Host resources and parasite traits interact to determine the optimal combination of host parasite-mitigation strategies.

Organisms have evolved diverse strategies to manage parasite infections. Broadly, hosts may avoid infection by altering behaviour, resist infection by targeting parasites or tolerate infection by repairing associated damage. The effectiveness of a strategy depends on interactions between, for example, resource availability, parasite traits (virulence, life-history) and the host itself (nutritional status, immunopathology). To understand how these factors shape host parasite-mitigation strategies, we developed a mathematical model of within-host, parasite-immune dynamics in the context of helminth infections. The model incorporated host nutrition and resource allocation to different mechanisms of immune response: larval parasite prevention; adult parasite clearance; damage repair (tolerance). We also considered a non-immune strategy: avoidance via anorexia, reducing intake of infective stages. Resources not allocated to immune processes promoted host condition, whereas harm due to parasites and immunopathology diminished it. Maximising condition (a proxy for fitness), we determined optimal host investment for each parasite-mitigation strategy, singly and combined, across different environmental resource levels and parasite trait values. Which strategy was optimal varied with scenario. Tolerance generally performed well, especially with high resources. Success of the different resistance strategies (larval prevention or adult clearance) tracked relative virulence of larval and adult parasites: slowly maturing, highly damaging larvae favoured prevention; rapidly maturing, less harmful larvae favoured clearance. Anorexia was viable only in the short term, due to reduced host nutrition. Combined strategies always outperformed any lone strategy: these were dominated by tolerance, with some investment in resistance. Choice of parasite mitigation strategy has profound consequences for hosts, impacting their condition, survival and reproductive success. We show that the efficacy of different strategies is highly dependent on timescale, parasite traits and resource availability. Models that integrate such factors can inform the collection and interpretation of empirical data, to understand how those drivers interact to shape host immune responses in natural systems.

The epidemiology of dying within 48 hours of presentation to emergency departments: a retrospective cohort study of older people across Australia and New Zealand.

BACKGROUND: Emergency department (ED) clinicians are more frequently providing care, including end-of-life care, to older people. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the need for ED end-of-life care for people aged ≥65 years, describe characteristics of those dying within 48 hours of ED presentation and compare those dying in ED with those dying elsewhere. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study analysing data from 177 hospitals in Australia and New Zealand. Data on older people presenting to ED from January to December 2018, and those who died within 48 hours of ED presentation, were analysed using simple descriptive statistics and univariate logistic regression. RESULTS: From participating hospitals in Australia or New Zealand, 10,921 deaths in older people occurred. The 48-hour mortality rate was 6.43 per 1,000 ED presentations (95% confidence interval: 6.31-6.56). Just over a quarter (n = 3,067, 28.1%) died in ED. About one-quarter of the cohort (n = 2,887, 26.4%) was triaged into less urgent triage categories. Factors with an increased risk of dying in ED included age 65-74 years, ambulance arrival, most urgent triage categories, principal diagnosis of circulatory system disorder, and not identifying as an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander person. Of the 7,677 older people admitted, half (n = 3,836, 50.0%) had an encounter for palliative care prior to, or during, this presentation. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide insight into the challenges of recognising the dying older patient and differentiating those appropriate for end-of-life care. We support recommendations for national advanced care planning registers and suggest a review of triage systems with an older person-focused lens.

The impact of COVID-19 on emergency department presentations for mental health disorders in Queensland, Australia: A time series analysis.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with detrimental effects on mental health and psychological well-being. Although multiple studies have shown decreases in mental health-related Emergency Department (ED) presentations early in the COVID-19 pandemic, the medium-term effects on mental health-related ED presentations have remained less clear. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the pandemic on mental health ED presentations by comparing observed presentation numbers to predictions from pre-pandemic data. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study tallied weekly ED presentations associated with mental health disorders from a state-wide minimum dataset. Three time periods were identified: Pre-Pandemic (January 1, 2018-March 8, 2020), Statewide Lockdown (March 9, 2020-June 28, 2020), and Restrictions Easing (June 29, 2020-June 27, 2021). Time series analysis was used to generate weekly presentation forecasts using pre-pandemic data. Observed presentation numbers were compared to these forecasts. RESULTS: Weekly presentation numbers were lower than predicted in 11 out of 16 weeks in the Statewide Lockdown period and 52 out of 52 weeks in the Restrictions Easing period. The largest decrease was seen for anxiety disorders (Statewide Lockdown: 76.8% of forecast; Restrictions Easing: 36.4% of forecast), while an increase was seen in presentations for eating disorders (Statewide Lockdown: 139.5% of forecast; Restrictions Easing: 194.4% of forecast). CONCLUSIONS: Overall weekly mental health-related presentations across Queensland public EDs were lower than expected for the first 16 months of the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings underline the limitations of emergency department provision of mental health care and the importance of alternate care modalities in the pandemic context.

