Research on methods for estimating reference crop evapotranspiration under incomplete meteorological indicators.

Background: Accurate estimation of reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) is crucial for farmland hydrology, crop water requirements, and precision irrigation decisions. The Penman-Monteith (PM) model has high accuracy in estimating ET0, but it requires many uncommon meteorological data inputs. Therefore, an ideal method is needed that minimizes the number of input data variables without compromising estimation accuracy. This study aims to analyze the performance of various methods for estimating ET0 in the absence of some meteorological indicators. The Penman-Monteith (PM) model, known for its high accuracy in ET0 estimation, served as the standard value under conditions of adequate meteorological indicators. Comparative analyses were conducted for the Priestley-Taylor (PT), Hargreaves (H-A), McCloud (M-C), and FAO-24 Radiation (F-R) models. The Bayesian estimation method was used to improve the ET estimation model. Results: Results indicate that, compared to the PM model, the F-R model performed best with inadequate meteorological indicators. It demonstrates higher average correlation coefficients (R2) at daily, monthly, and 10-day scales: 0.841, 0.937, and 0.914, respectively. The corresponding root mean square errors (RMSE) are 1.745, 1.329, and 1.423, and mean absolute errors (MAE) are 1.340, 1.159, and 1.196, with Willmott's Index (WI) values of 0.843, 0.862, and 0.859. Following Bayesian correction, R2 values remained unchanged, but significant reductions in RMSE were observed, with average reductions of 15.81%, 29.51%, and 24.66% at daily, monthly, and 10-day scales, respectively. Likewise, MAE decreased significantly, with average reductions of 19.04%, 34.47%, and 28.52%, respectively, and WI showed improvement, with average increases of 5.49%, 8.48%, and 10.78%, respectively. Conclusion: Therefore, the F-R model, enhanced by the Bayesian estimation method, significantly enhances the estimation accuracy of ET0 in the absence of some meteorological indicators.

Salt-Assisted, In Situ Current Nanowelding of an Interfacial Au Nanoparticle Film for a High-Performance Electrocatalyst.

Interfacial self-assembly is a well-established method for the preparation of a two-dimensional (2D) metal nanofilm from nanoscale building blocks. However, the as-prepared nanofilm exhibits limited conductivity because of the large contact resistance at the junctions among its building blocks. Here, we report a salt-assisted, in situ current nanowelding strategy to weld an interfacial Au nanoparticle (NP) film for downstream applications, such as high-performance electrocatalysts. Particularly, we found that salt-assisted interfacial assembly can reduce the size of the nanogaps among neighboring Au NPs and, in turn, greatly improve the conductivity of the resultant Au NP film. Consequently, the Au NP film can be readily welded using current, and the welding extent can be monitored in real-time by looking at the passing current. The welding finally produces a nanoporous Au film (NPGF) with a network nanostructure, high conductivity, and abundant active sites so that it delivers a large current density of 86.96 µA·cm-2 (1.81 times higher than that from the pristine Au NP film) and shows improved cycling stability for methanol electrooxidation. Thus, these results offer a low-cost, solution-processable approach for the fabrication of a large-area, interconnected nanofilm from nanoscale building blocks beyond Au NPs, which may find diverse downstream applications.

Identification of Hub genes with prognostic values in colorectal cancer by integrated bioinformatics analysis.

