Is Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy a Treatment Option for Renal Colic?

BACKGROUND: Renal colic is characterized by sharp, intense flank pain. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the treatment of choice, although extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) is a noninvasive alternative for pain management. The objective of our study is to present results obtained using rapid SWL to treat renal colic in our center. METHODS: We analyzed 214 patients undergoing rapid shockwave extracorporeal lithotripsy between October 2014 and June 2018: 69.63% were male, and 30.37% female, with a mean age of 47.35 years (range, 16-84). The average stone size was 6.71 mm (3-16). Stone locations were as follows: The pelviureteric junction (PUJ) (10.75%), proximal ureter (45.79%), midureter (24.77%), and distal ureter (18.69%). RESULTS: Pain relief was achieved in 81.31% of the patients. The rates of successful pain control according to stone location were 65.22% when the stone was located in the PUJ, 79.59% in the proximal ureter, 88.68% in the midureter, and 85.00% in the distal ureter. Complete or partial stone resolution was achieved 4 weeks postoperatively in 78.50% of cases (64.95% and 13.55%, respectively). According to the stone location, the overall rate of resolution (complete + partial) was 90.00% for distal ureteral stones, 86.80% in the midureter, 73.47% in the proximal ureter, and 60.86% in the PUJ. 44 patients (20.56%) demonstrated complications. The most common complications were persistent pain, acute renal failure and fever. CONCLUSIONS: Immediate SWL was found to be a safe and effective treatment option for pain related to renal colic in 81% of the patients studied.

Is Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy a Treatment Option for Renal Colic?

Background: Renal colic is characterized by sharp, intense flank pain. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the treatment of choice, although extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) is a noninvasive alternative for pain management. The objective of our study is to present results obtained using rapid SWL to treat renal colic in our center. Methods: We analyzed 214 patients undergoing rapid shockwave extracorporeal lithotripsy between October 2014 and June 2018: 69.63% were male, and 30.37% female, with a mean age of 47.35 years (range, 16–84). The average stone size was 6.71 mm (3–16). Stone locations were as follows: The pelviureteric junction (PUJ) (10.75%), proximal ureter (45.79%), midureter (24.77%), and distal ureter (18.69%). Results: Pain relief was achieved in 81.31% of the patients. The rates of successful pain control according to stone location were 65.22% when the stone was located in the PUJ, 79.59% in the proximal ureter, 88.68% in the midureter, and 85.00% in the distal ureter. Complete or partial stone resolution was achieved 4 weeks postoperatively in 78.50% of cases (64.95% and 13.55%, respectively). According to the stone location, the overall rate of resolution (complete + partial) was 90.00% for distal ureteral stones, 86.80% in the midureter, 73.47% in the proximal ureter, and 60.86% in the PUJ. 44 patients (20.56%) demonstrated complications. The most common complications were persistent pain, acute renal failure and fever. Conclusions: Immediate SWL was found to be a safe and effective treatment option for pain related to renal colic in 81% of the patients studied (AU)

Value of Music and Nitrous Oxide for Pain Control during Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL).

OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy of 4 different analgesic regimens that include music and nitrous oxide during the treatment of renal lithiasis with ambulatory extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single-centre, longitudinal, prospective, randomized, open and parallel group study was conducted. Patients with renal lithiasis were included and were randomized to Group A (basal analgesia: midazolam (1 mg), fentanyl (0.05 mg) and dexketoprofen (50 mg)), Group B (basal analgesia and nitrous oxide), Group C (basal analgesia and music) and Group D (basal analgesia, nitrous oxide and music). For the measurement of pain, a visual analogue scale ranging from 0 (no pain) to 100 (maximum pain imaginable) was used. Patient satisfaction was assessed using a Likert questionnaire. The epidemiological data of the patients in terms of lithiasis, previous clinical and ESWL sessions, and pain measured with the VAS before, during (maximum) at the end of the session and at discharge were recorded. Data on complications were also collected, as was the patients' subjective evaluation of the treatment and their satisfaction. The ESWL procedure was performed with a Storz Modulith SLX-F2® lithotripter. A maximum of 4000 waves were applied at a frequency of 1.5 Hz. RESULTS: Eighty patients were included (20 per group). None of the analgesia guidelines proved to be superior to the others for pain control during the ESWL session. Patients younger than 50 years had significantly higher values for the maximum VAS. Only 13.75% of patients required rescue analgesia. A total of 77.5% described their experience as good, very good or excellent, regardless of the assigned group. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of nitrous oxide and/or music did not result in a statistically significant improvement over the basal analgesia regimen of midazolam, fentanyl and dexketoprofen; however, the degree of patient satisfaction was very high.

