A case-control study to determination FBXW7 and Fetuin-A levels in patients with type 2 diabetes in Iraq.

BACKGROUND: diabetes mellitus (type 2) is a chronic disease characterized by hyperglycemia resulting either from a deficiency of insulin, or decrease insulin action or both. This study focused on determining the new marker F- box and WD repeat domain containing protein 7 (FBXW7) as well as Fetuin -A and their correlation with other parameters in Diabetes mellitus type 2. METHODS: Sixty diabetes type2 patients were recruited from (National diabetes Center for treatment and Research) at Al Mustansriya University in Iraq during the period (from November 2018-March 2019) with an age range (37-69) years. The patient group was subdivided into two groups: group I (30) newly diagnosed T2DM and group II (30) T2DM (on metformin monotherapy), for comparison, 30 healthy individuals were included as a control. The protein levels (FBXW7, and Fetuin-A) were estimated using quantitative enzyme-linked immunesorbent assay (ELISA). Biochemical parameters; fasting serum glucose (FSG), and lipid profile were measured through spectrophotometrically. Insulin was determined using ELISA kit finally, HbA1c was determined using HPLC. RESULT: Serum levels of FBXW7 protein were significantly higher (p-value = 0.01), whereas, there was no significant difference (p ˃ 0.05) in the level of Fetuin-A in group I as compared to control group. There was no significant difference (p ˃ 0.05) in the levels of both proteins who group II was compared with the control group. On the other hand, FBXW7 level were significantly lower in group II as compared to group I. Fasting blood sugar FSG, glycated hemoglobin HbA1c, body mass index BMI, waist- to-height ratio WHtR, and lipid profile were significantly elevated, except for high density lipoproteins, HDL was decreased in Group I as compared to control group, whereas insulin appeared non-significant (P > 0.05). FBXW7 Protein was negatively correlated to Fetuin -A, HOMA-IR, Insulin concentration, and BMI, whereas positive correlate to FSG, HbA1c, lipid profile, and atherogenic index. According to ROC analysis, the optimal cutoff value for FBXW7 protein was (1.455) ng/ml. CONCLUSIONS: Levels of FBXW7 and Fetuin-A proteins in sera of Diabetic patients were elevated. FBXW7 was significantly correlated with newly diagnosed patients. Metformin reduces FBXW7 and Fetuin-A levels.

Various type immobilizations of Isocitrate dehydrogenases enzyme on hyaluronic acid modified magnetic nanoparticles as stable biocatalysts.

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were modified by hyaluronic acid (HA). After the process of functionalization, two different strategies have been used to immobilize isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH) on MNPs. In the first strategy, cross-linked enzyme aggregates were prepared. For this, firstly hyaluronic acid modified magnetic nanoparticles cross-linked enzyme fine aggregates of isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH/HA/MNPs-CLEAs) were synthesized, and secondly bovine serum albumin (BSA) as co-feeder was used to synthesize the IDH/BSA/HA/MNPs-CLEAs. In the second strategy, the IDH was effectively immobilized on the HA/MNPs surface. The features of MNPs and its derivatives have been studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and zeta potential measurements. The activity and stability of IDH in IDH/HA/MNPs, IDH/HA/MNPs-CLEAs, and IDH/BSA/HA/MNPs-CLEAs were enhanced. Besides, the enzyme immobilized was readily separated via external magnet from the reaction medium and reused many times. The acquired findings indicate that HA/MNPs are a novel binder/support system to IDH, and IDH immobilized on this system can become a very important biocatalyst working with high accuracy and sensitivity for the determination of magnesium in drinking water and other biological solutions.

Strategic feeding of ammonium and metal ions for enhanced GLA-rich lipid accumulation in Cunninghamella bainieri 2A1.

