Protocol of Birth in Brazil II: National Research on Abortion, Labor and Childbirth. / Protocolo do Nascer no Brasil II: Pesquisa Nacional sobre Aborto, Parto e Nascimento.

Brazil has made advances in obstetric care in public and private hospitals; however, weaknesses in this system still require attention. The Brazilian Ministry of Health, aware of this need, funded the second version of the Birth in Brazil survey. This study aimed to evaluate: prenatal, labor and birth, postpartum, and abortion care, comparing the results with those of Birth in Brazil I; and analyze the main determinants of perinatal morbidity and mortality; evaluate the care structure and processes of obstetrics and neonatology services in maternity hospitals; analyze the knowledge, practices, and attitudes of health professionals who provide birth and abortion care; and identify the main barriers and facilitators related to care of this nature in Brazil. With a national scope and a 2-stage probability sample: 1-hospitals and 2-women, stratified into 59 strata, 465 hospitals were selected with a total planned sample of around 24,255 women - 2,205 for abortion reasons and 22,050 for labor reasons. Data collection was conducted using six electronic instruments during hospital admission for labor or abortion, with two follow-up waves, at two and four months. In order to expand the number of cases of severe maternal morbidity, maternal and perinatal mortality, three case control studies were incorporated into Birth in Brazil II. The fieldwork began in November 2021 and is scheduled to end in 2023. It will allow a comparison between current labor and birth care results and those obtained in the first study and will evaluate the advances achieved in 10 years.

Com o passar do tempo, o Brasil vem apresentando avanços na assistência obstétrica em hospitais públicos e privados; no entanto, ainda existem pontos frágeis que necessitam de atenção. O Ministério da Saúde, ciente dessa necessidade, financiou a segunda versão da pesquisa Nascer no Brasil. Os objetivos gerais são: avaliar a assistência pré-natal, ao parto e nascimento, ao puerpério e ao aborto, comparando com os resultados do Nascer no Brasil I, e analisar os principais determinantes da morbimortalidade perinatal; avaliar a estrutura e processos assistenciais dos serviços de obstetrícia e neonatologia das maternidades; analisar os conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas de profissionais de saúde que prestam assistência ao parto e ao aborto; e identificar as principais barreiras e facilitadores para essa assistência no país. Com escopo nacional e amostra probabilística em dois estágios (1-hospitais e 2-mulheres), dividida em 59 estratos, foram selecionados 465 hospitais com total planejado de, aproximadamente, 24.255 mulheres, 2.205 por motivo de aborto e 22.050 por motivo de parto. A coleta de dados, realizada por meio de seis instrumentos eletrônicos, ocorre durante a internação hospitalar para o parto ou aborto, com duas ondas de seguimento, aos dois e quatro meses. Com o intuito de expandir o número de casos de morbidade materna grave, mortalidade materna e perinatal, três estudos caso controle foram incorporados ao Nascer no Brasil II. O trabalho de campo foi iniciado em novembro de 2021 com término previsto para 2023. Os resultados permitirão comparar a atenção atual ao parto e ao nascimento com a retratada no primeiro inquérito e, com isso, avaliar os avanços alcançados no decorrer desses 10 anos.

Aunque Brasil ha presentado avances en la atención obstétrica en hospitales públicos y privados, todavía hay puntos débiles que necesitan atención. El Ministerio de Salud, consciente de esta necesidad, financió la segunda versión de la encuesta Nacer en Brasil. Los objetivos generales son: evaluar la atención prenatal, el parto y el nacimiento, el puerperio y el aborto, comparando con los resultados del Nacer en Brasil I, y analizar los principales determinantes de la morbimortalidad perinatal; evaluar la estructura y los procesos de atención de los servicios de obstetricia y neonatología en las maternidades; analizar los conocimientos, prácticas y actitudes de los profesionales de la salud que brindan atención para el parto y el aborto; e identificar las principales barreras y facilitadores para esta atención en el país. Tiene un alcance nacional y muestra probabilística en dos etapas (1-hospitales y 2-mujeres), la cual se dividió en 59 estratos; y se seleccionaron 465 hospitales con un total planificado de aproximadamente 24.255 mujeres, de las cuales 2.205 tuvieron procedimientos por aborto y 22.050 por parto. Para la recolección de datos se aplicó seis instrumentos electrónicos, que se realizó durante la hospitalización por parto o aborto, con dos rondas de seguimiento, a los dos y cuatro meses. Con el fin de ampliar el número de casos de morbilidad materna grave, mortalidad materna y perinatal, se incorporaron tres estudios de casos y controles en Nacer en Brasil II. El trabajo de campo comenzó en noviembre de 2021 y finalizará en 2023. Los resultados nos permitirán evaluar la atención al parto y al nacimiento actual con lo que se retrató en la primera encuesta, de esta manera se podrá evaluar los avances alcanzados a lo largo de estos 10 años.

