The role of TXNIP in cancer: a fine balance between redox, metabolic, and immunological tumor control.

Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) is commonly considered a master regulator of cellular oxidation, regulating the expression and function of Thioredoxin (Trx). Recent work has identified that TXNIP has a far wider range of additional roles: from regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, to cell cycle arrest and inflammation. Its expression is increased by stressors commonly found in neoplastic cells and the wider tumor microenvironment (TME), and, as such, TXNIP has been extensively studied in cancers. In this review, we evaluate the current literature regarding the regulation and the function of TXNIP, highlighting its emerging role in modulating signaling between different cell types within the TME. We then assess current and future translational opportunities and the associated challenges in this area. An improved understanding of the functions and mechanisms of TXNIP in cancers may enhance its suitability as a therapeutic target.

SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Immunogenicity in Patients with Gastrointestinal Cancer Receiving Systemic Anti-Cancer Therapy.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with gastrointestinal (GI) cancers have an increased risk of serious complications and death from SARS-CoV-2 infection. The immunogenicity of vaccines in patients with GI cancers receiving anti-cancer therapies is unclear. We conducted a prospective study to evaluate the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies in a cohort of GI cancer patients receiving chemotherapy following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between September 2020 and April 2021, patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy were enrolled. At baseline (day 0), days 28, 56, and 84, we assessed serum antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike (anti-S) and anti-nucleocapsid (anti-NP) and concomitantly assessed virus neutralization using a pseudovirus neutralization assay. Patients received either the Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2, or the Oxford/AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 vaccine. RESULTS: All 152 patients enrolled had a prior diagnosis of cancer; colorectal (n = 80, 52.6%), oesophagogastric (n = 38, 25.0%), and hepato pancreatic biliary (n = 22, 12.5%). Nearly all were receiving systemic anti-cancer therapy (99.3%). Of the 51 patients who did not receive a vaccination prior to, or during the study, 5 patients had detectable anti-NP antibodies. Ninety-nine patients received at least one dose of vaccine prior to, or during the study. Within 19 days following the first dose of vaccine, 30.0% had anti-S detected in serum which increased to 70.2% at days 20-39. In the 19 days following a second dose, anti-S positivity was 84.2% (32/38). However, pseudovirus neutralization titers (pVNT80) decreased from days 20 to 39. CONCLUSION: Despite the immunosuppressive effects of chemotherapy, 2 doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are able to elicit a protective immune response in patients' ongoing treatment for gastrointestinal cancers. Decreases in pseudoviral neutralization were observed after 20-39 days, re-affirming the current recommendation for vaccine booster doses. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04427280.

Predicting progression-free survival after systemic therapy in advanced head and neck cancer: Bayesian regression and model development.

Background: Advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is associated with a poor prognosis, and biomarkers that predict response to treatment are highly desirable. The primary aim was to predict progression-free survival (PFS) with a multivariate risk prediction model. Methods: Experimental covariates were derived from blood samples of 56 HNSCC patients which were prospectively obtained within a Phase 2 clinical trial (NCT02633800) at baseline and after the first treatment cycle of combined platinum-based chemotherapy with cetuximab treatment. Clinical and experimental covariates were selected by Bayesian multivariate regression to form risk scores to predict PFS. Results: A 'baseline' and a 'combined' risk prediction model were generated, each of which featuring clinical and experimental covariates. The baseline risk signature has three covariates and was strongly driven by baseline percentage of CD33+CD14+HLADRhigh monocytes. The combined signature has six covariates, also featuring baseline CD33+CD14+HLADRhigh monocytes but is strongly driven by on-treatment relative change of CD8+ central memory T cells percentages. The combined model has a higher predictive power than the baseline model and was successfully validated to predict therapeutic response in an independent cohort of nine patients from an additional Phase 2 trial (NCT03494322) assessing the addition of avelumab to cetuximab treatment in HNSCC. We identified tissue counterparts for the immune cells driving the models, using imaging mass cytometry, that specifically colocalized at the tissue level and correlated with outcome. Conclusions: This immune-based combined multimodality signature, obtained through longitudinal peripheral blood monitoring and validated in an independent cohort, presents a novel means of predicting response early on during the treatment course. Funding: Daiichi Sankyo Inc, Cancer Research UK, EU IMI2 IMMUCAN, UK Medical Research Council, European Research Council (335326), Merck Serono. Cancer Research Institute, National Institute for Health Research, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research. Clinical trial number: NCT02633800.

HER2 targeted therapy in colorectal cancer: New horizons.

Despite recent advances in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), 5 years survival rates remain low. Chemotherapy remains as the mainstay of treatment with only few available targeted therapies. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplification occurs in approximately 5% of metastatic colorectal cancer and it has been studied as a mechanism of resistance for anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapy. Furthermore, several studies such as HERACLES-A, MyPathway and the DESTINY-CRC01 trials have shown significant clinical benefit of HER2 blockade in patients with HER2 amplified mCRC. In this review, we provide an overview of the clinicopathological features of HER2 amplification and mutations in mCRC. In addition, we review HER2 as a biomarker of intrinsic and acquired anti-EGFR resistance as well as the preclinical, clinical and translational studies investigating the use of HER2 targeted therapies and future studies.

Optimising Multimodality Treatment of Resectable Oesophago-Gastric Adenocarcinoma.

