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Our meta-analysis, encompassing 30 studies with 46,976 subjects, aimed to explore the impact of fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) genotypes on weight response to exercise and dietary interventions in overweight and obese adults. Electronic databases including PubMed and Google Scholar were searched from 2020 to September 2023 to identify relevant studies. Results revealed a significant reduction in body weight among individuals with the FTO risk allele following exercise and diet interventions (standardized mean difference [SMD] = - 0.619, 95% CI: - 1.137, - 0.100; p = .01). When examining FTO variants, both AA (SMD = - 0.148, 95% CI: - 0.282, - 0.014, p = .03, I2 = 24.96) and TA genotypes (SMD = - 0.674, 95% CI: - 1.162, - 0.186, p = .007, I2 = 91.12) showed significant weight reduction compared to the TT genotype. Moreover, individuals with the high-risk genotype AA + TT achieved greater weight loss compared to those with the normal-risk genotype TT (SMD = - 0.419, 95% CI: - 0.655, -0.183, p = .0001, I2 = 92.08) in the dominant genetic model. Subgroup analysis indicated that FTO risk allele carriers (AA + AT) with exercise interventions lasting six months and a body mass index of 25 - 29 experienced greater weight loss compared to TT carriers. These findings emphasize the importance of genetic considerations in weight management interventions and suggest personalized approaches for combating obesity. Further clinical trials are warranted to validate our study's findings.
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AIM: To perform a meta-analysis to investigate the effects of intermittent fasting (IF), as compared with either a control diet (CON) and/or calorie restriction (CR), on body composition and cardiometabolic health in individuals with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS: PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched from their inception to March 2024 to identify original randomized trials with parallel or crossover designs that studied the effects of IF on body composition and cardiometabolic health. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) or standardized mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random-effects models. RESULTS: Overall, 14 studies involving 1101 adults with prediabetes or T2D were included in the meta-analysis. IF decreased body weight (WMD -4.56 kg [95% CI -6.23 to -2.83]; p = 0.001), body mass index (BMI; WMD -1.99 kg.m2 [95% CI -2.74 to -1.23]; p = 0.001), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c; WMD -0.81% [95% CI -1.24 to -0.38]; p = 0.001), fasting glucose (WMD -0.36 mmol/L [95% CI -0.63 to -0.09]; p = 0.008), total cholesterol (WMD -0.31 mmol/L [95% CI -0.60 to -0.02]; p = 0.03) and triglycerides (WMD -0.14 mmol/L [95% CI -0.27 to -0.01]; p = 0.02), but did not significantly decrease fat mass, insulin, low-densitiy lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, or blood pressure as compared with CON. Furthermore, IF decreased body weight (WMD -1.14 kg [95% CI -1.69 to -0.60]; p = 0.001) and BMI (WMD -0.43 kg.m2 [95% CI -0.58 to -0.27]; p = 0.001), but did not significantly affect fat mass, lean body mass, visceral fat, insulin, HbA1c, lipid profiles or blood pressure. CONCLUSION: Intermittent fasting is effective for weight loss and specific cardiometabolic health markers in individuals with prediabetes or T2D. Additionally, IF is associated with a reduction in body weight and BMI compared to CR, without effects on glycaemic markers, lipid profiles or blood pressure.