Value of Music and Nitrous Oxide for Pain Control during Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL)

Objectives: To compare the efficacy of 4 different analgesic regimens that include music and nitrous oxide during the treatment of renal lithiasis with ambulatory extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). Materials and Methods: A single-centre, longitudinal, prospective, randomized, open and parallel group study was conducted. Patients with renal lithiasis were included and were randomized to Group A (basal analgesia: midazolam (1 mg), fentanyl (0.05 mg) and dexketoprofen (50 mg)), Group B (basal analgesia and nitrous oxide), Group C (basal analgesia and music) and Group D (basal analgesia, nitrous oxide and music). For the measurement of pain, a visual analogue scale ranging from 0 (no pain) to 100 (maximum pain imaginable) was used. Patient satisfaction was assessed using a Likert questionnaire. The epidemiological data of the patients in terms of lithiasis, previous clinical and ESWL sessions, and pain measured with the VAS before, during (maximum) at the end of the session and at discharge were recorded. Data on complications were also collected, as was the patients’ subjective evaluation of the treatment and their satisfaction. The ESWL procedure was performed with a Storz Modulith SLX-F2® lithotripter. A maximum of 4000 waves were applied at a frequency of 1.5 Hz. Results: Eighty patients were included (20 per group). None of the analgesia guidelines proved to be superior to the others for pain control during the ESWL session. Patients younger than 50 years had significantly higher values for the maximum VAS. Only 13.75% of patients required rescue analgesia. A total of 77.5% described their experience as good, very good or excellent, regardless of the assigned group. Conclusions: The addition of nitrous oxide and/or music did not result in a statistically significant improvement over the basal analgesia regimen of midazolam, fentanyl and dexketoprofen; however, the degree of patient satisfaction was very high (AU)

Sarcoma de Ewing renal primario / Primary renal Ewing`s sarcoma

OBJETIVO: Presentación de dos nuevos casos de sarcoma de Ewing / tumor neuroectodérmico primitivo renal primario, uno de ellos con trombo en cava.MÉTODO: Caracterización de los dos casos clínicos y revisión bibliográfica mediante búsqueda en pubmed.RESULTADO: Presentamos los casos de dos varones diagnosticados de sarcoma de Ewing renal primario, que han sido tratados con nefrectomía y quimioterapia adyuvante; encontrándose en remisión completa hasta la fecha.CONCLUSIÓN: El sarcoma de Ewing / tumor neuroectodérmico primitivo renal primario es una entidad rara que afecta mayoritariamente a adultos jóvenes. La historia natural de estos tumores es la evolución hacia una enfermedad metastásica y la muerte. El tratamiento es multimodal, y combina cirugía y quimioterapia. El papel de la radioterapia no está bien establecido(AU)

OBJECTIVE: To report two new cases of Ewing`s sarcoma/ primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the kidney, one of them with tumor thrombus in cava.METHOD: Characterization of two new cases and literature review by PubMed search.RESULTS: We report the cases of two men diagnosed with primary renal Ewing`s sarcoma, who have been treated with nephrectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy, being in complete remission to date.CONCLUSION: Ewing`s sarcoma / primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the kidney is a rare condition that mainly affects young adults. The natural history of these tumors is the evolution towards metastatic disease and death. Treatment is multimodal, combining surgery and chemotherapy. The role of radiotherapy is not well established

Metástasis de cáncer de próstata en cartílago tiroides: manifestación inusual del adenocarcinoma prostático. Presentación de un caso / Metastatic prostate cancer on the thyroid cartilage: unusual symptoms of prostatic