BACKGROUND: Our study aimed to investigate the Hub genes and their prognostic value in colorectal cancer (CRC) via bioinformatics analysis. METHODS: The data set of colorectal cancer was downloaded from the GEO database (GSE21510, GSE110224 and GSE74602) for differential expression analysis using the GEO2R tool. Hub genes were screened by protein-protein interaction (PPI) comprehensive analysis. GEPIA was used to verify the expression of Hub genes and evaluate its prognostic value. The protein expression of Hub gene in CRC was analyzed using the Human Protein Atlas database. The cBioPortal was used to analyze the type and frequency of Hub gene mutations, and the effects of mutation on the patients' prognosis. The TIMER database was used to study the correlation between Hub genes and immune infiltration in CRC. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to explore the biological function and signal pathway of the Hub genes and corresponding co-expressed genes. RESULTS: We identified 346 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 117 upregulated and 229 downregulated. Four Hub genes (AURKA, CCNB1, EXO1 and CCNA2) were selected by survival analysis and differential expression validation. The protein and mRNA expression levels of AURKA, CCNB1, EXO1 and CCNA2 were higher in CRC tissues than in adjacent tissues. There were varying degrees of immune cell infiltration and gene mutation of Hub genes, especially B cells and CD8+ T cells. The results of GSEA showed that Hub genes and their co-expressed genes mainly participated in chromosome segregation, DNA replication, translational elongation and cell cycle. CONCLUSION: Overexpression of AURKA, CCNB1, CCNA2 and EXO1 had a better prognosis for CRC and this effect was correlation with gene mutation and infiltration of immune cells.

A novel proteomic-based model for predicting colorectal cancer with Schistosoma japonicum co-infection by integrated bioinformatics analysis and machine learning.

Schistosoma japonicum infection is an important public health problem and the S. japonicum infection is associated with a variety of diseases, including colorectal cancer. We collected the paraffin samples of CRC patients with or without S. japonicum infection according to standard procedures. Data-Independent Acquisition was used to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional enrichment analysis and machine learning algorithms (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression) were used to identify candidate genes for diagnosing CRC with S. japonicum infection. To assess the diagnostic value, the nomogram and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were developed. A total of 115 DEPs were screened, the DEPs that were discovered were mostly related with biological process in generation of precursor metabolites and energy,energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds, carboxylic acid metabolic process, oxoacid metabolic process, cellular respiration aerobic respiration according to the analyses. Enrichment analysis showed that these compounds might regulate oxidoreductase activity, transporter activity, transmembrane transporter activity, ion transmembrane transporter activity and inorganic molecular entity transmembrane transporter activity. Following the development of PPI network and LASSO, 13 genes (hsd17b4, h2ac4, hla-c, pc, epx, rpia, tor1aip1, mindy1, dpysl5, nucks1, cnot2, ndufa13 and dnm3) were filtered, and 3 candidate hub genes were chosen for nomogram building and diagnostic value evaluation after machine learning. The nomogram and all 3 candidate hub genes (hsd17b4, rpia and cnot2) had high diagnostic values (area under the curve is 0.9556). The results of our study indicate that the combination of hsd17b4, rpia, and cnot2 may become a predictive model for the occurrence of CRC in combination with S. japonicum infection. This study also provides new clues for the mechanism research of S. japonicum infection and CRC.

Analysis of the Optic Nerve Head Microcirculation Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography and the Upstream Macrocirculation Using Color Doppler Imaging in Low-Tension and High-Tension Glaucoma Patients.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to analyze the optic nerve head (ONH) microcirculation using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) and the upstream macrocirculation using color Doppler imaging (CDI) in low-tension and high-tension glaucoma (LTG and HTG, respectively). METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 67 eyes of 67 HTG patients, 55 eyes of 55 LTG patients, and 42 eyes of 42 healthy controls. We recorded the complete ophthalmological examination, visual fields, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, ONH vessel density (VD) measured using OCT-A, peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), and resistive index (RI) measured using CDI. SPSS software was used for data analysis. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) and compared using t test or Mann-Whitney U test, as appropriate. Pearson χ2 test or Fisher's exact test was used for comparisons, as appropriate. Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlations between variables. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The ONH VD and RNFL thickness were considerably lower in glaucomatous eyes than in healthy eyes (both p < 0.001). Compared with the HTG group, the LTG group had lower VD in the peripapillary region (p = 0.027). Compared with the healthy group, the HTG group had lower PSV (p = 0.029 and = 0.023, respectively), lower EDV (p = 0.023 and <0.001, respectively), and higher RI (p = 0.019 and = 0.006, respectively) of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and central retinal artery (CRA). The LTG group had lower PSV (p = 0.015 and <0.001, respectively) and EDV (p = 0.047 and = 0.001, respectively) of the ophthalmic artery (OA) and CRA. The LTG group had lower PSV of CRA than the HTG group (p = 0.034). In glaucomatous eyes, peripapillary VD had a significant association with the mean defect (p < 0.001) and RNFL thickness (p < 0.001), but not with the other CDI indices (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The ONH microcirculation and upstream macrocirculation of the large arteries exhibited differences in the blood flow characteristics between the LTG and HTG groups. These differences may improve our understanding of glaucoma. There was no correlation between the characteristics of the ONH microcirculation and the upstream macrocirculation of large vessels in the LTG and HTG groups.

