ABSTRACT
Most lumbar disk herniations improve over time with or without medical treatment. Disk herniations and annular tears may not be symptomatic and are shown to exist in patients without any symptoms. In some patients, chronic low back pain may result from the syndrome of internal disk disruption. Treatment of chronic pain of diskal cause can be challenging and have varying results in terms of success. The diagnosis, cause, and treatment options are reviewed in this article.
Subject(s)
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration/complications , Intervertebral Disc Displacement/complications , Low Back Pain/etiology , Pain Management/methods , Spinal Fusion/methods , Acupuncture Therapy/methods , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use , Analgesics/therapeutic use , Behavior Therapy/methods , Chronic Pain , Combined Modality Therapy , Electromyography/methods , Female , Humans , Injections, Spinal , Intervertebral Disc Degeneration/diagnosis , Intervertebral Disc Degeneration/therapy , Intervertebral Disc Displacement/diagnosis , Intervertebral Disc Displacement/therapy , Low Back Pain/physiopathology , Low Back Pain/therapy , Lumbar Vertebrae , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Male , Physical Therapy Modalities , Prognosis , Risk Assessment , Severity of Illness Index , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
PURPOSE: In this study, we aimed to study the frequency of possible underlying immunodeficiency responsible for susceptibility to ear, nose, and throat (ENT) infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred three (72 males and 31 females) consecutive children and adult patients with history of recurrent or chronic ENT infections, referred by otolaryngologists to the Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Tehran, Iran), were enrolled to the study from March 2003 to March 2006. For each patient, demographic information and medical histories of any ENT infections were collected by reviewing the patient's records. We measured immunoglobulin isotype concentrations and immunoglobulin (Ig) G subclasses by nephelometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods, respectively. Of 103 patients, 75 received unconjugated pneumococcus polyvalent vaccine, and blood samples were taken before and 21 days after vaccination. Specific antibodies against whole pneumococcal antigens were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Existence of bronchiectasis was confirmed in each patient using high resolution computed tomography scan. RESULTS: Among 103 patients, 17 (16.5%) patients were diagnosed to have defects in antibody-mediated immunity including 6 patients with immunoglobulin class deficiency (2 common variable deficiency and 4 IgA deficiency), 3 with IgG subclass deficiency (2 IgG2 and 1 IgG3), and 8 with specific antibody deficiency against polysaccharide antigens. In our series, bronchiectasis was detected in 5 cases associated with primary immunodeficiency. CONCLUSIONS: Long-standing history of ENT infections could be an alarm for ENT infections associated with primary antibody deficiency.
Subject(s)
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/diagnosis , Otitis Media/immunology , Pharyngitis/immunology , Rhinitis/immunology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Case-Control Studies , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , IgA Deficiency/diagnosis , IgA Deficiency/epidemiology , IgG Deficiency/diagnosis , IgG Deficiency/epidemiology , Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/epidemiology , Incidence , Iran/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Monitoring, Immunologic , Otitis Media/epidemiology , Pharyngitis/epidemiology , Recurrence , Rhinitis/epidemiology , Risk Assessment , Severity of Illness Index , Surveys and Questionnaires , Young AdultABSTRACT
Primary immunodeficiencies (PID) are a group of disorders, characterized by an unusual susceptibility to infections. Delay in diagnosis results in increased morbidity and mortality in affected patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the mortality rate of Iranian immunodeficient patients referred to Children Medical Center Hospital affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences over a period of 20 years.In this study, records of 235 (146 males, 89 females) patients with immunodeficiency who were diagnosed and followed in our center, during 22 years period (1979-2001) were reviewed. The diagnosis of immunodeficiency was based on the standard criteria. The cause of death was determined by review of death certificates.Antibody deficiency was the most common diagnosis made in our patients. The overall five-year survival rate was 22.7% in our studied patient group; this was greatest in antibody deficiency. During the 22 year period of study, 32 patients died. As some of the patients could not be located, the true mortality rate ranged between 13.6% and 17.5%. The main leading cause of death were lower respiratory tract involvement in 14 cases (44%). The most common pathogenic microorganisms causing fatal infections were psudomonas and staphylococcus in 9 cases (28.1%) followed by E. coli in 7 (21.9%), tuberculosis in 13 (40.6%) and salmonella in 1 (3.1%).Based on our study, delay in diagnosis in patients with PID results in tissue and organ damage and several complications. Mortality and morbidity are increased in undiagnosed patients.
