Genome Sequence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A/Chicken/North Kazakhstan/184/2020 (H5N8).

The influenza virus strain A/chicken/North Kazakhstan/184/2020 (H5N8) was isolated in North Kazakhstan during a highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak in 2020. This study aimed to obtain the complete genome sequence of the isolate.

Genotypes of Echinococcus isolated from domestic livestock in Kazakhstan.

The diversity and importance of Echinococcus species in domesticated animals in Kazakhstan are poorly understood. In this study, 17 cysts of Echinococcus were collected from cattle and a further 17 cysts from sheep. DNA was extracted from the individual cysts and used for polymerase chain reaction amplification of mitochondrial subunit 1 of the cox1 and nadh1 gene. Amplicon sequencing results revealed the presence of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto G1 in 15 cattle and 15 sheep, and G3 genotype from two cattle. Echinococcus canadensis (G6/G7 strain) was found in two cysts originating from sheep.

Spatiotemporal analysis of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in the Republic of Kazakhstan, 1955 - 2013.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) poses a significant obstacle to international trade and economic development, and for that reason, FMD prevention, control and eradication are major goals guiding animal health policy in most countries. The purpose of this study was to conduct a retrospective spatiotemporal analysis of FMD outbreaks among livestock in the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK) from 1955 to 2013. During that time, several FMD control strategies were implemented in RK, which culminated with the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) recognition of RK as a country that is FMD-free with partial vaccination (2015). Here, we describe and analyse the changes in spatial and temporal dynamics of FMD under different control strategies that were utilized as the country progressively moved towards eradication of the disease. A total number of 5,260 FMD outbreaks of serotype O and A (including the A22 lineage) were recorded in the cattle, pig and small ruminant populations of RK during that period. We found that outbreaks occurred in spatiotemporal clusters only prior to 1970, which is before ring vaccination around outbreaks was first employed. This finding suggests that ring vaccination substantially reduced local spread and prevented large FMD epidemics in the country. Disease incidence steadily decreased after the implementation of ring vaccination and culling of infected animals, with spatiotemporal clusters only occurring as a result of an introduction of an antigenically distinct variant of serotype A. From 1955 to 1984, FMD outbreaks demonstrated two seasonal peaks of incidence in the spring and fall. In contrast, only the peak in spring was observed between 1984 and 2013. Quantitative knowledge on how different policy and alternative control strategies contributed to RK achieving FMD-free status could improve prospects for continued control in RK and inform control strategies in other FMD-endemic regions.

Maximum entropy modeling risk of anthrax in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The objective of this study was to zone the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK) into risk categories according to the probability of anthrax emergence in farm animals as stipulated by the re-activation of preserved natural foci. We used historical data on anthrax morbidity in farm animals during the period 1933 - 2014, collected by the veterinary service of the RK. The database covers the entire territory of the RK and contains 4058 anthrax outbreaks tied to 1798 unique locations. Considering the strongly pronounced natural focality of anthrax, we employed environmental niche modeling (Maxent) to reveal patterns in the outbreaks' linkages to specific combinations of environmental factors. The set of bioclimatic factors BIOCLIM, derived from remote sensing data, the altitude above sea level, the land cover type, the maximum green vegetation fraction (MGVF) and the soil type were examined as explanatory variables. The model demonstrated good predictive ability, while the MGVF, the bioclimatic variables reflecting precipitation level and humidity, and the soil type were found to contribute most significantly to the model. A continuous probability surface was obtained that reflects the suitability of the study area for the emergence of anthrax outbreaks. The surface was turned into a categorical risk map by averaging the probabilities within the administrative divisions at the 2nd level and putting them into four categories of risk, namely: low, medium, high and very high risk zones, where very high risk refers to more than 50% suitability to the disease re-emergence and low risk refers to less than 10% suitability. The map indicated increased risk of anthrax re-emergence in the districts along the northern, eastern and south-eastern borders of the country. It was recommended that the national veterinary service uses the risk map for the development of contra-epizootic measures aimed at the prevention of anthrax re-emergence in historically affected regions of the RK. The map can also be considered when developing large-scale construction projects in the areas comprising preserved soil foci of anthrax.

Epidemiology of echinococcosis in Kazakhstan: an update.