Collision Electrochemical Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Using Electrons as Green Reducing Agent.

Synthesis of high-quality metal nanoparticles (NPs) is the premise toward their downstream diverse applications. Although some electrochemical synthesis strategies have been developed, the necessary use of high-concentration electrolyte solution as current pathway and reaction medium severely limits the colloidal stability of the growing NPs in the solution and their tunability in size and shape. Herein, we report a collision electrochemical method for the synthesis of metal NPs without the use of electrolyte solution. To this end, we designed an asymmetrical electrochemical cell to control the potential (i.e., to supply electrons) in the reaction system via a separated electrochemical cell, thereby enabling the electrochemical reaction occurring in an electrolyte-free growth solution. Consequently, this collision electrochemical method, using seed-mediated growth of NPs as examples, allows the synthesis of monodisperse homogeneous Au NPs and heterogeneous Pd- and Pt-coated Au NPs at a yield comparable to that achieved in common chemical synthesis. Furthermore, this method allows readily tailoring the morphology of the resultant metal NPs just by changing the concentration of the growth solution. Therefore, our green synthesis method is important for a variety of nanomaterials beyond metal NPs.

Risk Evaluation of Human Corneal Stromal Lenticules From SMILE for Reuse.

PURPOSE: To investigate the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of human corneal stromal lenticules from small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE). METHODS: Serological testing was completed prior to sample collection to rule out infectious diseases. Pathogens herpes simplex viruses (HSV) type 1 and type 2 were screened for by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and bacteria, fungi, and Acanthamoeba from 128 lenticules of 64 patients were cultured. A total of 132 lenticules from 93 patients were randomly assigned to the fresh group, -78 °C anhydrous glycerol preservation group (glycerol group), and 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate decellularization group (SDS group) in pairs and detected by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, transmission electron microscopy, transmittance, and nanoindentation. RESULTS: The fresh lenticules were all negative for HSV-1, HSV-2, bacteria, fungi, and Acanthamoeba. HLA-I A/B/C and HLA-II DR antigens were all expressed in fresh lenticules but were clearly reduced after preservation at -78 °C in anhydrous glycerol or decellularization in 0.1% SDS. The collagen fibers of the lenticules in the fresh group were regularly arranged, and the keratocytes were intact. The fibers in the glycerol group were regularly arranged, and the integrity of keratocytes was destroyed. The fibers in the SDS group were disordered and had no cellular structure. The transmittance and Young's modulus were highest in the fresh group, lower in the glycerol group, and lowest in the SDS group. CONCLUSIONS: Risk of infection is low, but risk of rejection exists on the reuse of fresh human corneal stromal lenticules from SMILE. Anhydrous glycerol preservation at -78 °C is an ideal method for reducing antigens without damaging the structure and function of lenticules. [J Refract Surg. 2021;37(1):32-40.].

A New Perspective on Dry Eye Classification: Proposal by the Asia Dry Eye Society.