Maternal mortality: protocol of a study integrated to the Birth in Brazil II survey. / Mortalidade materna: protocolo de um estudo integrado à pesquisa Nascer no Brasil II.

The Maternal Mortality Study conducts a hospital investigation of maternal deaths that occurred in 2020/2021 in the maternity hospitals sampled by the Birth in Brazil II survey, with the following objectives: estimate the maternal mortality underreporting; calculate a correction factor and the corrected (MMR); validate the causes of maternal mortality reported in the death certificate (DC); and analyze the factors associated with maternal mortality. The Birth in Brazil II includes approximately 24,250 puerperal women distributed in 465 public, private, and mixed hospitals with ≥ 100 live births/year in the five macroregions of Brazil. The Maternal Mortality Study data will be completed using the same Birth in Brazil II questionnaire, from the consultation of hospital records. Trained obstetricians will fill out a new DC (redone DC) from independent analysis of this questionnaire, comparing it to official data. The database of the investigated deaths will be related to the deaths listed in the Mortality Information System of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, allowing the estimation of underreporting and calculation of the corrected MMR. To calculate the reliability of the causes of death, the kappa test and prevalence-adjusted kappa with 95% confidence interval will be used. A case-control study to estimate the risk factors for maternal mortality will be developed with the investigated deaths (cases) and the controls obtained in the Birth in Brazil II survey, using conditional multiple logistic regression models. We expect this research to contribute to the correction of the underreporting of maternal mortality and to a better understanding of the determinants of the persistence of a high MMR in Brazil.

O Estudo da Mortalidade Materna conduz uma investigação hospitalar dos óbitos maternos ocorridos em 2020/2021 nas maternidades amostradas na pesquisa Nascer no Brasil II, com os seguintes objetivos: estimar o sub-registro da mortalidade materna e calcular um fator de correção e a razão de mortalidade materna (RMM) corrigida; validar as causas de mortalidade materna informadas na declaração de óbito (DO); e analisar os fatores associados à mortalidade materna. O Nascer no Brasil II inclui aproximadamente 24.255 puérperas distribuídas em 465 hospitais públicos, privados e mistos com ≥ 100 partos de nascidos vivos/ano nas cinco macrorregiões do país. Os dados do Estudo da Mortalidade Materna serão preenchidos utilizando o mesmo questionário do Nascer no Brasil II, a partir da consulta aos prontuários hospitalares. Obstetras treinados preencherão uma nova DO (DO refeita) a partir de análise independente desse questionário, comparando aos dados oficiais. A base de dados dos óbitos investigados será relacionada com os óbitos constantes no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade do Ministério da Saúde, permitindo a estimativa do sub-registro e cálculo da RMM corrigida. Para o cálculo da confiabilidade das causas de morte, serão utilizados os testes kappa e kappa ajustado à prevalência com intervalo de 95% de confiança. Um estudo de caso-controle para estimar os fatores de risco para mortalidade materna será desenvolvido com os óbitos investigados (casos) e os controles obtidos na pesquisa Nascer no Brasil II, utilizando-se modelos de regressão logística múltipla condicional. Espera-se contribuir para a correção do sub-registro da mortalidade materna e para a melhor compreensão dos fatores determinantes da persistência de RMM elevada no Brasil.