Cellulitis in the Emergency Department: A prospective cohort study with patient-centred follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: There is substantial practice variation in the management of cellulitis with limited prospective studies describing the course of cellulitis after diagnosis. We aimed to describe the demographics, clinical features (erythema, warmth, swelling and pain), patient-reported disease trajectory and medium-term follow-up for ED patients with cellulitis. METHODS: Prospective observational cohort study of adults diagnosed with cellulitis in two EDs in Southeast Queensland, Australia. Patients with (peri)orbital cellulitis and abscess were excluded. Data were obtained from a baseline questionnaire, electronic medical records and follow-up questionnaires at 3, 7 and 14 days. Clinician adjudication of day 14 cellulitis cure was compared to patient assessment. Descriptive analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Three-hundred patients (mean age 50 years, SD 19.9) with cellulitis were enrolled, predominantly affecting the lower limb (75%). Cellulitis features showed greatest improvement between enrolment and day 3. Clinical improvement continued gradually at days 7 and 14 with persistent skin erythema (41%) and swelling (37%) at day 14. Skin warmth was the feature most likely to be resolved at each time point. There was a discrepancy in clinician and patient assessment of cellulitis cure at day 14 (85.8% vs. 52.8% cured). CONCLUSIONS: A clinical response of cellulitis features can be expected at day 3 with ongoing slower improvement over time. Over one third of patients had erythema or swelling at day 14. Patients are less likely than clinicians to deem their cellulitis cured at day 14. Future research should include parallel patient and clinician evaluation of cellulitis to help develop clearer definitions of treatment failure and cure.

Factors predictive of hospital admission for children via emergency departments in Australia and Sweden: an observational cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Identifying factors predictive of hospital admission can be useful to prospectively inform bed management and patient flow strategies and decrease emergency department (ED) crowding. It is largely unknown if admission rate or factors predictive of admission vary based on the population to which the ED served (i.e., children only, or both adults and children). This study aimed to describe the profile and identify factors predictive of hospital admission for children who presented to four EDs in Australia and one ED in Sweden. METHODS: A multi-site observational cross-sectional study using routinely collected data pertaining to ED presentations made by children < 18 years of age between July 1, 2011 and October 31, 2012. Univariate and multivariate analysis were undertaken to determine factors predictive of hospital admission. RESULTS: Of the 151,647 ED presentations made during the study period, 22% resulted in hospital admission. Admission rate varied by site; the children's EDs in Australia had higher admission rates (South Australia: 26%, Queensland: 23%) than the mixed (adult and children's) EDs (South Australia: 13%, Queensland: 17%, Sweden: 18%). Factors most predictive of hospital admission for children, after controlling for triage category, included hospital type (children's only) adjusted odds ratio (aOR):2.3 (95%CI: 2.2-2.4), arrival by ambulance aOR:2.8 (95%CI: 2.7-2.9), referral from primary health aOR:1.5 (95%CI: 1.4-1.6) and presentation with a respiratory or gastrointestinal condition (aOR:2.6, 95%CI: 2.5-2.8 and aOR:1.5, 95%CI: 1.4-1.6, respectively). Predictors were similar when each site was considered separately. CONCLUSIONS: Although the characteristics of children varied by site, factors predictive of hospital admission were mostly similar. The awareness of these factors predicting the need for hospital admission can support the development of clinical pathways.

End-of-life care: A retrospective cohort study of older people who died within 48 hours of presentation to the emergency department.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the characteristics of, and care provided to, older people who died within 48 h of ED presentation. METHODS: A descriptive retrospective cohort study of people 65 years and older presenting to two EDs in Queensland, Australia, between April 2018 and March 2019. Data from electronic medical records were collected and analysed. RESULTS: Two hundred and ninety-five older people who died within 48 h of ED presentation were included. Nearly all arrived by ambulance (92%, n = 272) and 36% (n = 106) were from aged care facilities. Three-quarters (75%, n = 222) were triaged into the most urgent triage categories (i.e. Australasian Triage Scale; ATS 1/2). Fewer than half were previously independent with mobility (38%, n = 111) and activities of daily living (43%, n = 128). Sixty-one per cent (n = 181) had a pre-existing healthcare directive. Twenty-two per cent (n = 66) died in ED, most commonly due to pneumonia, intracerebral haemorrhage, cardiac arrest and/or sepsis. Over half had one or more ED visits (52%, n = 154) and/or hospital admissions (52%, n = 152) 6 months prior. CONCLUSIONS: Identification of patients at end-of-life (EoL) is not always straightforward; consider recent reduction in independence and recent ED visits/hospital admissions. System-based strategies that span pre-hospital, ED and in-patient care are recommended to facilitate EoL pathway implementation and care continuity.