The 2017 consensus report of the Asia Dry Eye Society (ADES) on the definition and diagnosis of dry eyes described dry eye disease as "Dry eye is a multifactorial disease characterized by unstable tear film causing a variety of symptoms and/or visual impairment, potentially accompanied by ocular surface damage." The report emphasized the instability of tear film and the importance of visual dysfunction in association with dry eyes, highlighting the importance of the evaluation of tear film stability. This report also discussed the concept of tear film-oriented therapy, which stemmed from the definition, and which is centered on provision of insufficient components in each tear film layer and ocular surface epithelium. The current ADES report proposes a simple classification of dry eyes based on the concept of tear film-oriented diagnosis and suggests that there are three types of dry eye: aqueous-deficient, decreased wettability, and increased evaporation. It is suggested that these three types respectively coincide with the problems of each layer: aqueous, membrane-associated mucins, and lipid/secretory mucin. Although each component cannot be quantitatively evaluated with the current technology, a practical diagnosis based on the patterns of fluorescein breakup is recommended. The Asia Dry Eye Society classification report suggests that for a practical use of the definition, diagnostic criteria and classification system should be integrated and be simple to use. The classification system proposed by ADES is a straightforward tool and simple to use, only through use of fluorescein, which is available even to non-dry eye specialists, and which is believed to contribute to an effective diagnosis and treatment of dry eyes.

A 8-year retrospective clinical analysis of 272 patients of epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis in Beijing, China.

BACKGROUND: Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) is one of the most common eye infections worldwide. The analysis of clinical manifestations in different age groups help better know the disease. This study aims to provide more detailed analysis of 272 cases of EKC in 8 years, describe the differences of the clinical features among different age groups, and establish new clinical grading criteria. METHODS: 272 individuals were reviewed (2011-2019) in Beijing China. All the patients were classified into 3 grades according to the new grading criteria. The typical clinical signs of EKC and the photographs of the multiple subepithelial corneal infiltrates (MSI) were collected and analyzed. The number of 3 grades among and within different age groups were compared. The incidence of the typical signs among and within different age groups were compared. The proportion of each region of the cornea involved by MSI were compared. RESULTS: No significant differences were detected among the 4 groups in terms of the number of mild, moderate and severe cases, no matter in all-patients analysis (P = 0.271) nor in acute-phase-patients analysis (P = 0.203). The proportion of the severe cases was the highest among all patients (P = 0.000). Among the incidence of the typical signs, corneal involvement was the most common accounting for 69.8% (P<0.05). The probability of central region involvement was significantly higher than that of pericentral region involvement (P = 0.015) and peripheral region involvement (P = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: Appropriate attention should be paid on EKC, because of the considerable proportion of severe cases, the high incidence of corneal lesion, and the high incidence of central region involvement of MSI.

Acanthamoeba keratitis related to contact lens use in a tertiary hospital in China.

BACKGROUND: To report the clinical and microbiological features of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) related to contact lens use in a tertiary hospital in China. METHODS: In this retrospective study, the medical results of 61 cases of AK related to contact lens use from January 2000 to December 2017 were reviewed. The data included patients' demographics, lens type, history, risk factors, disease stages, corneal scraping and culture reports, and treatments. Moreover, genotypic identification of some of the isolates was carried out with a PCR assay and sequence analysis of the 18S ribosomal DNA gene. RESULTS: There were 64 eyes included in the study. A total of 32.8% of the patients wore soft contact lenses, and 67.2% of patients used overnight orthokeratology. In the cases (20 eyes) in the early stage, 65% (13 eyes) had positive results according to Giemsa-stained smears, and 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) wet mounts revealed trophozoites in 7 eyes (35%). Six eyes (30%) were diagnosed by confocal microscopy combined with clinical signs. In the orthokeratology patients, 87.8% (36/41) rinsed their lenses and/or cases with tap water; 55% of soft-lens wearers wore their lenses while showering. The genotype of 9 isolates was determined, and all the strains belonged to genotype T4. In the orthokeratology group, the number of patients who required therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty after 2005 was less than that before 2005 (chi-square test, χ2 = 4.209, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: More than two-thirds of the cases were associated with orthokeratology. Examinations with Giemsa-stained smears, 0.9% NaCl wet mounts and confocal microscopy should be performed for patients who are highly suspected of having early-stage AK to help with early diagnosis. In the orthokeratology group, the rate of therapeutic keratoplasty after 2005 was less than that before 2005.

A Sensitive Piezoresistive Tactile Sensor Combining Two Microstructures.

