Turkish Adaptation, Validity and Reliability Study of the Bush Francis Catatonia Rating and KANNER Scales. / Bush Francis Katatoni Degerlendirme ve KANNER Katatoni Ölçeklerinin Türkçe Uyarlama, Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalismasi.

OBJECTIVE: Catatonia is a common syndrome which can be lifethreatening due to its complications. The aims of the study were to translate the Bush Francis Catatonia Rating Scale (BFCRS) and the KANNER Scale into Turkish, conduct the validity and reliability analyses and to compare the two scales. METHOD: During the study period extending over 20 consecutive months, the Turkish versions of the scales were administered to 84 patients who were hospitalized in the psychiatry ward or who were admitted to the hospitalization list. The clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of all patients were evaluated. The scales were administered to the patients by two raters, one of whom was permanently involved. RESULTS: Convergent and criterion validities revealed a high correlation between the screening instruments of both scales and between the BFCRS total score and 2nd and 3rd part scores of the KANNER Scale. BFCRS total score of ≥6, KANNER Scale 2nd part score of ≥15, or 3rd part score of ≥1 can be used with high accuracy in diagnosing catatonia according to DSM-5. Internal consistency for both scales was found to be high (Cronbach's alpha 0.902 for BFCRS and 0.9, 0.891, 0.806 for KANNER Scale subsections). Inter-rater reliability was also high for most of the scale items (mean Kappa coefficient: 0.885 for BFCRS and 0.904 for KANNER Scale). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the Turkish adaptations of both scales were found to be valid and reliable, showing strong psychometric properties. This study is the first validity and reliability study for the KANNER Scale.

High/severe fear of childbirth and related risk factors among pregnant women: is vaginismus a risk factor?

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of fear of childbirth (FOC) and associated factors including vaginismus in pregnant women with high/severe FOC. In the study, 407 women who were at 24-40 weeks of gestation were included. The Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire Version A (WDEQA), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and vaginismus sub-scale of the Golombok Rust inventory of sexual satisfaction (GRISS) were used. 186 (46%) participants had high/severe FOC. Pregnant women with high/severe FOC had a significantly higher fear of pain during sexual intercourse, higher scores in the WDEQA, BDI, BAI, and vaginismus sub-scale of GRISS. Depression and anxiety level, educational level, access to information on delivery during pregnancy, presence of medical disease, and expression of FOC were predictors of high/severe FOC. Assessment of FOC and associated risk factors, including vaginismus, during pregnancy, will enable the identification of risk groups and the creation of support programmes.Impact StatementWhat is already known on this subject? The range of fear of childbirth (FOC) changes from mild anxiety to severe fear. The prevalence and severity of FOC and related risk factors vary in the studies due to cultural factors, differences in the definition of FOC and measurement tools. The relationship between FOC and vaginismus has not been sufficiently investigated.What do the results of this study add? This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of fear of childbirth (FOC) and associated factors including vaginismus in pregnant women with high/severe FOC.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? This is the first study that evaluates vaginismus as a risk factor for FOC. Assessment of FOC and associated risk factors, including vaginismus, in pregnant women, will enable the identification of risk groups and the creation of support programs for risk reduction.

Predictors of discontinuation and hospitalization during long-acting injectable antipsychotic treatment in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder.

The aim of this study was to evaluate discontinuation and hospitalization rates in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder who were treated with long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics. We recorded clinical data about the period before the LAI treatment, when LAI treatment was initiated, and during the LAI treatment. Variables related to early (<8 weeks) and other LAI discontinuations and hospitalization were analyzed. Out of 452 patients, 14.4% of them discontinued their LAI treatment before 8 weeks, another 24.8% of the patients stopped their LAI by themselves later. Early discontinuers were younger, had shorter duration of illness, and less educated. Sixty-two (27.2%) of the patients were hospitalized under LAI treatment and 40% of the hospitalizations occurred in initial 6 months. Rate of hospitalization was 36.1% in the group who discontinued LAI after 8 weeks. In logistic regression analysis, younger age, history of combined antipsychotic treatment, number of hospitalizations before LAI, use of LAI for less than 6 months and alcohol abuse under LAI treatment were found related to hospitalization. Our findings suggested that discontinuation and hospitalization are still common among the patients who were treated with LAI antipsychotics.