From Oxetane to Thietane: Extending the Antiviral Spectrum of 2'-Spirocyclic Uridines by Substituting Oxygen with Sulfur.

In continuation of our efforts of finding novel nucleoside inhibitors for the treatment of viral diseases, we initiated a discovery research program aimed at identifying novel nucleos(t)ide inhibitors for emerging diseases like Dengue and Chikungunya. Based on the previously reported 2'-spiro-oxetane uridine derivatives active against Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), we envisaged its sulfur analogue as an interesting congener both from a synthetic as well as biological point of view. Surprisingly, we found the 2'-spirothietane uridine derivatives not only to be active against HCV and Dengue virus (DENV), viruses belonging to the flavivirus family, but also to demonstrate activity against alphaviruses like Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Sindbis virus (SINV).

Discovery of 3-({5-Chloro-1-[3-(methylsulfonyl)propyl]-1H-indol-2-yl}methyl)-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-2-one (JNJ-53718678), a Potent and Orally Bioavailable Fusion Inhibitor of Respiratory Syncytial Virus.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a seasonal virus that infects the lungs and airways of 64 million children and adults every year. It is a major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite the large medical and economic burden, treatment options for RSV-associated bronchiolitis and pneumonia are limited and mainly consist of supportive care. This publication covers the medicinal chemistry efforts resulting in the identification of JNJ-53718678, an orally bioavailable RSV inhibitor that was shown to be efficacious in a phase 2a challenge study in healthy adult subjects and that is currently being evaluated in hospitalized infants and adults. Cocrystal structures of several new derivatives helped in rationalizing some of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) trends observed.

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Indoles Targeting the Influenza PB2 Cap Binding Region.

In the search for novel influenza inhibitors we evaluated 7-fluoro-substituted indoles as bioisosteric replacements for the 7-azaindole scaffold of Pimodivir, a PB2 (polymerase basic protein 2) inhibitor currently in clinical development. Specifically, a 5,7-difluoroindole derivative 11a was identified as a potent and metabolically stable influenza inhibitor. 11a demonstrated a favorable oral pharmacokinetic profile and in vivo efficacy in mice. In addition, it was found that 11a was not at risk of metabolism via aldehyde oxidase, an advantage over previously described inhibitors of this class. The crystal structure of 11a bound to influenza A PB2 cap region is disclosed here and deposited to the PDB.

Synthesis and Evaluation of N-Phenyl-3-sulfamoyl-benzamide Derivatives as Capsid Assembly Modulators Inhibiting Hepatitis B Virus (HBV).

Small molecule induced hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsid assembly modulation is considered an attractive approach for new antiviral therapies against HBV. Here we describe efforts toward the discovery of a HBV capsid assembly modulator in a hit-to-lead optimization, resulting in JNJ-632, a tool compound used to further profile the mode of action. Administration of JNJ-632 (54) in HBV genotype D infected chimeric mice resulted in a 2.77 log reduction of the HBV DNA viral load.

Discovery of 1-((2R,4aR,6R,7R,7aR)-2-Isopropoxy-2-oxidodihydro-4H,6H-spiro[furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-7,2'-oxetan]-6-yl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (JNJ-54257099), a 3'-5'-Cyclic Phosphate Ester Prodrug of 2'-Deoxy-2'-Spirooxetane Uridine Triphosphate Useful for HCV Inhibition.

JNJ-54257099 (9) is a novel cyclic phosphate ester derivative that belongs to the class of 2'-deoxy-2'-spirooxetane uridine nucleotide prodrugs which are known as inhibitors of the HCV NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). In the Huh-7 HCV genotype (GT) 1b replicon-containing cell line 9 is devoid of any anti-HCV activity, an observation attributable to inefficient prodrug metabolism which was found to be CYP3A4-dependent. In contrast, in vitro incubation of 9 in primary human hepatocytes as well as pharmacokinetic evaluation thereof in different preclinical species reveals the formation of substantial levels of 2'-deoxy-2'-spirooxetane uridine triphosphate (8), a potent inhibitor of the HCV NS5B polymerase. Overall, it was found that 9 displays a superior profile compared to its phosphoramidate prodrug analogues (e.g., 4) described previously. Of particular interest is the in vivo dose dependent reduction of HCV RNA observed in HCV infected (GT1a and GT3a) human hepatocyte chimeric mice after 7 days of oral administration of 9.