How Clinicians Decide? Exploring Complexity of Antibiotic Prescribing in Emergency Departments Using Video-Reflexive Ethnography.

Antibiotic overprescribing is a global issue that significantly contributes to increased antimicrobial resistance. Strengthening antimicrobial prescribing practices should be considered a priority. The emergency department (ED) represents a setting where antibiotics are frequently prescribed, but the determinants that influence prescribing choices are complex and multifaceted. We conducted an exploratory qualitative study to investigate the contextual factors that influence antibiotic prescribing choices among clinicians in the ED. The study employed video-reflexive ethnography (VRE) to capture prospective clinical decision-making in situated practice. Data collection involved fieldwork observations, video observations, and delivery of facilitated group reflexive sessions, where clinicians viewed a selection of recorded video snippets relating to antibiotic prescribing. Study was conducted across two EDs within the same health service in Australia. A total of 29 clinical conversations focusing on antibiotic prescribing were recorded. Additionally, 34 clinicians participated in group reflexive sessions. Thematic analysis from the transcribed data yielded four themes: 'importance of clinical judgment', 'usability of prescribing guidelines', 'managing patient expectations', and 'context-dependent disruptions'. Our findings provide insights into the challenges faced by clinicians in navigating complex ED environment, utilising electronic decision-support tools and engaging in discussions about patient treatments with senior clinicians. The findings also indicate that VRE is useful in visualising full complexity of the ED setting, and in initiating meaningful discussions among clinical teams. Integrating the use of VRE in everyday clinical settings can potentially facilitate the implementation of pragmatic solutions for delivering effective antibiotic stewardship practices.

How behavioural ageing affects infectious disease.

Ageing is associated with profound changes in behaviour that could influence exposure and susceptibility to infectious disease. As well as determining emergent patterns of infection across individuals of different ages, behavioural ageing could interact with, confound, or counteract age-related changes in other traits. Here, we examine how behavioural ageing can manifest and influence patterns of infection in wild animals. We discuss a range of age-related changes that involve interactions between behaviour and components of exposure and susceptibility to infection, including social ageing and immunosenescence, acquisition of novel parasites and pathogens with age, changes in spatial behaviours, and age-related hygiene and sickness behaviours. Overall, most behavioural changes are expected to result in a reduced exposure rate, but there is relatively little evidence for this phenomenon, emerging largely from a rarity of explicit tests of exposure changes over the lifespan. This review offers a framework for understanding how ageing, behaviour, immunity, and infection interact, providing a series of hypotheses and testable predictions to improve our understanding of health in ageing societies.

A survey of paediatric difficult peripheral intravenous access in the emergency department and use of point-of-care ultrasound.

Introduction/Purpose: Peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) insertion can be challenging in children, with point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) known to increase success rates. The objective of this study was to survey how emergency department (ED) clinicians identify and escalate paediatric patients with difficult intravenous access (DIVA), specifically the use of POCUS. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in an Australian academic mixed ED that surveyed resident medical officers (RMOs), registrars, consultants and senior paediatric nurses. A 15 multiple-choice questionnaire evaluated clinicians experience with paediatric PIVC insertion, approach to identifying and managing DIVA and the use of POCUS or other adjuncts. Results: Eighty clinicians (34.2% response rate) completed the survey. Poor vein palpability was rated the highest predictor of DIVA. Of the respondents, 19 consultants (86.4%), 28 registrars (90.3%) and 16 RMOs (64.0%) used POCUS as an adjunct for paediatric DIVA patients but 16 consultants (72.8%), 21 registrars (67.8%) and 20 RMOs (80.0%) would use this less than 25% of the time in clinical practice. Discussion: This survey suggests more clinicians to prefer using objective factors when identifying paediatric DIVA patients, rather than subjectively using gestalt, which relies on clinician experience. Whilst clearly recognised as a useful tool in our study, POCUS was used infrequently for paediatric DIVA patients. Conclusions: There is currently no consistent process for the identification and escalation of paediatric DIVA patients, including the use of adjuncts such as POCUS. Clinician awareness for these issues should be addressed, which should include the development of guidelines and clinician training in POCUS for PIVC insertion in children.