El Estudio de Mortalidad Materna evalúa las muertes maternas ocurridas en 2020-2021 en las muestras de maternidades del encuesta Nacer en Brasil II con los objetivos de estimar el subregistro de mortalidad materna y calcular el factor de corrección y la tasa de mortalidad materna corregida (TMM); validar las causas de mortalidad materna reportadas en el certificado de defunción (CD); y analizar los factores asociados a la mortalidad materna. La Nacer en Brasil II incluye aproximadamente 24.250 mujeres puerperales, distribuidas en 465 hospitales públicos, privados y mixtos con ≥ 100 nacidos vivos/año en las cinco macrorregiones de Brasil. Los datos de Estudio de Mortalidad Materna se completarán con la información del cuestionario Nacer en Brasil II a partir de una búsqueda de los registros médicos hospitalarios. Los obstetras capacitados completarán un nuevo CD (CD rehecho) desde un análisis independiente de este cuestionario, comparándolo con los datos oficiales. La base de datos de muertes investigadas se relacionará con las muertes que constan en el Sistema de Informaciones sobre la Mortalidad del Ministerio de Salud para permitir la estimación del subregistro y el cálculo de la TMM corregida. Para calcular la exactitud de las causas de muerte, se utilizarán las pruebas kappa y kappa ajustada a la prevalencia con un intervalo de 95% de confianza. Un estudio de casos y controles se aplicará para estimar los factores de riesgo de las mortalidad materna con las muertes investigadas (casos) y los controles obtenidos en el estudio Nacer en Brasil II utilizando modelos de regresión logística múltiple condicional. Se espera que este estudio pueda contribuir a la corrección del subregistro de la mortalidad materna y a una mejor comprensión de los determinantes de la persistencia de alta TMM en Brasil.

Agreement between maternal self-report of birth-related information and medical records in Brazil: A comparison study between public, mixed, and private hospitals.

BACKGROUND: The study aims to assess agreement between data obtained from interviews with postpartum women and their health records about labor and birth characteristics, newborn care, and reasons for cesarean birth. METHODS: The present study analyzes the Birth in Brazil study dataset, a nationwide hospital-based survey that included 23,894 postpartum women. Reliability was assessed using kappa coefficients and 95% confidence intervals. We also calculated the proportion of specific agreement: the observed proportion of positive agreement (Ppos) and the observed proportion of negative agreement (Pneg). RESULTS: In terms of labor and birth characteristics, more significant discrepancies in prevalence were observed for fundal pressure (1.4%-42.6%), followed by amniotomy, and augmentation. All of these variables were reported more frequently by women. Reliability was nearly perfect only for mode of delivery (kappa 0.99-1.00, Ppos and Pneg >99.0%). Higher discrepancies in reasons for cesarean prevalence were observed for previous cesarean birth (CB) (3.9%-10.4%) and diabetes mellitus (0.5%-8.5%). Most kappa coefficients for CB reasons were moderate to substantial. Lower coefficients were seen for diabetes mellitus, induction failure, and prelabor rupture of membranes and Pneg was consistently higher than Ppos. DISCUSSION: Our findings raise relevant questions about the quality of information shared with women during and after the process of care for labor and birth, as well as the information recorded in medical charts. Not having access to full information about their own health status at birth may impair women's health promotion behaviors or clear disclosure of risk factors in future interactions with the healthcare system.

Impact of an intrapartum care quality improvement intervention in Brazilian private hospitals on care safety measures and adverse outcomes.