OBJETIVO: Revisar las formas atípicas de presentación del cáncer de próstata metastasico mediante la presentación de un caso de afectación del cartílago tiroides.MÉTODOS:Paciente de 49 años ingresado por hematuria monosintomática de 48 horas de evolución, asociada a dolor lumbar irradiado a miembros inferiores y masa cervical izquierda desde hace 3 meses. RESULTADOS: Se realizó TC Toraco-Abdomino-Pélvico con hallazgo de lesión insuflante en la lámina izquierda del cartílago tiroides sugestiva de condrosarcoma, tumoración vesical de 4 cm en cara posterior y metástasis óseas en los cuerpos vertebrales L4-S1 y en la pala iliaca izquierda. En la cistoscopia se evidencia infiltración prostática de la cara posterior vesical sin lesiones sugestivas de tumor urotelial. El PSA resultó de 617 ng/ml. Tacto rectal con próstata aumentada de tamaño y consistencia Ante estos hallazgos se realizo ecografía transrectal con biopsia prostática con el resultado anatomopatológico de adenocarcinoma prostático Gleason 8 bilateral.Se inició tratamiento con bloqueo hormonal completo con Bicalutamida y Goserelina, alcanzando el PSA niveles de 29 ng/ml.En relación a la masa cervical se realizó laringectomía parcial vertical izquierda con reposición con cartílago septal. El estudio anatomopatológico reveló la presencia de un adenocarcinoma prostático.CONCLUSIONES: La metástasis del cáncer de próstata en el cartílago tiroides es excepcional con solo cinco casos descritos en la literatura. Este hecho, unido a la escasa frecuencia de los tumores que asientan en dicho cartílago y su diagnostico mediante sospecha radiológica, hace muy difícil incluir la metástasis del cáncer de próstata en el diagnostico diferencial rutinario de las masas cervicales(AU)

OBJECTIVE: To review the unusual localizations of metastasic prostate cancer with the contribution of a clinical case of prostatic adenocarcinoma metastasis in the thyroid cartilage.METHODS: 49-year-old-male admitted with history of 48 hour hematuria associated with lumbar pain radiating to the lower extremities and cervical tumour for 3 months.RESULTS: CT scan of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis was performed showing an insufflating lesion on the left thyroid cartilage lamina suggesting chondrosarcoma, a 4 cm tumour on the posterior side of the bladder, and metastases on L4-S1 vertebral bodies and left iliac bone. Cystoscopy revealed an image on the posterior vesical wall suggesting prostatic infiltration by a tumoral process without evidence of urothelial tumors. PSA was 617 ng/ml. Digital rectal examination: Prostate with augmented consistency. Due to these results an ultrasound-guided transrectal prostatic biopsy was performed with the pathological result of Gleason 8 prostatic adenocarcinoma involving boths lobes.Complete androgen blockade with Bicalutamide and Goserelin was started with good response lowering the PSA level down to 29 ng/ml. Regarding the cervical mass suggestive of thyroid chondrosarcoma a left vertical partial laryngectomy was performed with replacement of the thyroid cartilage by septal cartilage. Pathological study of the piece revealed the presence of prostatic adenocarcinoma.CONCLUSION: Metastatic prostate cancer in the thyroid cartilage is exceptional, there being only five cases described in the literature. This fact, linked to the scant frequency of tumours lying in this cartilage and diagnosis by means of radiological suspicion, makes it very difficult to include metastatic prostate cancer in the routine differential diagnosis of cervical masses(AU)

Priapismo recurrente "stuttering priapism": presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Stuttering priapism: case report and bibliographic review