Subject(s)
Body Composition , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Fasting , Prediabetic State , Humans , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diet therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood , Prediabetic State/diet therapy , Prediabetic State/blood , Prediabetic State/physiopathology , Adult , Caloric Restriction/methods , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Intermittent FastingABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION AND AIM: Exercise training is effective for improving cardiometabolic health in children and adolescents, but less is known about its impact on inflammatory markers. We therefore, undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the role of exercise training on pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in children and adolescents. METHOD: A comprehensive search was conducted in three electronic databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, from inception to December 2023 to identify exercise trials with and without control groups, involving participants with mean ages ranging from ≥ 6 to < 18 years, of age with measurements of at least one of the following pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, or CRP. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95 % confidence interval (ICs) were calculated using random effects models. RESULTS: Thirty-eight studies involving 2043 children and adolescents were included. The results show that exercise training resulted in significant reductions in IL-6 [SMD: -0.44; 95 % CI: -0.68, -0.21; P = 0.001] and CRP [SMD: -0.28; 95 % CI: -0.41, -0.16; P = 0.001], but not TNF-α [SMD: -0.15; 95 % CI: -0.38, -0.07; P = 0.19]. Subgroup analyses showed that IL-6 and CRP were reduced with aerobic training in adolescents, as was CRP with high-intensity interval training. CONCLUSION: These results provide evidence that exercise training is effective for reducing IL-6 and CRP in adolescents, but not in children, and any benefits may be modulated by the type of exercise performed.
Subject(s)
Interleukin-6 , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha , Adolescent , Child , Humans , C-Reactive Protein , Cytokines , Exercise , Interleukin-6/metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of death worldwide, although limited data are currently available regarding the impact of consuming ultra-processed food (UPF) on its incidence. Given the increased consumption of UPF in Iran, we aimed to investigate the association between UPF intake and CVD risk. METHODS: Individuals without CVD (n = 2050) aged ≥ 30 years old were recruited from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). Dietary data were collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and UPF intakes were assessed based on the Nova food classification. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for potential confounders were used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the risk of CVD across tertiles of UPF intake. RESULTS: A 10.1% incidence of CVD occurred over a median follow-up of 10.6 years, with a 22% increase in CVD risk per each 50 g/day UPF intake. Participants with the highest intake of UPF had a 68% greater incidence of CVD compared to those with the lowest intake (HR = 1.68, 95% CI=1.14-2.48) after controlling for potential confounders. Regarding sub-groups of UPF, participants in the 3rd tertile compared to the reference had a significantly increased risk of CVD (HR = 1.56, 95% CI=1.04-2.34). Nevertheless, intake of bread, fast food, sweetened beverages, sweets and desserts, high-fat dairy products, and other UPFs were not associated with greater CVD risk. CONCLUSION: Our findings support the hypothesis that the incidence of CVD is enhanced with the higher consumption of UPF in a representative sample of the Iranian population.
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INTRODUCTION AND AIM: Exercise training (Ex) and intermittent fasting (IF) are effective for improving body composition and cardiometabolic health overweight and obese adults, but whether combining Ex and IF induces additive or synergistic effects is less well established. We therefore, performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the combined versus independent effects of Ex and IF on body composition and cardiometabolic health in adults. METHOD: An electronic search was conducted in three main online databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, from inception to March 9, 2023 for studies involving Ex plus IF trials versus standalone Ex and/or IF interventions in adults. Interventions had a duration of ≥ 2 weeks. Standardized (SMD) or weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated in order to compare effects on body weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat lean body mass (LBM), visceral fat, and waist circumference. For cardiometabolic health, outcomes included fasting glucose, insulin, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, and VO2max/peak. RESULTS: Ex plus IF decreased body weight [WMD: -3.03 kg (95% CI: -3.44 to -2.61), p = 0.001], BMI [WMD: -1.12 kg.m2 (95% CI: -1.28 to -0.95), p = 0.001], body fat [SMD: -0.72 (95% CI: -1.23 to -0.21), p = 0.005], visceral fat [SMD: -0.34 (95% CI: -0.63 to -0.05), p = 0.01], and waist circumference [WMD: -2.63 cm (95% CI: -4.16 to -1.11), p = 0.001] more than Ex alone. However, changes in body composition and cardiometabolic health markers were not significantly different for Ex plus IF when compared with IF alone, with the exception of VO2max/peak [SMD: 0.55 (95% CI: 0.14 to 0.97), p = 0.009]. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate that a combination of Ex and IF produces superior changes in body composition, but not in markers of cardiometabolic health when compared with Ex or IF alone. Ex plus IF could therefore be effective for weight and fat loss but has no additive or synergistic effects for other cardiometabolic health markers.