BACKGROUND: In 2015, a quality improvement (QI) intervention to reduce cesarean sections (CS)-the Adequate Childbirth Project (PPA)-was implemented in the private sector in Brazil. This analysis aims to compare safety care measures and adverse outcomes between women exposed to the PPA intervention to those receiving standard care. METHODS: The analysis included a convenience sample of 12 private hospitals that participated in the PPA (2017-2018). Data collection was performed through chart review and interviews. Differences in 15 outcomes were examined using Pearson's chi-square test and multiple logistic regressions. RESULTS: The final weighted sample was comprised of 4789 births, 2570 in the PPA group (53.5%) and 2227 in the standard care group (46.5%). CS rate was significantly lower in the PPA group (67.3% vs 88.8%). After adjusting for potential confounders, PPA model was associated with decreased overall CS rate (OR = 0.30, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.36), as well as prelabor (OR = 0.41, 0.34 to 0.48) and repeated CS (OR = 0.45, 0.29 to 0.70). In terms of other safety care measures, women in the PPA model had an increased chance of absence of antibiotic prophylaxis in Group B Streptococcus (GBS) + women (OR = 4.63, 1.33 to 16.14) and for CSs (OR = 1.75, 1.38 to 2.22), while those with severe hypertension were less likely to not receiving magnesium sulphate (OR = 0.27, 0.09 to 0.77). Regarding obstetric and neonatal outcomes, PPA model was associated with a decreased chance of having an obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) following an episiotomy (OR = 0.34, 0.13 to 0.89), requiring antibiotics other than routine prophylaxis (OR = 0.84, 0.70 to 0.99), having a late preterm (OR = 0.36, 0.27 to 0.48) or early term baby (OR = 0.81, 0.70 to 0.94). There were no statistically significant differences for other outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The PPA intervention was able to reduce CS rates, late preterm and early term deliveries without increasing the chance of adverse outcomes. The bidirectional effect on safety care measures reinforces that QI initiatives includes closer observation of routine care when implementing interventions to reduce C-section rates.

Cesarean section rates in Brazil are among the highest in the world, particularly in private hospitals. In 2015, a quality improvement project was implemented in private hospitals aiming to reduce the cesarean section (CS) rates (the Adequate Childbirth Project­PPA). In the 2017­2018 period, the Healthy Birth Study (HBS) was proposed to assess the effect of the PPA project in CS rates, as well as use of obstetric interventions, adoption of good practices during labor and birth care and outcomes for both women and their babies. This article presents the comparison of 4873 births analyzed in the HBS, 2589 who were exposed to the PPA project and 2284 who received standard care. The analysis aim was to compare CS rates at the same time to assess if women who were part of the PPA intervention were less likely to have a negative event for themselves or their babies. A group of 15 measures of safety of obstetric care and negative outcomes for women and their babies was compared. Women who were exposed to the PPA intervention had a lower chance of CS, late preterm and early term deliveries. At the same time, the PPA group did not have worse outcomes for women or babies. In terms of safety care, the PPA intervention was associated with both positive and negative effects. For instance, women exposed to the PPA group had a higher chance of not receiving antibiotics to prevent infections when they needed, when compared to standard care.

Obstetric interventions in a maternity hospital with a collaborative model of care: a comparative observational study.

Collaborative models (CM) focused on intrapartum care shared between both midwives and obstetricians have been proposed as a strategy to reduce these rates. Our aim was to compare use of evidence-based practices, obstetric interventions and c-section rates in two settings: a maternity hospital that applies a CM of care (MRJ) and data from a pool of maternity hospitals included in the Birth in Brazil Survey (NB) that do not adopt a CM. Data was abstracted from medical and administrative records in MRJ and from medical records and face-to-face interviews in NB. Differences were compared using chi-square test, with significance level set at p<0.05. MRJ showed a higher frequency of labour companionship, labour care provided by nurse midwives, non-pharmacological pain relief methods, food intake during labour, and less use of oxytocin, analgesia and amniotomy. More women also had second stage assisted by a nurse midwife and in a vertical position, as well as lower use of episiotomies and vacuum-extractor/forceps. The c-section rate was lower at MRJ. Shared care between midwives and obstetricians can be an effective strategy to improve quality of intrapartum care.

Obstetric interventions in a maternity hospital with a collaborative model of care: a comparative observational study / Intervenções obstétricas em uma maternidade com modelo colaborativo: estudo observacional comparativo

Abstract Collaborative models (CM) focused on intrapartum care shared between both midwives and obstetricians have been proposed as a strategy to reduce these rates. Our aim was to compare use of evidence-based practices, obstetric interventions and c-section rates in two settings: a maternity hospital that applies a CM of care (MRJ) and data from a pool of maternity hospitals included in the Birth in Brazil Survey (NB) that do not adopt a CM. Data was abstracted from medical and administrative records in MRJ and from medical records and face-to-face interviews in NB. Differences were compared using chi-square test, with significance level set at p<0.05. MRJ showed a higher frequency of labour companionship, labour care provided by nurse midwives, non-pharmacological pain relief methods, food intake during labour, and less use of oxytocin, analgesia and amniotomy. More women also had second stage assisted by a nurse midwife and in a vertical position, as well as lower use of episiotomies and vacuum-extractor/forceps. The c-section rate was lower at MRJ. Shared care between midwives and obstetricians can be an effective strategy to improve quality of intrapartum care.