Kazakhstan is highly endemic for echinococcosis. Both Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis are widely distributed in the country. Official records of human cystic echinococcosis over the past 5-10 years suggest a stable incidence of approximately 800-1000 cases per year, which is 5 cases per 100,000 per year. This followed a rapid increase in the incidence following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Between 2007 and 2013, 5949 cases were reported in the national surveillance data. The prevalence in sheep, based on slaughterhouse studies, suggests that between 30 and 50% of sheep are infected with hydatid cysts, while cattle have a prevalence of approximately 7%. Rural dogs have a high prevalence of infection of between 5 and 10%, with shepherd dogs having prevalences of over 20%. G1 and G6/7 strains of E. granulosus have been isolated from dogs in Kazakhstan. Wolves are also infected, with one prevalence estimate of approximately 20%. The incidence of human alveolar echinococcosis is less clear, although estimates from Kazakhstani expatriates living in Germany and the hospital records of a single referral centre in Almaty suggest 34 or 130 cases per year (or an annual incidence of 0.20 or 0.76 cases per 100,000), respectively, could be occurring in Kazakhstan. Studies suggest that in some rural dog populations the prevalence may be about 5%. The parasite is widely distributed in foxes and small mammals through much of Kazakhstan.

Epidemiology of fishborne trematodiasis in Kazakhstan.

Fish borne trematodes are an important cause of morbidity in Kazakhstan. The number of human cases of opisthorchiidosis (infection with parasites of the family opisthorchiidae) reached a peak of 2521 recorded cases (17 cases per 100,000) in 2002 with a gradual decline to 1225 cases (7.4 cases per 100,000) in 2011. Most human cases are found in the north and north east part of Kazakhstan in areas drained by the Irtysh River and it tributaries. A further focus is found in the north west in the Ural river basin in the European part of Kazakhstan. The most common occupations of patients with opisthorchiidosis included the manual laborers, those employed in the home or unemployed. Necropsy investigations of village dogs in an endemic region revealed 37 of 51 (72%) village dogs infected with either Opisthorchis felineus or Methorchis bilis. Likewise an investigation of 242 cats consisting of strays, village, suburban and city cats revealed 79 (33%) animals infected with O. felineus. Higher prevalences were seen in strays and village cats compared to suburban cats. No urban cats, which lived in apartments, were found to be infected. Other important zoonoses included Echinococcus granulosus, detected in 2 of the 51 necropsied village dogs and E. multilocularis was found in 2 out of 124 necropsied stray cats. Investigations of locally caught fish revealed 10 of 107 (9%) roach (Rutilus rutilus), 49 of 68(72%) ide (Leuciscus idus) and 2 of 79 (2.5%) bream (Abramis brama) infested with trematode metacercariae. No metacercariae were found in 609 crucian carp (Carassius carassius), 35 tench (Tinca tinca), 79 carp (Cyprinus carpio), 46 perch (Perca fluviatilis) or 20 zander (Sander lucioperca).

Narrow bandpass cryogenic filter for microwave measurements.

An ultra-wide stopband hairpin bandpass filter with integrated nonuniform transmission lines was designed and fabricated for highly sensitive measurements at cryogenic temperatures down to millikelvin and a frequency range of 10 Hz-10 GHz. The scattering matrices of the filter were characterized at T = 4.2 K. The filter provides a stopband from 10 Hz to 2.2 GHz and from 2.3 GHz to 10 GHz with more than 50 dB and 40 dB of amplitude suppression, respectively. The center frequency of the passband is f0 = 2.25 GHz with a bandwidth Δf = 80 MHz. The maximum insertion loss in the passband is 4 dB. The filter has a 50 Ω input and output impedance, SubMiniature version A connector termination, and significantly reduced form factor. The wide stopband frequency range and narrow passband in conjunction with small dimensions make the filter suitable to use it as a part of a high sensitive readout for superconducting quantum circuits, such as superconducting quantum bits and cryogenic parametric amplifiers.

Universal indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for monitoring of human and animal brucellosis in Kazakhstan.