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases , Intermittent Fasting , Adult , Humans , Body Composition , Exercise , Cholesterol, HDL , Obesity/therapy , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & controlABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Obesity and excess adiposity are leading causes of metabolic and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Early identification of individuals at risk is key for preventive strategies. We examined the relationship between infant body composition (0-2 years of age) and later (>2 years) health outcomes using a systematic review. DESIGN: We preregistered the study on PROSPERO (ID 288013) and searched Embase, PubMed and Cochrane databases for English language publications using the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms 'infant' and 'body composition' and 'risk' between January 1946 and February 2022. We included studies which assessed infant body composition using predetermined in vivo methods other than body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: We identified 6015 articles. After abstract screening to assess eligibility, we reviewed 130 full text publications. 30 were included in the final assessment and narrative synthesis. Meta-analysis was not possible due to heterogeneity of results. All 30 studies were of high quality and reported associations between infant body composition and 19 different health outcomes after 2 years of age. Outcome measurements ranged from 2 years to 16 years. The strongest associations were found between infant fat mass and later fat mass (7 studies), and later BMI (5 studies). For 11 of the outcomes assessed, there was no relationship to infant adiposity detected. CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence, from a small number of studies, suggests a positive association between infant adiposity and future adiposity or BMI, but the validity of infant body composition as a biomarker of future health remains inconclusive. Carefully designed, standardised studies are required to identify the value of infant body composition for predicting later health. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO: 288013.
Subject(s)
Adolescent Health , Obesity , Adolescent , Child , Humans , Infant , Adiposity , Body Composition , Body Mass Index , Infant, Newborn , Child, PreschoolABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The current meta-analysis investigated the effects of exercise training on circulating adhesion molecules i.e. soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) in adults. METHOD: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Embase were searched to identify original articles, published in English languages journal from inception up to 31 August 2023 that compared the effects of exercise training with non-exercising control on sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 in adults. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% CIs were calculated using random-effect models. RESULTS: Twenty-three studies including 31 intervention arms and involving 1437 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. Exercise training effectively reduced sICAM-1 [SMD: -0.33 (95% CI -0.56 to -0.11), p = 0.004; I2 = 56.38%, p = 0.001; 23 intervention arms]. Subgroup analyses showed that sICAM-1 decreased in adults with age <60 years (p = 0.01) and BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2 (p = 0.002) and those with metabolic disorders (p = 0.004) and cardiovascular diseases (p = 0.005). In addition, aerobic (p = 0.02) and resistance training (p = 0.007) are effective in reducing sICAM-1. However, exercise training did not indicate a superior effect on sVCAM-1 [SMD: -0.12 (95% CI -0.29 to 0.05), p = 0.17; I2 = 36.29%, p = 0.04; 23 intervention arms]. CONCLUSION: Our results show that exercise training reduces sICAM-1, but not for sVCAM-1, where both aerobic and resistance training is effective in reducing sICAM-1 in adults with metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The current meta-analysis was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero with ID registration number: CRD42023410474.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases , Metabolic Diseases , Humans , Adult , Middle Aged , Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 , Cell Adhesion Molecules , Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 , ExerciseABSTRACT
Although phenotypically different, brown adipose tissue (BAT) and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) are able to produce heat through non-shivering thermogenesis due to the presence of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). The appearance of thermogenically active beige adipocytes in iWAT is known as browning. Both brown and beige cells originate from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and in culture conditions a browning response can be induced with hypothermia (i.e. 32 °C) during which nuclear leptin immunodetection was observed. The central role of leptin in regulating food intake and energy consumption is well recognised, but its importance in the browning process at the cellular level is unclear. Here, immunocytochemical analysis of MSC-derived adipocytes established nuclear localization of both leptin and leptin receptor suggesting an involvement of the leptin pathway in the browning response. In order to elucidate whether leptin modulates the expression of brown and beige adipocyte markers, BAT and iWAT samples from leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice were analysed and exhibited reduced brown/beige marker expression compared to wild-type controls. When MSCs were isolated and differentiated into adipocytes, leptin deficiency was observed to induce a white phenotype, especially when incubated at 32 °C. These adaptations were accompanied with morphological signs of impaired adipogenic differentiation. Overall, our results indicate that leptin supports adipocyte browning and suggest a potential role for leptin in adipogenesis and browning.