OBJETIVO: Revisar la forma de presentación, fisiopatología, diagnostico y alternativas terapéuticas del priapismo recurrente mediante la presentación de un nuevo caso.MÉTODOS: Varón de 25 años, estudiado en otro centro por presentar episodios recurrentes de priapismo desde hace aproximadamente 18 meses. Estos episodios se producen a diario, interfiriendo de forma importante con la calidad de vida del paciente.RESULTADOS: Se inicio tratamiento con Bicalutamida 50mg/24h sin mejoría. En la analítica, ecografía dopplerpeneana y arteriografía selectiva de arterias pudendas no se evidenciaron alteraciones. Se pautó Tadalafilo 5mg/24h durante dos meses sin respuesta. Posteriormente se instauró tratamiento con Diazepam 10 mg/24h y Terbutalina 5 mg/24h permitiendo el control de la enfermedad, quedando asintomático en la actualidad.CONCLUSIONES: El priapismo recurrente es una forma poco común de presentación de esta enfermedad, producida por una alteración en los mecanismos de regulación de la erección mediados por la 5PDE y el GMPc.Se han propuesto varios fármacos en su tratamiento con eficacia variable, aunque no existen series suficientemente largas para poder recomendar ninguno como primera opción. El uso de inhibidores de la 5PDE de forma prolongada, ha sido utilizado con éxito por algunos grupos.El conocimiento de estas alternativas, es importante para el tratamiento de esta compleja e infrecuente patología(AU)

OBJECTIVE: To review the presentation, physiopathology, diagnosis and therapeutic alternatives of stuttering priapism with the contribution of a new clinical case.METHODS: A 25 year old man, studied in another center for recurrent episodes of priaprism for about 18 months. These episodes occur daily, significantly interfering with patient´s quality of life.RESULTS: Initially he was treated with Bicalutamide 50mg/24h with no improvement. Blood test, penile Doppler ultrasound and selective arteriography of pudendal arteries showed no abnormalities. Tadalafil 5mg/24h was given for two months without response. Subsequently were treated with Diazepam 10 mg/24h and Terbutaline 5 mg/24h allowing control of the disease, remaining asymptomatic at present.CONCLUSIONS: Stuttering priapism is a rare form of presentation of this disease, caused by an alteration in the regulatory mechanisms of erection mediated by 5PDE and cGMP.Several drugs have been proposed in treatment with variable effectiveness, though there is no series long enough to recommend either as first choice. The use of inhibitors 5PDE so long, has been used successfully by some groups.Knowledge of these alternatives is important for the treatment of this complex and unusual pathology(AU)

Effectiveness of two ultrasound-guided transrectal biopsy schemes in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. A randomized study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a 10-core prostate biopsy scheme is superior to the sextant scheme in diagnosing prostate cancer in patients programmed for a first biopsy, with negative rectal digital examination and PSA between 3.5-20 ng/ml. METHODS: A randomized prospective study was performed comparing two prostate biopsy schemes, with randomization stratification according to prostate volume (< or = 50 ml and > 50 ml). Sample size predetermination yielded a minimum of 304 patients in order to achieve the primary objective. Statistical analysis was carried out on an intent-to-treat basis, using the chi-squared test and uni- and multivariate analysis via logistic regression. RESULTS: Cancer was detected in 27.3% of the cases. A significant association was observed between cancer diagnosis and age (p=0.03), prostate volume (p=0.0001) and ultrasound nodule identification (p=0.0001). No correlation was observed with the total number of cores in the series (p=0.37) or with prostate volume < or = 50 ml (p=0.87) or > 50 ml (p=0.09). In the multivariate analysis, age > 70 years (p=0.005), prostate volume < or = 50 ml (p=0.001), and ultrasound nodule identification (p=0.003) were identified as independent variables associated to cancer diagnosis. CONCLUSION: No statistically significant differences were found between the two prostate biopsy schemes. In glands over 50 ml in size, the sextant scheme may prove to be insufficient.

