Evaluation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)-derived anthraquinone on the induction of apoptosis and suppression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in breast cancer cells.

Introduction: Breast cancer results from tissue degradation caused by environmental and genetic factors that affect cells in the body. Matrix metalloproteinases, such as MMP-2 and MMP-9, are considered potential putative markers for tumor diagnosis in clinical validation due to their easy detection in body fluids. In addition, recent reports have suggested multiple roles for MMPs, rather than simply degeneration of the extracellular matrix, which comprises mobilizing growth factors and processing surface molecules. Methods: In this study, the chemotherapeutic effects of anthraquinone (AQ) extracted from edible mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus Jacq. ex Fr.) cells was examined in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The cytotoxic potential and oxidative stress induced by purified anthraquinone were assessed in MCF-7 cells using MTT and ROS estimation assays. Gelatin Zymography, and DNA fragmentation assays were performed to examine MMP expression and apoptotic induction in the MCF-7 cells treated with AQ. The genes crucial for mutations were examined, and the mutated RNA knockout plausibility was analyzed using the CRISPR spcas9 genome editing software. Results: MCF-7 cells were attenuated in a concentration-dependent manner by the administration of AQ purified from P. ostreatus compared with the standard anticancer drug paclitaxel. AQ supplementation decreased oxidative stress and mitochondrial impairment in MCF-7 cells. Treatment with AQ and AQ with paclitaxel consistently decreased the expression of crucial marker genes such as MMP2 and MMP9. The mutated genes MMP2, MMP7, and MMP9 were assessed and observed to reveal four putative gene knockdown potentials for breast cancer treatment. Conclusions: The synergistic application of AQ and paclitaxel exerted a strong inhibitory effect on the MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Extensive studies are imperative to better understand the action of bioactive mixes on the edible oyster fungus P. ostreatus. The gene knockout potential detected by CRISPR SpCas9 will aid in elite research into anticancer treatments.

Investigation of pre-treatment techniques on spent substrate of Pleurotus ostreatus for enhanced biobutanol production using Clostridium acetobutylicum MTCC 11274.

Addressing global energy demand, researchers sought eco-friendly biobutanol production from lignocellulosic waste biomass. In the present research work, five different pre-treatment methods viz., Microwave, Ultrasound, Alkali, Acid, and Hybrid, were investigated to explore its biobutanol production potential by utilizing Pleurotus ostreatus spent as substrate. The compositional and physico-chemical changes of the pre-treated Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) were assessed using SEM, FTIR, and XRD. Hybrid pre-treatment (Microwave, Alkali, Ultrasound) showed higher delignification when compared to conventional pre-treatment method. Hybrid pre-treated SMS resulted in higher total reducing sugars (521.53 ± 1.84 mg/g) than indigenous SMS (267.89 ± 1.53 mg/g). Fermentation of hybrid pre-treated SMS with Clostridium acetobutylicum MTCC 11274 produced the highest biobutanol concentration (9.84 ± 0.03 g/L) and yielded 0.38 ± 0.02 g/g of biobutanol. This study revealed that hybrid pre-treatment could be a promising solution for enhanced biobutanol production using SMS biomass.