A tactile sensor is an indispensable component for electronic skin, mimicking the sensing function of organism skin. Various sensing materials and microstructures have been adopted in the fabrication of tactile sensors. Herein, we propose a highly sensitive flexible tactile sensor composed of nanocomposites with pyramid and irregularly rough microstructures and implement a comparison of piezoresistive properties of nanocomposites with varying weight proportions of multi-wall nanotubes and carbon black particles. In addition to the simple and low-cost fabrication method, the tactile sensor can reach high sensitivity of 3.2 kPa-1 in the range of <1 kPa and fast dynamic response of 217 ms (loading) and 81 ms (recovery) at 40 kPa pressure. Moreover, body movement monitoring applications have been carried out utilizing the flexible tactile sensor. A sound monitoring application further indicates the potential for applications in electronic skin, human-computer interaction, and physiological detection.

Flexible Tactile Electronic Skin Sensor with 3D Force Detection Based on Porous CNTs/PDMS Nanocomposites.

Flexible tactile sensors have broad applications in human physiological monitoring, robotic operation and human-machine interaction. However, the research of wearable and flexible tactile sensors with high sensitivity, wide sensing range and ability to detect three-dimensional (3D) force is still very challenging. Herein, a flexible tactile electronic skin sensor based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocomposites is presented for 3D contact force detection. The 3D forces were acquired from combination of four specially designed cells in a sensing element. Contributed from the double-sided rough porous structure and specific surface morphology of nanocomposites, the piezoresistive sensor possesses high sensitivity of 12.1 kPa-1 within the range of 600 Pa and 0.68 kPa-1 in the regime exceeding 1 kPa for normal pressure, as well as 59.9 N-1 in the scope of < 0.05 N and > 2.3 N-1 in the region of < 0.6 N for tangential force with ultra-low response time of 3.1 ms. In addition, multi-functional detection in human body monitoring was employed with single sensing cell and the sensor array was integrated into a robotic arm for objects grasping control, indicating the capacities in intelligent robot applications.

Recent Progress in Technologies for Tactile Sensors.

Over the last two decades, considerable scientific and technological efforts have been devoted to developing tactile sensing based on a variety of transducing mechanisms, with prospective applications in many fields such as human-machine interaction, intelligent robot tactile control and feedback, and tactile sensorized minimally invasive surgery. This paper starts with an introduction of human tactile systems, followed by a presentation of the basic demands of tactile sensors. State-of-the-art tactile sensors are reviewed in terms of their diverse sensing mechanisms, design consideration, and material selection. Subsequently, typical performances of the sensors, along with their advantages and disadvantages, are compared and analyzed. Two major potential applications of tactile sensing systems are discussed in detail. Lastly, we propose prospective research directions and market trends of tactile sensing systems.

Epithelial changes with corneal punctate epitheliopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus and their correlation with time to healing.

BACKGROUND: To study basal epithelial cell (BEC), sub-basal nerve plexus (SBN) and Langerhans cell (LC) density in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with corneal punctate epitheliopathy (CPE) and to assess their association with time to healing of CPE. METHODS: Retrospective study of in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) in 160 eyes from 160 patients with T2DM diagnosed with CPE due to a single cause. Key exclusion criteria included multiple-causes for CPE or treatment with autologous serum. A total of 149 eyes from 149 gender- age- and aetiolgy-matched patients with CPE without T2DM comprised the control group. Electronic records were reviewed for demographic features, history of T2DM and aetiology of CPE. Density of BEC, SBN and LC were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The healing time in days for CPE with different aetiologies in the T2DM and control groups were as follows: dry eye (21.56 ± 2.41; 7.00 ± 2.19; P = 0.001); meibomian gland dysfunction (26.42 ± 6.04; 9.21 ± 2.55; P = 0.001); cataract extraction (38.00 ± 19.62; 25.83 ± 11.49; P = 0.043); drug induced (53.19 ± 18.83; 41.86 ± 23.87; P = 0.018) and exposure (38.25 ± 14.13; 29.00 ± 13.67; P = 0.026). LC density was 38.70 ± 9.65 cells/mm2 in the T2DM group comparedwith 25.53 ± 3.54 cells/mm2 in the controls (P = 0.001). SBN density was 11.76 ± 1.69 mm/mm2 in the T2DM group compared with 20.92 ± 1.43 mm/mm2 in the controls (P = 0.001). BEC density in the T2DM group was 4982 ± 1178 cells/mm2 compared with 5739 ± 394 cells/mm2 in the control group (P = 0.018). Age and duration of T2DM had no relationship with healing time (multiple linear regression, P = 0.618; P = 0.787). The density of LC in the T2DM group showed a negative correlation with SBN density (r = 0.350; R2 = 0.1225; P = 0.034). The density of SBN in the T2DM group showed a positive correlation with BEC density (r = 0.427; R2 = 0.1823; P = 0.008). The density of BEC in the T2DM group showed a negative correlation with healing time (r = 0.931; R2 = 0.8668; P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Utilising IVCM, we have demonstrated increased LC and decreased SBN in patients with T2DM and CPE. Both may be related to lower BEC density and nuclei enhanced reflection. Furthermore, decreased BEC density may lead to delay in cornea epithelium healing in the T2DM group comparedwith controls. An immune-mediated response may play a role in delayed wound closure in patients with T2DM.