Oesophago-gastric adenocarcinoma remains a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although there has been an enormous progress in the multimodality management of resectable oesophago-gastric adenocarcinoma, most patients still develop a recurrent disease that eventually becomes resistant to systemic therapy. Currently, there is no global consensus on the optimal multimodality approach and there are variations in accepted standards of care, ranging from preoperative chemoradiation to perioperative chemotherapy and, more recently, adjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors. Ongoing clinical trials are aimed to directly compare multimodal treatment options as well as the additional benefit of targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Furthermore, our understanding of the molecular and genetic features of oesophago-gastric cancer has improved significantly over the last decade and these data may help inform the best approach for the individual patient, utilising biomarker selection and precision medicine.

Impact of age on the toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibition.

Indications for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy are increasing. As the population ages, many patients receiving such drugs will be older adults. Such patients are under-represented in clinical trials, and therefore the safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors in this population has not been adequately assessed. A retrospective multicenter analysis of toxicities was performed in patients with advanced or metastatic solid cancers receiving anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD-1) and/or anti-CTLA4 antibodies across three age cohorts (<65 years, 65-74 years and ≥75 years) using univariable and multivariable analyzes. Eligible patients (n=448) were divided into age cohorts: <65 years (n=185), 65-74 years (n=154) and ≥75 years (n=109). Fewer patients in the oldest cohort (7.3%) received an anti-CTLA4 antibody containing regimen compared with the younger cohorts (21.1% and 17.5%). There was no significant difference overall in all grade or ≥G3 toxicities between age cohorts. Significantly fewer patients in the older (65-74 years and ≥75 years) age cohorts discontinued treatment because of toxicity (10.1% and 7.4%) compared with in the <65 years cohort (20.5%; p=0.006). Using logistic regression, only treatment type (ipilimumab containing) was significantly associated with all grade toxicity. However, there was a significantly lower incidence of all-grade endocrine toxicity in the oldest cohort (11.0%) compared with the youngest cohort (22.7%, p=0.02; OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.87), while all-grade dermatological toxicity showed the reverse trend (28.4% vs 18.9%; OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.04 to 3.30). Results were corroborated in the sensitivity analysis using only data from patients who received PD-1 inhibitor monotherapy. This multicenter, real-world cohort demonstrates that immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy is safe and well tolerated regardless of age, with no appreciable increase in adverse events in older adult patients.

Longitudinal monitoring of circulating tumour DNA improves prognostication and relapse detection in gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GOA) has poor clinical outcomes and lacks reliable blood markers. Here we present circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) as an emerging biomarker. METHODS: Forty patients (17 palliative and 23 curative) were followed by serial plasma monitoring. Primary tumour DNA was analysed by targeted next-generation sequencing to identify somatic single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), and Nanostring nCounter® to detect copy number alterations (CNAs). Patient-specific SNVs and CNA amplifications (CNAamp) were analysed in plasma using digital droplet PCR and quantitative PCR, respectively. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients (13 palliative, 22 curative) had ≥1 SNVs and/or CNAamp detected in primary tumour DNA suitable for tracking in plasma. Eighteen of 35 patients (nine palliative, nine curative) had ≥1 ctDNA-positive plasma sample. Detection of postoperative ctDNA predicted short RFS (190 vs 934 days, HR = 3.7, p = 0.028) and subsequent relapse (PPV for relapse 0.83). High ctDNA levels (>60.5 copies/ml) at diagnosis of metastatic disease predicted poor OS (90 vs 372 days, HR = 11.7 p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Sensitive ctDNA detection allows disease monitoring and prediction of short OS in metastatic patients. Presence of ctDNA postoperatively predicts relapse and defines a 'molecular relapse' before overt clinical disease. This lead time defines a potential therapeutic window for additional anticancer therapy.

Severe inflammatory ileitis resulting in ileal perforation in association with combination immune checkpoint blockade for metastatic malignant melanoma.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have become standard of care in metastatic malignant melanoma management. Despite superior effectiveness to chemotherapy, significant immune-related adverse events (irAE) may occur, particularly if used in combination. Gastrointestinal irAEs were reported with different patterns of involvement. Here, we report the case of a patient who had ileal perforation as a complication of terminal ileitis, without colitis, induced by combination immune checkpoint blockade.

Glomerular hyperfiltration and proteinuria in transfusion-independent patients with ß-thalassemia intermedia.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Renal manifestations have been described in ß-thalassemia major and were attributed to transfusional iron overload and chelation therapy. Patients with the milder phenotype, ß-thalassemia intermedia (TI), remain largely transfusion and iron chelation independent while enduring a chronic hemolytic anemia and primary iron overload. Data on renal function in patients with TI is lacking. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study of 50 TI patients, we evaluated the association of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urinary protein to creatinine (UPr/UCr) ratio with relevant patient, disease and laboratory indices. RESULTS: The median age of patients was 28 years (44% males). The eGFR was >90 ml/min/1.73 m(2) in all patients, with a median value of 142.3 ml/min/1.73 m(2). The median UPr/UCr ratio was 213.2 mg/g. There was a negative correlation between age and eGFR, while the UPr/UCr ratio correlated positively with markers of anemia, hemolysis and iron overload. A total of 24 (48%) patients had evidence of glomerular hyperfiltration, while 7 (14%) had proteinuria (UPr/UCr ratio >500 mg/g). Patients with proteinuria were characterized by elevated liver iron concentration (>7 mg Fe/g dry weight), non-transferrin-bound iron levels and nucleated red blood cell counts. CONCLUSIONS: A considerable proportion of TI patients show evidence of abnormally elevated eGFR, with a declining trend towards advancing age. The occurrence of proteinuria is associated with anemia, hemolysis and iron toxicity.