Efectividad en el diagnóstico de cáncer de próstata de dos esquemas de biopsia transrectal ecodirigida. Estudio aletorizado / Effectiveness of two ultrasound-guided transrectal biopsy schemes in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. A randomized study

OBJETIVO: Evaluar si un esquema de biopsia de próstata de 10 cilindros es superior al esquema de 6 cilindros en el diagnóstico de cáncer de próstata, en pacientes que van a ser sometidos a una primera biopsia, con un tacto rectal no sospechoso y un PSA entre 3,5 y 20 ng/ml.MÉTODO: Estudio prospectivo aleatorizado entre 2 esquemas de biopsia de próstata con estratificación de la aleatorización por volumen prostático (<= 50 cc y > 50 cc.). Mediante predeterminación del tamaño muestral se obtuvo un mínimo de 304 pacientes para poder responder al objetivo principal. El análisis estadístico se realizó por “intención de tratar”, mediante el test de la Chi cuadrado y análisis uni y multivariante mediante regresión logística.RESULTADOS: Se detectó cáncer en el 27,3% de los casos. Existió una relación significativa entre el diagnóstico de cáncer y la edad (p=0,03), el volumen prostático (p=0,0001) y la existencia de nódulo ecográfico (p=0,0001). No se observó relación con el número de cilindros en el total de la serie (p=0,37), ni en la próstatas ≤ 50 cc (p=0,87) ni en las > 50 cc (p=0,09). En el análisis multivariante la edad > 70 años (p=0,005), el volumen de la próstata <= 50 cc (p=0,001) y la existencia del nódulo ecográfico (p=0,003) se identificaron como variables independientes asociadas al diagnóstico de cáncer.CONCLUSIÓN: No hemos encontrado diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos esquemas de biopsia de próstata. En las glándulas mayores de 50 cc. el esquema de 6 cilindros puede ser insuficiente(AU)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a 10-core prostate biopsy scheme is superior to the sextant scheme in diagnosing prostate cancer in patients programmed for a first biopsy, with negative rectal digital examination and PSA between 3.5-20 ng/ml.METHODS: A randomized prospective study was performed comparing two prostate biopsy schemes, with randomization stratification according to prostate volume (<= 50 ml and > 50 ml). Sample size predetermination yielded a minimum of 304 patients in order to achieve the primary objective. Statistical analysis was carried out on an intent-to-treat basis, using the chi-squared test and uni- and multivariate analysis via logistic regression.RESULTS: Cancer was detected in 27.3% of the cases. A significant association was observed between cancer diagnosis and age (p=0.03), prostate volume (p=0.0001) and ultrasound nodule identification (p=0.0001). No correlation was observed with the total number of cores in the series (p=0.37) or with prostate volume ≤ 50 ml (p=0.87) or > 50 ml (p=0.09). In the multivariate analysis, age > 70 years (p=0.005), prostate volume <= 50 ml (p=0.001), and ultrasound nodule identification (p=0.003) were identified as independent variables associated to cancer diagnosis.CONCLUSION: No statistically significant differences were found between the two prostate biopsy schemes. In glands over 50 ml in size, the sextant scheme may prove to be insufficient(AU)

[Mondor's syndrome. Case review and bibliographic review]. / Síndrome de Mondor. Revisión de la literatura. A propósito de un caso.

OBJECTIVE: We review the presentation, diagnosis and treatment of Mondor's disease of the penis, with the contribution of a new clinical case. METHODS: A 43-year-old male reported to the emergency room with preputial inflammation and edema associated to swelling of the dorsal region of the penis for the previous three weeks. RESULTS: Doppler ultrasound revealed thrombosis of the superficial dorsal vein of the penis, associated to candidiasic balanitis. Treatment was provided in the form of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and antibiotic and antifungal agents. The symptoms disappeared after 7 days of treatment, followed by the development of punctate phimosis that required circumcision. CONCLUSIONS: Mondor's syndrome is an infrequent condition usually caused by trauma, though it is important to consider the possibility of associated coagulation problems, infections and neoplastic processes. Doppler ultrasound is the technique of choice for confirming the diagnosis and resolution of the condition. Treatment is based on nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medication, antibiotherapy and sexual abstinence. The use of anticoagulation is controversial, but may prove useful in patients with coagulation disorders.