Discovery and early development of TMC647055, a non-nucleoside inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase.

Structure-based macrocyclization of a 6-carboxylic acid indole chemotype has yielded potent and selective finger-loop inhibitors of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B polymerase. Lead optimization in conjunction with in vivo evaluation in rats identified several compounds showing (i) nanomolar potency in HCV replicon cells, (ii) limited toxicity and off-target activities, and (iii) encouraging preclinical pharmacokinetic profiles characterized by high liver distribution. This effort culminated in the identification of TMC647055 (10a), a nonzwitterionic 17-membered-ring macrocycle characterized by high affinity, long polymerase residence time, and broad genotypic coverage. In vitro results of the combination of 10a with the HCV protease inhibitor TMC435 (simeprevir) supported an evaluation of this combination in patients with regard to virus suppression and resistance emergence. In a phase 1b trial with HCV genotype 1-infected patients, 10a was considered to be safe and well-tolerated and demonstrated potent antiviral activity, which was further enhanced in a combination study with TMC435.

Nucleotide prodrugs of 2'-deoxy-2'-spirooxetane ribonucleosides as novel inhibitors of the HCV NS5B polymerase.

The limited efficacy, in particular against the genotype 1 virus, as well as the variety of side effects associated with the current therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection necessitates more efficacious drugs. We found that phosphoramidate prodrugs of 2'-deoxy-2'-spirooxetane ribonucleosides form a novel class of HCV NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors, displaying EC50 values ranging from 0.2 to >98 µM, measured in the Huh7-replicon cell line, with no apparent cytotoxicity (CC50 > 98.4 µM). Confirming recent findings, the 2'-spirooxetane moiety was identified as a novel structural motif in the field of anti-HCV nucleosides. A convenient synthesis was developed that enabled the synthesis of a broad set of nucleotide prodrugs with varying substitution patterns. Extensive formation of the triphosphate metabolite was observed in both rat and human hepatocyte cultures. In addition, after oral dosing of several phosphoramidate derivatives of compound 21 to rats, substantial hepatic levels of the active triphosphate metabolite were found.

TMC647055, a potent nonnucleoside hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase inhibitor with cross-genotypic coverage.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major global health burden and is associated with an increased risk of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. There remains an unmet medical need for efficacious and safe direct antivirals with complementary modes of action for combination in treatment regimens to deliver a high cure rate with a short duration of treatment for HCV patients. Here we report the in vitro inhibitory activity, mode of action, binding kinetics, and resistance profile of TMC647055, a novel and potent nonnucleoside inhibitor of the HCV NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. In vitro combination studies with an HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitor demonstrated potent suppression of HCV RNA replication, confirming the potential for combination of these two classes in the treatment of chronic HCV infection. TMC647055 is a potent nonnucleoside NS5B polymerase inhibitor of HCV replication with a promising in vitro biochemical, kinetic, and virological profile that is currently undergoing clinical evaluation.

Finger loop inhibitors of the HCV NS5b polymerase. Part II. Optimization of tetracyclic indole-based macrocycle leading to the discovery of TMC647055.

Optimization of a novel series of macrocyclic indole-based inhibitors of the HCV NS5b polymerase targeting the finger loop domain led to the discovery of lead compounds exhibiting improved potency in cellular assays and superior pharmacokinetic profile. Further lead optimization performed on the most promising unsaturated-bridged subseries provided the clinical candidate 27-cyclohexyl-12,13,16,17-tetrahydro-22-methoxy-11,17-dimethyl-10,10-dioxide-2,19-methano-3,7:4,1-dimetheno-1H,11H-14,10,2,9,11,17-benzoxathiatetraazacyclo docosine-8,18(9H,15H)-dione, TMC647055 (compound 18a). This non-zwitterionic 17-membered ring macrocycle combines nanomolar cellular potency (EC(50) of 82 nM) with minimal associated cell toxicity (CC(50)>20 µM) and promising pharmacokinetic profiles in rats and dogs. TMC647055 is currently being evaluated in the clinic.