Subject(s)
Adipogenesis , Leptin , Animals , Mice , Adipocytes/metabolism , Adipocytes, Brown/metabolism , Adipogenesis/genetics , Cell Differentiation , Leptin/metabolism , Signal TransductionABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Ageing can be accompanied by increased inflammation, which contributes to the development of sarcopenia. Exercise training could be effective for preventing sarcopenia and mitigate inflammation and thus a viable intervention in ageing. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effects of exercise training on markers of inflammation including interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in older adults (≥65 years). Exercise-based interventions are most successful in preventing the decline in skeletal muscle mass and in preserving or ameliorating functional capacities with increasing age. METHOD: PubMed and Web of Science were searched through to December 2021 using "exercise", "inflammatory markers", "elderly", and "randomized controlled trial" to identify randomized trials evaluating the effects of exercise training versus control groups on IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP in older adults with mean ages ≥ 65 yrs. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were determined using random effects models. RESULTS: Forty studies involving 49 trials and 1,898 older adults were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, exercise training reduced IL-6 [-0.17 (95% CI -0.32 to -0.02), p = 0.02], TNF-α [-0.30 (95% CI -0.46 to -0.13), p = 0.001], and CRP [-0.45 (95% CI -0.61 to -0.29), p = 0.001]. Subgroup analyses showed that IL-6 was reduced significantly by combined training, TNF-α by aerobic training, and CRP by aerobic, resistance, and combined training. In addition, exercise training reduced IL-6 and TNF-α in older adults with chronic diseases, and CRP in older adults with and without chronic diseases. CONCLUSION: The current results highlight that exercise training, regardless of exercise type, has small to moderate beneficial effects on markers of inflammation in older adults, particularly in those with chronic diseases.
Subject(s)
Interleukin-6 , Sarcopenia , Humans , Aged , Interleukin-6/metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism , Biomarkers/metabolism , C-Reactive Protein/metabolism , Inflammation/metabolism , Exercise/physiology , Chronic DiseaseABSTRACT
AIMS: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the effects of Ex (exercise training) vs. DI (dietary intervention) vs. combined Ex and DI on total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), triglycerides (TG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) in adults with overweight and obesity. DATA SYNTHESIS: PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched to identify original articles published until March 2022, using keywords for the categories "exercise training," "dietary intervention," "overweight and obesity," and "randomized." Studies that included lipid profiles as outcomes and performed in adults with body mass indexes (BMIs) ≥ 25 kg/m2 were included. A total of 80 studies involving 4804 adult participants were included in the meta-analysis. Ex was not as effective as DI for reducing TC and TG and was less effective for reducing LDL. In addition, Ex increased HDL to a greater extent than DI. Combined interventions decreased TC, TG, and LDL but did not increase HDL more than Ex alone. Combined interventions failed to reduce TC or LDL but decreased TG and increased HDL more than DI alone. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the combination of Ex and DI can be more effective than either Ex or DI alone in improving lipid profiles in adults with overweight and obesity.