Síndrome de Mondor. Revisión de la literatura. A propósito de un caso / Mondor´s sindrome. Case review and bibliographic review

OBJETIVO: Revisar la forma de presentación, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad de Mondor del pene mediante la presentación de un nuevo caso.MÉTODOS: Varón de 43 años que acude a urgencias por inflamación y edema prepucial asociado a tumefacción del dorso peneano de 3 semanas de evolución.RESULTADOS: Se realizó ecografía doppler peneana con el diagnóstico de trombosis del la vena dorsal superficial del pene, asociada a balanitis candidiásica. Se instauró tratamiento con antiinflamatorios no esteroideos, antibiótico y antifúngico. La sintomatología desapareció tras 7 días de tratamiento, con desarrollo posterior de fimosis puntiforme que requirió circuncisión. CONCLUSIONES: La enfermedad de Mondor es una patología infrecuente cuya etiología suele ser traumática, aunque es importante tener en cuenta su posible asociación a trastornos de la coagulación, infecciones y neoplasias.La técnica de elección para la confirmación del diagnostico y la resolución del cuadro es la ecografía doppler.El tratamiento se fundamenta en AINES, antibioterapia y reposo de la actividad sexual. La utilización de anticoagulantes es un aspecto controvertido, aunque de utilidad en los pacientes que presentan trastornos de la coagulación(AU)

OBJECTIVE: We review the presen-tation, diagnosis and treatment of Mondor’s disease of the penis, with the contribution of a new clinical case.METHODS: A 43-year-old male reported to the emergency room with preputial inflammation and edema associated to swelling of the dorsal region of the penis for the previous three weeks.RESULTS: Doppler ultrasound revealed thrombosis of the su-perficial dorsal vein of the penis, associated to candidiasic balanitis. Treatment was provided in the form of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and antibiotic and antifungal agents. The symptoms disappeared after 7 days of treatment, follo-wed by the development of punctate phimosis that required circumcision.CONCLUSIONS: Mondor’s syndrome is an infrequent con-dition usually caused by trauma, though it is important to consider the possibility of associated coagulation problems, infections and neoplastic processes.Doppler ultrasound is the technique of choice for confirming the diagnosis and resolution of the condition.Treatment is based on nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medica-tion, antibiotherapy and sexual abstinence. The use of anti-coagulation is controversial, but may prove useful in patients with coagulation disorders(AU)

Próstata y láser KTP / Prostate and KTP laser

Objetivo: Analizar en base a los datos de la literatura médica la seguridad y eficacia de la fotovaporización con Láser verde KTP en el tratamiento de la obstrucción urinaria causada por la hipertrofia benigna de próstata. Resultados: La mayor parte de los artículos consultados destacan la baja tasa de complicaciones, ja eficacia y corta curva de aprendizaje de este tipo de vaporización. Teniendo como limitaciones que la mayor parte de dichos trabajos no son comparativos, el número de pacientes incluidos no es importante y sobre todo el seguimiento de muchos de ellos es corto. Conclusiones: La vaporización prostática con Láser KTP es hoy una alternativa a la RTU y más en pacientes con comorbilidad, por la baja tasa de complicaciones. Aunque asumiendo que es una tecnología cara y que precisa de un mayor seguimiento para confirmar el mantenimiento de los resultados obtenidos (AU)

Objectives: To analyze safety and efficacy of KTP green laser photovaporization for the treatment of lower urinary tract obstruction caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia based on data from the medical literature. Results: Most articles consulted emphasize its low complication rate, efficacy, and short learning curve. They have the limitation that most papers are not comparative, the number of patients included is low, and follow-up in many of them short. Conclusions: Prostatic vaporization with KTP laser is today an alternative to TUR, more in patients with comorbidities, due to its low complication rate. Nevertheless, we accept it is an expensive technology and more follow-up is required to confirm the results remain (AU)

[Prostate and KTP laser]. / Próostata y láser KTP.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze safety and efficacy of KTP green laser photovaporization for the treatment of lower urinary tract obstruction caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia based on data from the medical literature. RESULTS: Most articles consulted emphasize its low complication rate, efficacy, and short learning curve. They have the limitation that most papers are not comparative, the number of patients included is low, and follow-up in many of them short. CONCLUSIONS: Prostatic vaporization with KTP laser is today an alternative to TUR, more in patients with comorbidities, due to its low complication rate. Nevertheless, we accept it is an expensive technology and more follow-up is required to confirm the results remain.