Varying clinical and imaging outcomes in patients with spontaneous thrombosis of vein of Galen malformation--a report of two cases.

BACKGROUND: Vein of Galen malformations are rare congenital intracranial vascular malformations. The pathophysiological consequences usually manifest as high-output cardiac failure and neurological symptoms secondary to cerebral venous congestion and abnormal CSF flow. Management of these patients is complex. Indications and time to intervene are decided depending upon the age of child, clinical presentation, and multisystemic neonatal scores. Many of these children presenting early and who are not in cardiac failure are expectantly followed up. Spontaneous thrombosis of the vein of Galen malformation is a rare occurrence in these as such rare vascular malformations. METHODS: This review reports two cases of spontaneous thrombosis of the vein of Galen malformations with varying clinical as well as imaging outcomes. Possible pathophysiologic mechanisms are discussed with review of literature. RESULTS: This report highlights the importance of vigilant clinical and imaging follow-up even after spontaneous thrombosis in the vein of Galen malformations.

Multiple venous aneurysms of neck.

Venous aneurysm of neck is a rare anomaly, usually presenting as a painless mass which increases in size on valsalva maneuver. A child with multiple aneurysms of the right common facial and external jugular veins diagnosed on Doppler ultrasonography and magnetic resonance venography is reported.

Caudal duplication syndrome-report of a case and review of literature.

A 3-day-old male neonate presented with features of anorectal malformation and duplication of the external genitalia. He was subsequently diagnosed with complete duplication of the colon, rectum, bladder, and urethra associated with spinal lipoma. We report this case of caudal duplication syndrome, considering its rarity and the diverse combination of gastrointestinal, genitourinary, spinal, and limb anomalies.