A survey of contact lens-related complications in a tertiary hospital in China.

PURPOSE: To describe the type of complications related to contact lens (CL) wear in a tertiary hospital in XX, China. METHODS: A retrospective study of 141 patients who complained discomfort after wearing contact lens on an outpatient basis of XX Hospital were conducted from the January 2012 to December 2015. The data included patients' demographics, lens type, history, slit-lamp examination, reports of corneal scrapings, culture, and examination of in vivo confocal microscopy. Binary logistic regression was used to analyse the possible factors which were associated with more severe corneal complications and superficial punctuate keratitis (SPK). RESULTS: About 86.52% were female and 13.48% were male, the age varied between 12 and 56 years old. Of the 141 patients, 82.27% were soft CL wearers, 2.84% were rigid gas permeable lens (RGP) wearers, and 14.89% patients used overnight orthokeratology. The most common complication was dry eye (36.88%), followed by SPK (36.17%) during these cases. Blepharitis and meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) were noted in 31.91% of cases. Microbial keratitis was seen in 15 patients including 7 cases of Acanthamoeba keratitis. Age was a significant factor to be a case of corneal infection or inflammation [Exp (B)was 0.918, p=0.030], MGD and blepharitis was found to be significantly associated with being a case of SPK [Exp(B)was2.276, p=0.047]. CONCLUSIONS: The commonest complication was dry eye in this study, followed by SPK. Lid margin and meibomain gland should be paid attention to before contact lens prescription. Younger CL wearers need follow-up examinations.

Vapor-Assisted Solution Approach for High-Quality Perovskite CH3NH3PbBr3 Thin Films for High-Performance Green Light-Emitting Diode Applications.

The vapor-assisted solution method was developed to prepare high-quality organic-inorganic halide perovskite CH3NH3PbBr3 (MAPbBr3) thin films. We detailedly investigated the effect of evaporation time and temperature of MABr powder on the microstructure, crystallinity, and optical characterizations of MAPbBr3 thin films, and a controllable morphology evolution with varying surface coverage was observed. Temperature-dependent and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements were carried out to investigate the optical transition mechanisms and carrier recombination dynamics of MAPbBr3 thin films. Our results revealed that no structural phase transition occurred within the heating process (10-300 K). In addition to the exciton-related emission, a trapped charge-carrier emission appeared at a critical temperature of 140 K. The corresponding temperature sensitivity coefficient of band gap, exciton binding energy, and optical phonon energy of the MAPbBr3 thin films were extracted from the experimental data. Furthermore, planar perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) based on a Al/LiF/TPBi/MAPbBr3/NiO/ITO structure were fabricated, and a high-purity green emission at ∼532 nm with a low line width (25 nm) was achieved. The devices demonstrated remarkable performances with high luminance (6530 cd/m2), current efficiency (8.16 cd/A), external quantum efficiency (4.36%), and power efficiency (4.49 lm/W). This research will provide valuable information for the preparation of high-quality perovskite thin films, facilitating their future applications in novel high-performance PeLEDs.