Resumo Modelos colaborativos (MC) com foco no cuidado intraparto compartilhado entre parteiras e obstetras têm sido propostos como uma estratégia para reduzir essas taxas. Nosso objetivo foi comparar o uso de práticas baseadas em evidências, intervenções obstétricas e taxas de cesarianas em dois ambientes: uma maternidade que aplica um MC de atendimento (MRJ) e dados de um conjunto de maternidades incluídas na pesquisa Nascer no Brasil (NB) que não adotam um MC. Os dados foram extraídos de prontuários médicos e documentos administrativos no MRJ e de prontuários e entrevistas presenciais em NB. As diferenças foram comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado, com nível de significância estabelecido em p<0,05. MRJ apresentou maior frequência de acompanhante no parto, assistência ao parto por enfermeiras obstétricas, métodos não farmacológicos de alívio da dor, ingestão de alimentos durante o trabalho de parto e menor uso de ocitocina, analgesia e amniotomia. Mais mulheres também tiveram o parto assistido por enfermeira obstétrica e em posição vertical, bem como menor uso de episiotomias e vácuo-extrator/fórceps. A taxa de cesariana foi menor no MRJ. O cuidado compartilhado entre enfermeiras e obstetras pode ser uma estratégia eficaz para melhorar a qualidade do cuidado intraparto.

[Prenatal care for normal-risk pregnant women by obstetric nurses and midwives: cost-effectiveness from the perspective of the Supplementary Health System in Brazil]. / Pré-natal de gestantes de risco habitual por enfermeira obstetra e obstetriz: custo-efetividade sob a perspectiva do Sistema de Saúde Suplementar.

In several countries, primary care for pregnant women is performed by obstetric nurses and/or midwives. In Brazil's Supplementary Health System (private health insurance and out-of-pocket care), coverage of prenatal care is mandatory and is performed by medical obstetricians. The objective of this study is to conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis, comparing clinical outcomes and costs associated with the incorporation of prenatal care by obstetric nurses and midwives in the Supplementary Health System, from the perspective of the operator of health plans as the payment source. A decision tree was built, based on data from a Cochrane Collaboration meta-analysis that showed a reduction in the risk of premature birth in the group of normal-risk pregnant women accompanied by obstetric nurses and midwives. The analysis only considered the direct medical costs covered by health plan operators for essential appointments and tests, according to the prevailing Ministry of Health protocol. The study assumed equal unit costs of consultations by medical professionals and applied an increase in the overall cost of prenatal tests associated with medical follow-up, based on data from the literature. Incremental cost-effective ratio was estimated at -BRL 10,038.43 (savings of BRL 10,038.43) per premature birth avoided. This result was consistent with the sensitivity analyses, with savings associated with the substitution ranging from -BRL 2,544.60 to -BRL 31,807.46 per premature death avoided. In conclusion, prenatal care provided by obstetric nurses and midwives was superior to that provided by medical obstetricians for the prevention of premature birth, besides resulting in cost savings.

