well as many oligopeptides, such as waprins, cardiotoxins, cathelicidins, and ß-defensins. In vitro, these biomolecules were shown to be active against bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses that are pathogenic to humans. Not only cathelicidins, but all other proteins and oligopeptides from snake venom have been proteolyzed to provide short antimicrobial peptides, or for use as templates for developing a variety of short unnatural sequences based on their structures. In addition to organizing and discussing an expressive amount of information, this review also describes new ß-defensin sequences of Sistrurus miliarius that can lead to novel peptide-based antimicrobial agents, using a multidisciplinary approach that includes sequence phylogeny.

Past, present, and future of naturally occurring antimicrobials related to snake venoms

This review focuses on proteins and peptides with antimicrobial activity because these biopolymers can be useful in the fight against infectious diseases and to overcome the critical problem of microbial resistance to antibiotics. In fact, snakes show the highest diversification among reptiles, surviving in various environments; their innate immunity is similar to mammals and the response of their plasma to bacteria and fungi has been explored mainly in ecological studies. Snake venoms are a rich source of components that have a variety of biological functions. Among them are proteins like lectins, metalloproteinases, serine proteinases, L-amino acid oxidases, phospholipases type A2, cysteine-rich secretory proteins, as well as many oligopeptides, such as waprins, cardiotoxins, cathelicidins, and β-defensins. In vitro, these biomolecules were shown to be active against bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses that are pathogenic to humans. Not only cathelicidins, but all other proteins and oligopeptides from snake venom have been proteolyzed to provide short antimicrobial peptides, or for use as templates for developing a variety of short unnatural sequences based on their structures. In addition to organizing and discussing an expressive amount of information, this review also describes new β-defensin sequences of Sistrurus miliarius that can lead to novel peptide-based antimicrobial agents, using a multidisciplinary approach that includes sequence phylogeny.

Proteomic Study of Response to Copper, Cadmium, and Chrome Ion Stress in Yarrowia lipolytica Strains Isolated from Andean Mine Tailings in Peru.

Mine tailings are produced by mining activities and contain diverse heavy metal ions, which cause environmental problems and have negative impacts on ecosystems. Different microorganisms, including yeasts, play important roles in the absorption and/or adsorption of these heavy metal ions. This work aimed to analyze proteins synthesized by the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica AMJ6 (Yl-AMJ6), isolated from Andean mine tailings in Peru and subjected to stress conditions with common heavy metal ions. Yeast strains were isolated from high Andean water samples impacted by mine tailings from Yanamate (Pasco, Peru). Among all the isolated yeasts, the Yl-AMJ6 strain presented LC50 values of 1.06 mM, 1.42 mM, and 0.49 mM for the Cr+6, Cu+2, and Cd+2 ions, respectively. Proteomic analysis of theYl-AMJ6 strain under heavy metal stress showed that several proteins were up- or downregulated. Biological and functional analysis of these proteins showed that they were involved in the metabolism of proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates; response to oxidative stress and protein folding; ATP synthesis and ion transport; membrane and cell wall; and cell division. The most prominent proteins that presented the greatest changes were related to the oxidative stress response and carbohydrate metabolism, suggesting the existence of a defense mechanism in these yeasts to resist the impact of environmental contamination by heavy metal ions.

Proteomic study of response to copper, cadmium, and chrome ion stress in Yarrowia lipolytica strains isolated from andean mine tailings in Peru

Mine tailings are produced by mining activities and contain diverse heavy metal ions, which cause environmental problems and have negative impacts on ecosystems. Different microorganisms, including yeasts, play important roles in the absorption and/or adsorption of these heavy metal ions. This work aimed to analyze proteins synthesized by the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica AMJ6 (Yl-AMJ6), isolated from Andean mine tailings in Peru and subjected to stress conditions with common heavy metal ions. Yeast strains were isolated from high Andean water samples impacted by mine tailings from Yanamate (Pasco, Peru). Among all the isolated yeasts, the Yl-AMJ6 strain presented LC50 values of 1.06 mM, 1.42 mM, and 0.49 mM for the Cr+6, Cu+2, and Cd+2 ions, respectively. Proteomic analysis of theYl-AMJ6 strain under heavy metal stress showed that several proteins were up- or downregulated. Biological and functional analysis of these proteins showed that they were involved in the metabolism of proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates; response to oxidative stress and protein folding; ATP synthesis and ion transport; membrane and cell wall; and cell division. The most prominent proteins that presented the greatest changes were related to the oxidative stress response and carbohydrate metabolism, suggesting the existence of a defense mechanism in these yeasts to resist the impact of environmental contamination by heavy metal ions.

Asociación de la resistencia al mercurio con la resistencia a antibióticos en Escherichia coli aislados del litoral de Lima, Perú / Association of mercury resistance with resistance to antibiotics in Escherichia coli isolated from the coast of Lima, Peru

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la resistencia al mercurio y los antibióticos, y la transferencia de resistencia al mercurio por plásmidos conjugativos en 55 cepas de Escherichia coli aisladas de aguas superficiales del litoral de Lima, Perú. Se determinó la Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (CMI) a diversos antibióticos y al mercurio en las cepas aisladas. Para confirmar la resistencia plasmídica al mercurio, se realizó la curación de estos con dodecil sulfato de sodio (SDS) 10%. El ensayo de transferencia de plásmidos por conjugación se realizó usando la cepa receptora E. coli DH5α sólo con las cepas que mostraron sensibilidad al mercurio después de la curación. La extracción de los plásmidos de resistencia fue realizada sólo en las cepas transconjugantes resistentes al mercurio. 41 (74.5%) cepas fueron resistentes al mercurio (HgR), presentando CMIs entre 30 μM (8.25 ppm) y 300 μM (82.5 ppm), de estás, 33 fueron HgR mediante plásmidos y de este último grupo, 14 fueron también resistentes a antibióticos. Sólo 6 cepas poseían plásmidos conjugativos con resistencia al mercurio, mostrando una frecuencia de transconjugación entre 9.41x10-4 y 4.76x10-2%. La alta prevalencia de cepas de E. coli HgR aisladas de la costa limeña podría ser un problema de salud pública y ambiental. En este sentido, los plásmidos congugativos pueden contribuir con la diseminación de mercurio y/o resistencia a antibióticos entre comunidades bacterianas en ambientes marinos.

The Lima coast is highly affected by anthropogenic effluents from wastewater from contaminated urban rivers that flow into the coast. The objective of this study was to investigate the resistance to mercury and antibiotics, and the transfer of resistance to mercury by conjugative plasmids in 55 strains of Escherichia coli isolated of surface seawater from coastal Lima, Peru. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined for various antibiotics and for mercury in the isolated strains. To confirm the plasmid resistance to mercury, the curing was carried out with 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The plasmid transfer assay by conjugation was performed using the E. coli DH5α as recipient strain only with the strains that showed sensitivity to mercury after curing. The extraction of the resistance plasmids was carried out only in the transconjugant strains resistant to mercury. 41 (74.5%) strains were resistant to mercury (HgR), with MICs between 30 μM (8.25 ppm) and 300 μM (82.5 ppm), of these, 33 were HgR by plasmids and of this last group, 14 were also resistant to antibiotics. Only 6 strains had conjugative plasmids with mercury resistance, showing a transconjugation frequency between 9.41x10-4 and 4.76x10-2%. The high prevalence of HgR in E. coli strains isolated from the coast of Lima could be a public and environmental health problem. In this sense, congugative plasmids can contribute to the spread of mercury and/or resistance to antibiotics among bacterial communities in marine environments.