Early central and peripheral corneal microstructural changes in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients identified using in vivo confocal microscopy: A case-control study.

The aim of this study was to find early central and peripheral corneal microstructural changes in healthy subjects and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with/without cornea fluorescein dot staining.This is a prospective case-control study of T2DM patients with/without cornea fluorescein dot staining. Age, sex, duration of diabetes, and serum glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were recorded. Keratograph 5 M (K5 M) and in vivo confocal microscopy were performed on all subjects. The cornea was divided into 5 zones: central, superior, temporal, nasal, and inferior. Basal epithelial cell (BEC) density, the area of BEC, sub-basal nerve plexus (SBN) density, Langerhans cell (LC), and endothelial cell (EC) density were quantitatively analyzed.This study included a total of 87 individuals (28 males and 59 females; mean age, 62.30 ±â€Š9.93 years) with T2DM, without (n = 48; T2DM group 1) and with (n = 39; T2DM group 2) cornea fluorescein staining, as well as 51 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects (18 males and 33 females; mean age, 61.53 ±â€Š10.15 years). Ocular Surface Disease Index scores, Schirmer Ι test, tear meniscus height, the first breakup of tear film occurrence (NIKBUT-first), and the average time of all breakup incidents (NIKBUT-average) values were significantly lower for the T2DM groups than for the healthy group. The corneal sensations of all cornea positions in the T2DM groups were significantly different from the control group. The HbA1c in the T2DM groups showed a negative correlation with central BEC density (R = 0.348, P = .015; R = 0.91, P = .001); there was no correlation of HbA1c with BEC density in the control group. The BEC density, the area of BEC, SBN, and LC density of T2DM group 1 and T2DM group 2 were significantly different compared with the control group in all corneal positions (P < .001). The BEC density of T2DM group 2 was significantly different from T2DM group 1 in the central (P = .044) and inferior (P = .013) zones. The area of BEC in T2DM group 2 was significantly different from T2DM group 1 in inferior zone (P = .014) and other corneal positions showed was no significant difference (P > .05). The SBN density of T2DM group 2 was not significantly different from T2DM group 1 in all corneal positions (P > .05). The LC density of T2DM group 2 was significantly different from T2DM group 1 in the central (P = .006) and inferior (P = .006) zones. Although the LC density in the T2DM groups showed no significant difference in all corneal zones (P > .05), the LC density in the central zone was significantly lower compared with the peripheral zone in the control group (P = .001). The central ECs in the 3 groups were not significantly different (P > .05).LC induced an immune-mediated contribution to corneal nerve damage and may influence the early stages of BEC proliferation and differentiation in T2DM. BEC density was the reliable index for evaluating the early condition of diabetic corneal epitheliopathy. The BEC density of the central and inferior corneal zones was more sensitive.

New Perspectives on Dry Eye Definition and Diagnosis: A Consensus Report by the Asia Dry Eye Society.

For the last 20 years, a great amount of evidence has accumulated through epidemiological studies that most of the dry eye disease encountered in daily life, especially in video display terminal (VDT) workers, involves short tear film breakup time (TFBUT) type dry eye, a category characterized by severe symptoms but minimal clinical signs other than short TFBUT. An unstable tear film also affects the visual function, possibly due to the increase of higher order aberrations. Based on the change in the understanding of the types, symptoms, and signs of dry eye disease, the Asia Dry Eye Society agreed to the following definition of dry eye: "Dry eye is a multifactorial disease characterized by unstable tear film causing a variety of symptoms and/or visual impairment, potentially accompanied by ocular surface damage." The definition stresses instability of the tear film as well as the importance of visual impairment, highlighting an essential role for TFBUT assessment. This paper discusses the concept of Tear Film Oriented Therapy (TFOT), which evolved from the definition of dry eye, emphasizing the importance of a stable tear film.