Subject(s)
Lipids , Overweight , Adult , Humans , Overweight/diagnosis , Overweight/therapy , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Obesity/diagnosis , Obesity/therapy , Triglycerides , Exercise , Cholesterol, HDLABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Both acute exercise and environmental hypoxia may elevate inflammatory cytokines, but the inflammatory response in the hypoxic exercise is remaining unknown. OBJECTIVE: We performed this systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the effect of exercise in hypoxia on inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10. METHODS: PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were searched to identify the original articles that compared the effect of exercise in hypoxia with normoxia on IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 changes, published up to March 2023. Standardized mean differences and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random effect model to (1) determine the effect of exercise in hypoxia, (2) determine the effect of exercise in normoxia and (3) compare the effect of exercise in hypoxia with normoxia on IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 responses. RESULTS: Twenty-three studies involving 243 healthy, trained and athlete subjects with a mean age range from 19.8 to 41.0 years were included in our meta-analysis. On comparing exercise in hypoxia with normoxia, no differences were found in the response of IL-6 [0.17 (95% CI - 0.08 to 0.43), p = 0.17] and TNF-α [0.17 (95% CI - 0.10 to 0.46), p = 0.21] between the conditions. Exercise in hypoxia significantly increased IL-10 concentration [0.60 (95% CI 0.17 to 1.03), p = 0.006] compared with normoxia. In addition, exercise during both hypoxia and normoxia increased IL-6 and IL-10, whereas TNF-α was increased only in hypoxic exercise condition. CONCLUSION: Overall, exercise in both hypoxia and normoxia increased inflammatory cytokines; however, hypoxic exercise may lead to a greater inflammatory response in adults.
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INTRODUCTION AND AIM: Myostatin and follistatin are the main hormones for regulating muscle mass, and previous research suggests they are modulated by resistance training. We therefore performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the impact of resistance training on circulating myostatin and follistatin in adults. METHODS: A search was conducted in PubMed and Web of science from inception until October 2022 to identify original studies investigating the effects of resistance training compared with controls that did not exercise. Standardized mean differences and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random effects models. RESULTS: A total 26 randomized studies, including 36 interventions, and involving 768 participants (aged â¼18 - 82 years), were included in the meta-analysis. Resistance training effectively decreased myostatin [-1.31 (95% CI -1.74 - -0.88, p = 0.001, 26 studies] and increased follistatin [2.04 (95% CI: 1.51 - 2.52), p = 0.001, 14 studies]. Subgroup analyses revealed a significant decrease in myostatin and increase in follistatin regardless of age. CONCLUSION: Resistance training in adults is effective for reducing myostatin and increasing follistatin which may contribute to the beneficial effects of resistance training on muscle mass and metabolic outcomes.
Subject(s)
Myostatin , Resistance Training , Humans , Adult , Aged , Muscle, Skeletal/physiology , Follistatin/metabolism , Follistatin/pharmacology , Exercise/physiologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effects of exercise training on postprandial glycemia (PPG) and insulinemia (PPI) in adults with overweight or obesity and with cardiometabolic disorders. METHODS: PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched until May 2022 using the key words "exercise," "postprandial," and "randomized control trial" to identify original studies investigating the effects of exercise training on PPG and/or PPI in adults with a body mass indexes (BMI) ≥ 25 kg.m2. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random effects models to calculate effect sizes for outcomes and to generate forest plots. Sub-group analyses and meta-regressions were performed for potential categorical and continuous moderators. RESULTS: Twenty-nine studies involving 41 intervention arms and 1,401 participants were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Overall, exercise training significantly decreased PPG [-0.36 (95 % CI -0.50 to -0.22), p = 0.001] and PPI [-0.37 (95 % CI -0.52 to -0.21), p = 0.001]. Subgroup analyses showed that PPG decreased following both aerobic and resistance training; whereas PPI was reduced following aerobic training, independent of age, BMI, and baseline glucose levels. Meta-regression analyses showed that frequency of exercise sessions, intervention durations, and duration of exercise time, did not moderate the effects of exercise training on PPI or PPG (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: In adults with overweight or obesity and with cardiometabolic disorders, exercise training is effective for reducing PPG and PPI, across ages and BMIs, irrespective of baseline glucose levels and exercise training characteristics.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases , Overweight , Humans , Adult , Overweight/therapy , Obesity/therapy , Exercise , Glucose , Randomized Controlled Trials as TopicABSTRACT