Novel pathogen introduction triggers rapid evolution in animal social movement strategies.

Animal sociality emerges from individual decisions on how to balance the costs and benefits of being sociable. Novel pathogens introduced into wildlife populations should increase the costs of sociality, selecting against gregariousness. Using an individual-based model that captures essential features of pathogen transmission among social hosts, we show how novel pathogen introduction provokes the rapid evolutionary emergence and coexistence of distinct social movement strategies. These strategies differ in how they trade the benefits of social information against the risk of infection. Overall, pathogen-risk-adapted populations move more and have fewer associations with other individuals than their pathogen-risk-naive ancestors, reducing disease spread. Host evolution to be less social can be sufficient to cause a pathogen to be eliminated from a population, which is followed by a rapid recovery in social tendency. Our conceptual model is broadly applicable to a wide range of potential host-pathogen introductions and offers initial predictions for the eco-evolutionary consequences of wildlife pathogen spillover scenarios and a template for the development of theory in the ecology and evolution of animals' movement decisions.

The same genotype of Sarcocystis neurona responsible for mass mortality in marine mammals induced a clinical outbreak in raccoons (Procyon lotor) 10 years later.

Here, we report the first known outbreak of clinical protozoal myeloencephalitis in naturally infected raccoons by the parasite Sarcocystis neurona. The North American opossum (Didelphis virginiana) and the South American opossum (Didelphis albiventris) are its known definitive hosts. Several other animal species are its intermediate or aberrant hosts. The raccoon (Procyon lotor) is considered the most important intermediate host for S. neurona in the USA. More than 50% of raccoons in the USA have sarcocysts in their muscles, however clinical sarcocystosis in raccoons is rare. In 2014, 38 free-living raccoons were found dead or moribund on the grounds of the Saint Louis Zoo, Missouri, USA. Moribund individuals were weak, lethargic, and mildly ataxic; several with oculo-nasal discharge. Seven raccoons were found dead and 31 were humanely euthanized. Postmortem examinations were conducted on nine raccoons. Neural lesions compatible with acute sarcocystosis were detected in eight raccoons. The predominant lesions were meningoencephalitis and perivascular mononuclear cells. Histologic evidence for the Canine Distemper Virus was found in one raccoon. Schizonts and merozoites were present in the encephalitic lesions of four raccoons. Mature sarcocysts were present within myocytes of five raccoons. In six raccoons, S. neurona schizonts and merozoites were confirmed by immunohistochemical staining with S. neurona-specific polyclonal antibodies. Viable S. neurona was isolated from the brains of two raccoons by bioassay in interferon gamma gene knockout mice and in cell cultures seeded directly with raccoon brain homogenate. Molecular characterization was based on raccoon no. 68. Molecular characterization based on multi-locus typing at five surface antigens (SnSAG1-5-6, SnSAG3 and SnSAG4) and the ITS-1 marker within the ssrRNA locus, using DNA isolated from bradyzoites released from sarcocysts in a naturally infected raccoon (no. 68), confirmed the presence of S. neurona antigen type I, the same genotype that caused a mass mortality event in which 40 southern sea otters stranded dead or dying within a 3 week period in April 2004 with S. neurona-associated disease. An expanded set of genotyping markers was next applied. This study reports the following new genotyping markers at 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, COX1, ITS-1, RON1, RON2, GAPDH1, ROP20, SAG2, SnSRS21 and TUBA1 markers. The identity of Sarcocystis spp. infecting raccoons is discussed.