Finger-loop inhibitors of the HCV NS5b polymerase. Part 1: Discovery and optimization of novel 1,6- and 2,6-macrocyclic indole series.

Novel conformationaly constrained 1,6- and 2,6-macrocyclic HCV NS5b polymerase inhibitors, in which either the nitrogen or the phenyl ring in the C2 position of the central indole core is tethered to an acylsulfamide acid bioisostere, have been designed and tested for their anti-HCV potency. This transformational route toward non-zwitterionic finger loop-directed inhibitors led to the discovery of derivatives with improved cell potency and pharmacokinetic profile.

Structure-based design of a benzodiazepine scaffold yields a potent allosteric inhibitor of hepatitis C NS5B RNA polymerase.

HCV NS5B polymerase, an essential and virus-specific enzyme, is an important target for drug discovery. Using structure-based design, we optimized a 1,5-benzodiazepine NS5B polymerase inhibitor chemotype into a new sulfone-containing scaffold. The design yielded potent inhibitor (S)-4c (K(D) = 0.79 nM), which has approximately 20-fold greater affinity for NS5B than its carbonyl analogue (R)-2c.

1,5-Benzodiazepine inhibitors of HCV NS5B polymerase.

Optimization through parallel synthesis of a novel series of hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B polymerase inhibitors led to the identification of (R)-11-(4-benzyloxy-2-fluorophenyl)-6-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-10-(6-methylpyridine-2-carbonyl)-2,3,4,5,10,11-hexahydro-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepin-1-one 11zc and (R)-11-(4-benzyloxy-2-fluorophenyl)-6-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-10-(2,5-dimethyloxazol-4-carbonyl)-2,3,4,5,10,11-hexahydro-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepin-1-one 11zk as potent (replicon EC(50)=400nM and 270nM, respectively) and selective (CC(50)>20muM) inhibitors of HCV replication. These data warrant further lead-optimization efforts.

Discovery of novel, potent and bioavailable proline-urea based macrocyclic HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitors.

A novel series of P3-truncated macrocyclic HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitors containing a P2 proline-urea or carbamate scaffold was synthesized. Very potent inhibitors were obtained through the optimization of the macrocycle size, urea and proline substitution, and bioisosteric replacement of the P1 carboxylic acid moiety. Variation of the lipophilicity by introduction of small lipophilic substituents resulted in improved PK profiles, ultimately leading to compound 13Bh, an extremely potent (K(i)=0.1 nM, EC(50)=4.5 nM) and selective (CC(50) (Huh-7 cells)>50 microM) inhibitor, displaying an excellent PK profile in rats characterized by an oral bioavailability of 54% and a high liver exposure after oral administration.

Discovery of novel potent and selective dipeptide hepatitis C virus NS3/4A serine protease inhibitors.

Starting from the previously reported HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitor BILN 2061, we have used a fast-follower approach to identify a novel series of HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitors in which (i) the P3 amino moiety and its capping group have been truncated, (ii) a sulfonamide is introduced in the P1 cyclopropyl amino acid, (iii) the position 8 of the quinoline is substituted with a methyl or halo group, and (iv) the ring size of the macrocycle has been reduced to 14 atoms. SAR analysis performed with a limited set of compounds led to the identification of N-{17-[8-chloro-2-(4-isopropylthiazol-2-yl)-7-methoxyquinolin-4-yloxy]-2,14-dioxo-3,15-diazatricyclo [13.3.0.0 [Bartenschlager, R.; Lohmann, V. J. Gen. Virol. 2000, 81, 1631; Vincent Soriano, Antonio Madejon, Eugenia Vispo, Pablo Labarga, Javier Garcia-Samaniego, Luz Martin-Carbonero, Julie Sheldon, Marcelle Bottecchia, Paula Tuma, Pablo Barreiro Expert Opin. Emerg. Drugs, 2008, 13, 1-19]]octadec-7-ene-4-carbonyl}(1-methylcyclopropyl)(1-methylcyclopropyl)sulfonamide 19l an extremely potent (K(i)=0.20 nM, EC(50)=3.7 nM), selective, and orally bioavailable dipeptide NS3/4A protease inhibitor, which has features attractive for further preclinical development.