The effects of exercise training (Ex), dietary interventions (DIs), and a combination of Ex and DI (Ex + DI) on leptin and adiponectin have been established. However, less is known regarding the comparisons of Ex with DI and of Ex + DI with either Ex or DI alone. The aim of the present meta-analysis is to compare the effects of Ex with those of DI and those of Ex + DI with those of either Ex or DI alone on circulating leptin and adiponectin in individuals who are overweight and those with obesity. PubMed, Web of Science, and MEDLINE were searched to identify original articles, published through June 2022, that compared the effects of Ex with those of DI and/or the effects of Ex + DI with those of Ex and/or DI on leptin and adiponectin in individuals with BMIs (in kg/m2) of ≥25 and aged 7-70 y. Standardized mean differences (SMDs), weighted mean differences, and 95% CIs were calculated using random-effect models for outcomes. Forty-seven studies, comprising 3872 participants who were overweight and those with obesity, were included in the current meta-analysis. DI reduced the concentration of leptin (SMD: -0.30; P = 0.001) and increased the concentration of adiponectin (SMD: 0.23; P = 0.001) compared with Ex, as did Ex + DI (leptin: SMD: -0.34; P = 0.001; adiponectin: SMD: 0.37; P = 0.004) compared with Ex alone. However, Ex + DI did not affect the concentration of adiponectin (SMD: 0.10; P = 0.11) and led to inconsistent and nonsignificant changes in the concentration of leptin (SMD: -0.13; P = 0.06) compared with DI alone. Subgroup analyses showed that age, BMI, duration of intervention, type of supervision, quality of the study, and magnitude of energy restriction are sources of heterogeneity. Our results suggest that Ex alone was not as effective as DI or Ex + DI for decreasing leptin and increasing adiponectin in individuals with overweight and obesity. However, Ex + DI was not more effective than DI alone, suggesting that diet plays a critical role in beneficially altering the concentrations of leptin and adiponectin. This review was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42021283532.
Subject(s)
Leptin , Overweight , Humans , Adiponectin , Obesity , ExerciseABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Obesity is associated with the development of insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes for which exercise training (Ex) and dietary interventions (DI) are effective interventions that can improve IR. We therefore performed a systematic meta-analysis to compare the effect of Ex + DI compared with DI on IR and glucose homeostasis. METHODS: PubMed and Cochrane Library were conducted up to May 2021. Meta-analyses were conducted to compare the effect of Ex + DI compared with DI on fasting glucose and insulin, IR and body weight. Standardized mean differences (SMDs), weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were computed using random or fixed effect models. RESULTS: Fifty studies involving 2864 participants with overweight or obesity were included in the meta-analysis. Ex + DI caused a larger decrease in fasting glucose (p = 0.001, 62 trials) and IR (p = 0.01, 29 trials) when compared with DI alone. There was no significant evidence, however, for a greater effect of Ex + DI on fasting insulin (p = 0.07, 48 trials) and body weight (p = 0.12, 58 trials), compared with DI alone. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that a combination of Ex and DI may be more effective than DI alone at improving IR and fasting glucose in individuals with overweight and obesity.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Insulin Resistance , Humans , Overweight , Glucose , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/prevention & control , Obesity , Body Weight , Insulin , Exercise , Blood GlucoseABSTRACT
Purpose: Interlukin-15 (IL-15) is an inflammatory cytokine that plays a vital role in immunology and obesity-associated metabolic syndrome. We performed this systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate whether exercise promotes circulating IL-15 concentrations in adults. Methods: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus from inception to May, 2023 and identified original studies that investigated the effectiveness of acute and/or chronic exercise on serum/plasma IL-15 levels in adults. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using random effect models. Subgroup analyses were performed based on type of exercise, and training status, health status and body mass indexes (BMI) of participants. Results: Fifteen studies involving 411 participants and 12 studies involving 899 participants were included in the acute and chronic exercise analyses, respectively. Our findings showed that acute exercise increased circulating IL-15 concentrations immediately after exercise compared with baseline [SMD=0.90 (95% CI: 0.47 to 1.32), p=0.001], regardless of exercise type and participants' training status. Similarly, acute exercise was also associated with increased IL-15 concentrations even one-hour after exercise [SMD=0.50 (95% CI: 0.00 to 0.99), p=0.04]. Nevertheless, chronic exercise did not have a significant effect on IL-15 concentrations [SMD=0.40 (95% CI: -0.08 to 0.88), p=0.10]. Conclusion: Our results confirm that acute exercise is effective in increasing the IL-15 concentrations immediately and one-hour after exercise intervention, and thereby playing a potential role in improving metabolism in adults. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=445634, identifier CRD42023445634.