Combinations of conventional serological methods and new ELISA procedures were evaluated to develop the most efficient and effective diagnostics for the detection of brucellosis in humans and animals. Sera from humans (n=249) and animals (n=99) were collected from brucellosis endemic areas (Zhambyl district and Enbekshi-Kazakh district of Almaty region in Kazakhstan) for serologic analysis. Sera from the humans reacted positively in the RBT (38.5%), SAT (43.3%), iELISA (42.5%) while sera from the animals reacted positively in RBT (79.8%), SAT (89.9%), CF (87.8%), iELISA (100%). Greater seropositivity was detected in animals as compared to human samples. All positive sera were also evaluated on an indirect ELISA (iELISA). Bacterial isolation was attempted on seropositive human sera. Our data indicate that the combination of conventional serological tests (SAT and CF), combined with the iELISA is optimal for the processing of large numbers of samples and the most efficient detection of human and animal brucellosis.

[Sorption in the treatment of acute peritonitis (experimental study)]. / Endosorbtsiia pri lechenii ostrogo peritonita (éksperimentalnoe issledovanie).

The data on the effective use of the new sorbent KAY and the carbon sorbent "Volna" in the treatment of acute generalized peritonitis were compared. Endosorption with sorbent KAY was conducted on an experimental model of generalized peritonitis. It produced a favorable effect on the functional morphology of the peritoneum by leveling many morphological signs of general intoxication of the organism and in this way creating the conditions for a favorable outcome of the postoperative period. The studies showed that the use of sorbent KAY in the treatment of acute generalized peritonitis facilitates active restoration of the function of vital organs, significantly raises the efficacy of treatment, and shortens the period of in-patient treatment.

[Psychoregulating role of nicotinamide]. / Psikhoreguliruiushchaia rol' nikotinamida.

In the experiment and clinics, psychotropic effect of nicotinamide (tranquilized and nootropic activity) has been established. It has been shown that nicotinamide in conflict situation has anxiolytic effect, increase aggressive reaction threshold, decrease the quantity of induced fights during interspecies' incompatibility modelling.

[Total esophagoplasty with pharyngeal anastomosis]. / Total'naia ézofagoplastika s glotochnym anastomozom.

The results of total esophagoplasty in cicatricial stenoses of the esophagus and pharynx are analysed. The technical details of formation of the pharyngeal anastomosis with consideration for the anatomo-physiological peculiarities of the pharynx are explained. The method of pharyngoesophagoplasty in combined cicatricial affections of the esophagus and pharynx is described.

[Clinical value of studying phospholipids in young children with acute pneumonia]. / Klinicheskoe znachenie issledovaniia fosfolipidov pri ostroi tiazhelo protekaiushchei pnevmonii u detei rannego vozrasta.

A study was made of phospholipid metabolism in 268 children aged 1 month to 3 years, who were in a critical condition consequent on acute complicated pneumonia. Unbalance of that type metabolism was revealed. It consisted in intensive accumulation of lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin in the stroma of red blood cells and in a decrease of their pool in the blood plasma as well as in a reduction of the content of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine towards the plasma pool. The bronchial secretion was established to have an elevated content of malonic dialdehyde, diene conjugates and active phospholipases. The indicated membrane destabilizing processes occurring in patients with acute complicated pneumonia, who are in urgent conditions, dictate the necessity of including antioxidants and membrane stabilizers into the multimodality treatment of the disease.

[State of lipid peroxidation system and antioxidant defense in acute respiratory viral infection in children and the principles of pathogenetic therapy]. / Sostaianie sistemy perekisnoe okislenie lipidov--antioksidantnaia zashchita pri ostroi respiratornoi virusnoi infektsii u detei i printsipy patogeneticheskoi terapii.

Summary. Altogether 187 young children presenting with acute respiratory viral infection were examined for lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense. The principles of the pathogenetically validated antioxidant treatment are discussed.

[Relation between the chemical structure and mutagenic activity of derivatives of the herbicide toluin]. / Sviaz' khimicheskoi struktury i mutagennoi aktivnosti proizvodnykh gerbitsida toluina.

Different mutagenic activities of 13 methoxy- and ethoxy-derivatives of the herbicide toluin are shown. Relationship of these activities with chemical structure is analysed. It was found out that mutagenic activity of the compound depends on its chemical structure. The higher degree of mutagenicity of analogues having-ortho-positions, as compared with the derivatives of toluin with -para- and -meta-positions was established.