Strategic feeding of ammonium and metal ions (Mg(2+), Mn(2+), Fe(3+), Cu(2+), Ca(2+), Co(2+), and Zn(2+)) for enhanced GLA-rich lipid accumulation in C. bainieri 2A1 was established. When cultivated in nitrogen-limited medium, the fungus produced up to 30% lipid (g/g biomass) with 12.9% (g/g lipid) GLA. However, the accumulation of lipid stopped at 48 hours of cultivation although glucose was abundant. This event occurred in parallel to the diminishing activity of malic enzyme (ME), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and ATP citrate lyase (ACL) as well as the depletion of metal ions in the medium. Reinstatement of the enzymes activities was achieved by feeding of ammonium tartrate, but no increment in the lipid content was observed. However, increment in lipid content from 32% to 50% (g/g biomass) with 13.2% GLA was achieved when simultaneous feeding of ammonium, glucose, and metal ions was carried out. This showed that the cessation of lipid accumulation was caused by diminishing activities of the enzymes as well as depletion of the metal ions in the medium. Therefore, strategic feeding of ammonium and metal ions successfully reinstated enzymes activities and enhanced GLA-rich lipid accumulation in C. bainieri 2A1.

Synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of some novel imidazole and benzimidazole sulfonamides.

Several new substituted sulfonamide compounds were synthesized and their structures were confirmed by ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, FT-IR, and mass spectroscopy. The antibacterial activities of the synthesized compounds were screened against standard strains of six Gram positive and four Gram negative bacteria using the microbroth dilution assay. Most of the compounds studied showed promising activities against both types of bacteria.

Protective effect of Cymbopogon citratus on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in the reproductive system of male rats.

Cymbopogon citratus (C. citratus) has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and chemoprotective properties. This study was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of C. citratus aqueous extract against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress and injury in the reproductive system of male rats. The twenty-five rats used in this study were divided into five groups, comprised of five rats each. The control group received standard food and drink. The H2O2 group received standard food and water with 0.5% H2O2. The rats in the H2O2 + C. citratus group and H2O2 + vitamin E group received standard food, H2O2, and C. citratus [100 mg·kg(-1) body weight (bw)], or vitamin E as an antioxidant reference (500 mg·kg(-1) bw), respectively. The C. citratus group was given C. citratus (100 mg·kg(-1) bw) in addition to the standard food and drink. The treatments were administered for 30 days. The H2O2 treatment significantly (P < 0.05) decreased body, testicular, and epididymal weight, as well as glutathione (GSH) level, but markedly increased malonaldehyde (MDA) in serum and testes homogenates. The rats treated with H2O2 exhibited testicular degeneration and significant reduction in sperm viability, motility, count, and rate of normal sperm. The C. citratus, vitamin E, and H2O2 treatment significantly (P < 0.05) increased the body, testicular, and epididymal weight, testosterone level, the values of the various sperm characteristics, and GSH. However, this treatment markedly reduced MDA in serum and testes homogenates, as well as testicular histopathological alterations in the H2O2-treated rats. The C. citratus aqueous extract reduced oxidative stress and protected male rats against H2O2-induced reproductive system injury.

Lipid biosynthesis in Cunninghamella bainieri 2A1 in N-limited and N-excess media.

Lipid biosynthesis and fatty acids composition of oleaginous zygomycetes, namely Cunninghamella bainieri 2A1, cultured in media with excess or limited nitrogen were quantitatively determined at different times of culture growth. Accumulation of lipids occurred even when the activity of NAD(+)-ICDH (ß-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-isocitrate dehydrogenase) was still detectable in both media. In C. bainieri 2A1, under nitrogen limitation, the ratio of lipids was around 35%, whereas in nitrogen excess medium (feeding media supplemented with ammonium tartarate), the lipid ratio decreased. The amount of this decrease depended on the level of ammonium tartarate in the media. The main findings in this paper were that C. bainieri 2A1 has the ability to accumulate lipid although nitrogen concentration detected inside the media and that NAD-ICDH was active in all culture periods. These results proved that the strain C. bainieri 2A1 has an alternative behavior in lipid biosynthesis that differs from yeast. According to the old hypotheses, yeasts could not accumulate lipid more than 10% when nitrogen was detected inside the media. Nitrogen-limited and excess media both contained the same fatty acids (palmitic acid, stearic acid, olic acid, linoleic acid and γ-linolenic acid), but at different concentrations. The C:N ratio was also studied and showed no effects on total lipid accumulation, but a significant effect on γ-linolenic acid concentration.