Subject(s)
Cytokines , Interleukin-15 , Adult , Humans , Body Mass Index , Exercise , Health StatusABSTRACT
Aim: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) compared with moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) or with no exercise (CON) on vascular function in adults who were free of cardiometabolic diseases and those with cardiometabolic diseases. Methods: A search across three electronic databases including Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science was conducted through February 2022 to identify the randomized trials evaluating HIIT vs. MICT and/or CON on vascular function as measured using brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in adults. Separate analyses were conducted for HIIT vs. MICT and/or CON to calculate weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) using random or fixed models. Results: A total of 36 studies involving 1,437 participants who were either free of cardiometabolic diseases or had cardiometabolic diseases were included in the meta-analysis. HIIT effectively increased FMD when compared with MICT [1.59% (95% CI 0.87-2.31), p = 0.001] or CON [3.80% (95% CI 2.58-5.01), p = 0.001]. Subgroup analysis showed that HIIT increased FMD in participants with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, but not in participants who were free of cardiometabolic diseases. In addition, HIIT effectively increased FMD regardless of age and body mass index. Conclusion: We confirm that HIIT is effective for improving vascular function in individuals with metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases and has a superior effect compared to MICT, demonstrating time efficiency. Systematic review registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero], identifier [CRD42022320863].
ABSTRACT
The effects of aerobic training (AT) on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and resistance training (RT) on muscular strength, are well known in older adults. However, less is known about the potential additive benefits of concurrent training (CT) versus AT or RT alone in this population. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effects of CT, versus AT or RT, on CRF and muscular strength in middle-aged to older adults. PubMed and Web of Science were searched through October 2021 to identify randomized trials evaluating CT versus AT and/or RT in middle-aged and older adults (>50 yrs). Studies were included that measured CRF, using maximal or peak oxygen uptake (VO2max/peak); and/or lower- and upper-body muscular strength measured using 1-repetition maximum (1RM) to 10RM tests during isoinertial contractions, or peak torque during isometric dynamometry or isokinetic dynamometry at 30 to 60°/s. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were determined using random or fixed effects models. Forty-nine studies involving 2,587 middle-aged to older participants with mean ages ranging from 55 to 88 years, were included in the meta-analysis. Results indicated that CT effectively increased VO2max/peak (SMD: 0.77, p = 0.005, 12 intervention arms) when compared to RT. In addition, CT effectively increased lower- (SMD: 0.60, p = 0.001, 43 intervention arms) and upper-body (SMD: 0.57, p = 0.001, 28 intervention arms) muscular strength when compared to AT. However, there were no differences in VO2max/peak (SMD: 0.09, p = 0.09, 33 intervention arms) between CT and AT, or in lower-body (SMD: 0.07, p = 0.48, 21 intervention arms) and upper-body (SMD: -0.07, p = 0.38, 17 intervention arms) muscular strength between CT and RT. Overall, CT was shown to be effective for increasing CRF and muscular strength in middle-aged to older adults and there was no negative effect on the magnitude of changes in these outcomes compared to either AT or RT alone. These results suggested that CT should be considered a viable strategy to improvement of CRF and muscular strength with aging.