Structure-activity relationship study on a novel series of cyclopentane-containing macrocyclic inhibitors of the hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease leading to the discovery of TMC435350.

SAR analysis performed with a limited set of cyclopentane-containing macrocycles led to the identification of N-[17-[2-(4-isopropylthiazole-2-yl)-7-methoxy-8-methylquinolin-4-yloxy]-13-methyl-2,14-dioxo-3,13-diazatricyclo [13.3.0.0(4,6)]octadec-7-ene-4-carbonyl](cyclopropyl)sulfonamide (TMC435350, 32c) as a potent inhibitor of HCV NS3/4A protease (K(i)=0.36nM) and viral replication (replicon EC(50)=7.8nM). TMC435350 also displayed low in vitro clearance and high permeability, which were confirmed by in vivo pharmacokinetic studies. TMC435350 is currently being evaluated in the clinics.

TMC114, a novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor active against protease inhibitor-resistant viruses, including a broad range of clinical isolates.

The purpose of this study was to characterize the antiviral activity, cytotoxicity, and mechanism of action of TMC114, a novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitor (PI). TMC114 exhibited potent anti-HIV activity with a 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 1 to 5 nM and a 90% effective concentration of 2.7 to 13 nM. TMC114 exhibited no cytotoxicity at concentrations up to 100 muM (selectivity index, >20,000). All viruses in a panel of 19 recombinant clinical isolates carrying multiple protease mutations and demonstrating resistance to an average of five other PIs, were susceptible to TMC114, defined as a fold change in EC50 of <4. TMC114 was also effective against the majority of 1,501 PI-resistant recombinant viruses derived from recent clinical samples, with EC50s of <10 nM for 75% of the samples. In sequential passage experiments using HIV-1 LAI, two mutations (R41T and K70E) were selected. One selected virus showed a 10-fold reduction in susceptibility to TMC114, but <10-fold reductions in susceptibility to the current PIs (atazanavir was not assessed), except saquinavir. However, when the selected mutations were introduced into a laboratory strain by site-directed mutagenesis, they had no effect on susceptibility to TMC114 or other PIs. There was no evidence of antagonism between TMC114 and any currently available PIs or reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Combinations with ritonavir, nelfinavir, and amprenavir showed some evidence of synergy. These results suggest that TMC114 is a potential candidate for the treatment of both naive and PI-experienced patients with HIV.

Discovery and selection of TMC114, a next generation HIV-1 protease inhibitor.

The screening of known HIV-1 protease inhibitors against a panel of multi-drug-resistant viruses revealed the potent activity of TMC126 on drug-resistant mutants. In comparison to amprenavir, the improved affinity of TMC126 is largely the result of one extra hydrogen bond to the backbone of the protein in the P2 pocket. Modification of the substitution pattern on the phenylsulfonamide P2' substituent of TMC126 created an interesting SAR, with the close analogue TMC114 being found to have a similar antiviral activity against the mutant and the wild-type viruses. X-ray and thermodynamic studies on both wild-type and mutant enzymes showed an extremely high enthalpy driven affinity of TMC114 for HIV-1 protease. In vitro selection of mutants resistant to TMC114 starting from wild-type virus proved to be extremely difficult; this was not the case for other close analogues. Therefore, the extra H-bond to the backbone in the P2 pocket cannot be the only explanation for the interesting antiviral profile of TMC114. Absorption studies in animals indicated that TMC114 has pharmacokinetic properties comparable to currently approved HIV-1 protease inhibitors.