A mixed-model approach for estimating drivers of microbiota community composition and differential taxonomic abundance.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and metabarcoding approaches are increasingly applied to wild animal populations, but there is a disconnect between the widely applied generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) approaches commonly used to study phenotypic variation and the statistical toolkit from community ecology typically applied to metabarcoding data. Here, we describe the suitability of a novel GLMM-based approach for analyzing the taxon-specific sequence read counts derived from standard metabarcoding data. This approach allows decomposition of the contribution of different drivers to variation in community composition (e.g., age, season, individual) via interaction terms in the model random-effects structure. We provide guidance to implementing this approach and show how these models can identify how responsible specific taxonomic groups are for the effects attributed to different drivers. We applied this approach to two cross-sectional data sets from the Soay sheep population of St. Kilda. GLMMs showed agreement with dissimilarity-based approaches highlighting the substantial contribution of age and minimal contribution of season to microbiota community compositions, and simultaneously estimated the contribution of other technical and biological factors. We further used model predictions to show that age effects were principally due to increases in taxa of the phylum Bacteroidetes and declines in taxa of the phylum Firmicutes. This approach offers a powerful means for understanding the influence of drivers of community structure derived from metabarcoding data. We discuss how our approach could be readily adapted to allow researchers to estimate contributions of additional factors such as host or microbe phylogeny to answer emerging questions surrounding the ecological and evolutionary roles of within-host communities. IMPORTANCE NGS and fecal metabarcoding methods have provided powerful opportunities to study the wild gut microbiome. A wealth of data is, therefore, amassing across wild systems, generating the need for analytical approaches that can appropriately investigate simultaneous factors at the host and environmental scale that determine the composition of these communities. Here, we describe a generalized linear mixed-effects model (GLMM) approach to analyze read count data from metabarcoding of the gut microbiota, allowing us to quantify the contributions of multiple host and environmental factors to within-host community structure. Our approach provides outputs that are familiar to a majority of field ecologists and can be run using any standard mixed-effects modeling packages. We illustrate this approach using two metabarcoding data sets from the Soay sheep population of St. Kilda investigating age and season effects as worked examples.

"If Not Me, Then Who?": Exploring the Challenges Experienced by Front-Line Clinicians Screening for, and Communicating About, Domestic Violence in the Emergency Department.

Screening for domestic violence in healthcare settings increases detection. The emergency department (ED) is one setting where victims frequently attend with injuries and illnesses sustained from violence. However, screening rates remain suboptimal. There is little research about how formal screening occurs, or how less structured interactions are negotiated within the ED context. This article explores this important, but non-mandatory procedure within the context of clinician-patient interactions in Australia. A descriptive qualitative study was undertaken with 21 clinicians across seven EDs in Australia. Thematic analysis was undertaken by two researchers. Results indicate a lack of confidence around DV screening, and tensions in clinicians initiating conversation while managing their own emotional stressors. No participants expressed knowledge of formal screening processes in their workplaces. Successful DV screening programs must provide clinicians with the tools to minimize perceived discomfort in initiating and sustaining conversations while accepting patient preferences regarding disclosure.

Age-specific impacts of vegetation functional traits on gastrointestinal nematode parasite burdens in a large herbivore.

Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) parasites play an important role in the ecological dynamics of many animal populations. Recent studies suggest that fine-scale spatial variation in GIN infection dynamics is important in wildlife systems, but the environmental drivers underlying this variation remain poorly understood. We used data from over two decades of GIN parasite egg counts, host space use, and spatial vegetation data from a long-term study of Soay sheep on St Kilda to test how spatial autocorrelation and vegetation in an individual's home range predict parasite burden across three age groups. We developed a novel approach to quantify the plant functional traits present in a home range to describe the quality of vegetation present. Effects of vegetation and space varied between age classes. In immature lambs, strongyle parasite faecal egg counts (FEC) were spatially structured, being highest in the north and south of our study area. Independent of host body weight and spatial autocorrelation, plant functional traits predicted parasite egg counts. Higher egg counts were associated with more digestible and preferred plant functional traits, suggesting the association could be driven by host density and habitat preference. In contrast, we found no evidence that parasite FEC were related to plant functional traits in the host home range in yearlings or adult sheep. Adult FEC were spatially structured, with highest burdens in the north-east of our study area, while yearling FEC showed no evidence of spatial structuring. Parasite burdens in immature individuals appear more readily influenced by fine-scale spatial variation in the environment, highlighting the importance of such heterogeneity for our understanding of wildlife epidemiology and health. Our findings support the importance of fine-scale environmental variation for wildlife disease ecology and provides new evidence that such effects may vary across demographic groups within a population.

Occupational violence in a tertiary emergency department: A retrospective descriptive study.

OBJECTIVE: Occupational violence in emergency departments (EDs) impacts staff and patients. Most hospitals have a response mechanism called a 'Code Black' or similar. We aimed to determine the incidence of Code Black activations in a tertiary ED and describe contributory factors, management strategies and adverse events. METHODS: Descriptive study in a tertiary ED in South-East Queensland in 2021. Adult patients for who a Code Black had been activated were eligible. Data were obtained from a prospectively collected Code Black database, supplemented with retrospective electronic medical records. RESULTS: There were 386 Code Black events. The incidence of Code Black activation was 11.0 per 1000 adult ED presentations. Individuals requiring Code Black activation were 59.6 % male with a mean age of 40.9 years. The primary diagnosis was mental illness related in 55.1 %. Alcohol was a suspected factor in 30.9 %. When Code Black activation occurred, median length of stay increased. Restraint including physical, chemical or both were used in 54.1 % of Code Blacks. CONCLUSION: Occupational violence occurs at a three-fold greater incidence within this ED than reported elsewhere. This study reinforces other literature suggesting an increase in occupational violence, demonstrating the need for dedicated preventative strategies for patients at risk of agitation.