Subject(s)
Cardiorespiratory Fitness , Resistance Training , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Exercise Therapy , Humans , Middle Aged , Muscle Strength , Resistance Training/methodsABSTRACT
Therapeutic activation of thermogenic brown adipose tissue (BAT) may be feasible to prevent, or treat, cardiometabolic disease. However, rodents are commonly housed below thermoneutrality (~20 °C) which can modulate their metabolism and physiology including the hyperactivation of brown (BAT) and beige white adipose tissue. We housed animals at thermoneutrality from weaning to chronically supress BAT, mimic human physiology and explore the efficacy of chronic, mild cold exposure (20 °C) and ß3-adrenoreceptor agonism (YM-178) under these conditions. Using metabolic phenotyping and exploratory proteomics we show that transfer from 28 °C to 20 °C drives weight gain and a 125% increase in subcutaneous fat mass, an effect not seen with YM-178 administration, thus suggesting a direct effect of a cool ambient temperature in promoting weight gain and further adiposity in obese rats. Following chronic suppression of BAT, uncoupling protein 1 mRNA was undetectable in the subcutaneous inguinal white adipose tissue (IWAT) in all groups. Using exploratory adipose tissue proteomics, we reveal novel gene ontology terms associated with cold-induced weight gain in BAT and IWAT whilst Reactome pathway analysis highlights the regulation of mitotic (i.e., G2/M transition) and metabolism of amino acids and derivatives pathways. Conversely, YM-178 had minimal metabolic-related effects but modified pathways involved in proteolysis (i.e., eukaryotic translation initiation) and RNA surveillance across both tissues. Taken together these findings are indicative of a novel mechanism whereby animals increase body weight and fat mass following chronic suppression of adaptive thermogenesis from weaning. In addition, treatment with a B3-adrenoreceptor agonist did not improve metabolic health in obese animals raised at thermoneutrality.
Subject(s)
Acetanilides/administration & dosage , Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism , Proteomics/methods , Thiazoles/administration & dosage , Weight Gain/genetics , Acetanilides/pharmacology , Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects , Animals , Cold Temperature , Disease Models, Animal , Gene Expression Profiling , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Male , Rats , Subcutaneous Fat/metabolism , Thermogenesis/drug effects , Thiazoles/pharmacology , Uncoupling Protein 1/geneticsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: This research aims to understand the content and nature, and to explore the harm potential, of suspected 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) substances circulating at music festivals in New South Wales. METHODS: Across 19 music festivals held between October 2019 and March 2020, 302 substances detected and suspected by police to contain MDMA were selected for quantitative analysis. RESULTS: Five percent of substances contained a drug other than MDMA (n = 13) or no drug (n = 2). The remaining 95.0% (n = 287) contained MDMA. Of this sub-sample, capsule was the commonest form (83.3%), followed by tablet (7.7%), crystal (6.3%) and powder (2.8%). The median MDMA base-purity of non-tablet forms ranged between 73.5% and 75.0%. The median MDMA base-dose per tablet (116 mg) was higher than per capsule (68 mg). The dose range varied substantially for capsules (14-146 mg) and tablets (24-201 mg). A higher dose (130 mg or greater) was found in 3.5% of MDMA tablets or capsules. Adulterants were identified in 14.1% of MDMA substances but only 1.6% contained a psychoactive adulterant and none presented as dangerous due to their nature or low concentration. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Dangerous MDMA adulterants or new psychoactive substances in tablet, capsule, powder or crystal forms (whether misrepresented as MDMA or not) were unlikely to be in circulation during the study period. Harm reduction messaging should inform that a key risk-factor for MDMA-related harm is the high and wide variation of purity and dose across forms. Market changes may have occurred since COVID-19, but continued monitoring will ensure messaging remains current.