Impact of COVID-19 state-wide lockdown on older adult presentations to Queensland emergency departments.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of the COVID-19 state-wide lockdown on ED presentations for older adults in Queensland, Australia. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study pertaining to adults aged 70+ years who presented to Queensland public hospital EDs across three separate time periods; 11 March to 30 June 2018 and 2019 (pre-pandemic average), 2020 (COVID-19 state-wide lockdown) and 2021 (post-state-wide lockdown). The primary outcome was change in presentation rates to ED. Secondary outcomes included change in triage category rates, length of stay (LOS), diagnosis and disposition. RESULTS: There was 380 854 older adult presentations. During the COVID-19 state-wide lockdown, ED presentation rates decreased by 12.5% (incidence rate ratio 0.875 [95% confidence interval 0.867-0.883]). All triage category presentation rates decreased, as did ED LOS and reasons for presentation, except sepsis and disorders of the nervous system. In the post-state-wide lockdown period a 22% (incidence rate ratio 1.22 [95% confidence interval 1.21-1.23]) increase in the presentation rate was observed and presentations in all triage categories increased. ED LOS increased to longer than pre-pandemic (P < 0.001). Respiratory presentations increased by 346%. Patients who 'did not wait' increased by 212% and ED mortality rose by 42% compared to during the lockdown. CONCLUSION: There was a significant decrease in presentation rates to EDs during the COVID-19 state-wide lockdown for the older population, followed by an increase in presentation rates, longer ED LOS, and an increased ED mortality rate, in the post-state-wide lockdown period. It is important to ensure older adults continue to seek appropriate, timely medical care, during a pandemic.

Exploring the Mosquito-Arbovirus Network: A Survey of Vector Competence Experiments.

Arboviruses receive heightened research attention during major outbreaks or when they cause unusual or severe clinical disease, but they are otherwise undercharacterized. Global change is also accelerating the emergence and spread of arboviral diseases, leading to time-sensitive questions about potential interactions between viruses and novel vectors. Vector competence experiments help determine the susceptibility of certain arthropods to a given arbovirus, but these experiments are often conducted in real time during outbreaks, rather than with preparedness in mind. We conducted a systematic review of reported mosquito-arbovirus competence experiments, screening 570 abstracts to arrive at 265 studies testing in vivo arboviral competence. We found that more than 90% of potential mosquito-virus combinations are untested in experimental settings and that entire regions and their corresponding vectors and viruses are undersampled. These knowledge gaps stymie outbreak response and limit attempts to both build and validate predictive models of the vector-virus network.

Improving domestic violence screening practices in the emergency department: an Australian perspective.

INTRODUCTION: Domestic violence (DV) is a major cause of morbidity worldwide. The ED is a location recommended for opportunistic screening. However, screening within EDs remains irregular. OBJECTIVE: To examine intrinsic and extrinsic barriers to routine screening in Australian EDs, while describing actions taken after identification of DV. METHODS: Emergency clinicians at nine public hospitals participated in an anonymous online survey. Factor analysis was performed to identify principal components around attitudes and beliefs towards screening. RESULTS: In total, 496 emergency clinicians participated. Universal screening was uncommon; less than 2% of respondents reported screening all adults or all women. Although willing, nearly half (45%) reported not knowing how to screen. High patient load and no single rooms were 'very or severely limiting' for 88% of respondents, respectively, while 24/7 social work and interpreter services, and online/written DV protocols were top enablers. Factor analysis identified four distinct intrinsic belief components: (1) screening is not futile and could be done in ED, (2) screening will not cause harm, (3) there is a duty to screen and (4) I am willing to screen. CONCLUSION: This study describes a culture of Queensland ED clinicians that believe DV screening in ED is important and interventions are effective. Most ED clinicians are willing to screen. In this setting, availability of social work and interpreter services are important mitigating resources. Clinician education focusing on duty to screen, coupled with a built-in screening tool, and e-links to a local management protocol may improve the uptake of screening and subsequently increase detection.