Em diversos países, a atenção primária às gestantes é conduzida por enfermeiras obstetras e/ou obstetrizes. No Sistema Suplementar de Saúde no Brasil, a cobertura da assistência pré-natal é obrigatória e realizada por médicos obstetras. O objetivo deste estudo é conduzir análise de custo-efetividade, comparando desfechos clínicos e custos associados à incorporação do pré-natal por enfermeiras obstetras e obstetrizes no âmbito do Sistema de Saúde Suplementar, sob a perspectiva da operadora de planos de saúde como fonte pagadora. Foi construída uma árvore de decisão, baseada nos dados de metanálise da Colaboração Cochrane que mostrou redução do risco de parto prematuro no grupo de gestantes de risco habitual acompanhado por enfermeiras obstetras e obstetrizes. Foram considerados apenas os custos médicos diretos cobertos pelas operadoras de planos de saúde para a realização de consultas e exames essenciais, conforme protocolo do Ministério da Saúde vigente. Assumiu-se custo unitário de consulta com cada profissional como iguais e aplicou-se um aumento do custo global com exames pré-natais associado ao acompanhamento médico, conforme dado obtido na literatura. Estimou-se a razão de custo-efetividade incremental de -R$ 10.038,43 (economia de R$ 10.038,43) por parto prematuro evitado. Esse resultado mostrou-se consistente nas análises de sensibilidade, com economias associadas à substituição variando de -R$ 2.544,60 até -R$ 31.807,46 por parto prematuro evitado. Como conclusão, observou-se que o cuidado pré-natal por enfermeiras obstetras e obstetrizes é superior ao prestado por médicos obstetras para o desfecho prevenção de parto prematuro, resultando ainda em economia de recursos.

En diversos países, la atención primaria a las gestantes se realiza con enfermeras obstetras y/o parteras. En el Sistema Suplementario de Salud en Brasil, la cobertura de la asistencia prenatal es obligatoria y la realizan médicos obstetras. El objetivo de este estudio es realizar un análisis de costo-efectividad, comparando resultados clínicos y costes asociados a la incorporación en el período prenatal de enfermeras obstetras y parteras, en el ámbito del Sistema de Salud Suplementaria, desde la perspectiva de una operadora de planes de salud como fuente pagadora. Se construyó un árbol de decisión, basado en datos de metaanálisis de la Colaboración Cochrane, que mostró una reducción del riesgo de parto prematuro en el grupo de gestantes de riesgo habitual, con un seguimiento de enfermeras obstetras y parteras. Se consideraron solo los costes médicos directos, cubiertos por las operadoras de planes de salud para la realización de consultas y exámenes esenciales, conforme el protocolo vigente del Ministerio de Salud. Se asumió el coste unitario de consulta con cada profesional como iguales, y se aplicó un aumento del coste global con exámenes prenatales asociado al seguimiento médico, conforme los datos obtenidos en la literatura. Se estimó la razón de costo-efectividad incremental de -BRL 10.038,43 (economía de BRL 10.038,43) por parto prematuro evitado. Este resultado se mostró consistente en los análisis de sensibilidad, con ahorros asociados a la sustitución, variando de -BRL 2.544,60 hasta -BRL 31.807,46 por parto prematuro evitado. Como conclusión, se observó que el cuidado prenatal por parte de enfermeras obstetras y parteras es superior al prestado por médicos obstetras para el desenlace de prevención de parto prematuro, resultando incluso en un ahorro de recursos.

Pré-natal de gestantes de risco habitual por enfermeira obstetra e obstetriz: custo-efetividade sob a perspectiva do Sistema de Saúde Suplementar / Prenatal care for normal-risk pregnant women by obstetric nurses and midwives: cost-effectiveness from the perspective of the Supplementary Health System in Brazil / Período prenatal de gestantes de riesgo habitual con enfermera obstetra y partera: costo-efectividad desde la perspectiva del Sistema de Salud Suplementario

Em diversos países, a atenção primária às gestantes é conduzida por enfermeiras obstetras e/ou obstetrizes. No Sistema Suplementar de Saúde no Brasil, a cobertura da assistência pré-natal é obrigatória e realizada por médicos obstetras. O objetivo deste estudo é conduzir análise de custo-efetividade, comparando desfechos clínicos e custos associados à incorporação do pré-natal por enfermeiras obstetras e obstetrizes no âmbito do Sistema de Saúde Suplementar, sob a perspectiva da operadora de planos de saúde como fonte pagadora. Foi construída uma árvore de decisão, baseada nos dados de metanálise da Colaboração Cochrane que mostrou redução do risco de parto prematuro no grupo de gestantes de risco habitual acompanhado por enfermeiras obstetras e obstetrizes. Foram considerados apenas os custos médicos diretos cobertos pelas operadoras de planos de saúde para a realização de consultas e exames essenciais, conforme protocolo do Ministério da Saúde vigente. Assumiu-se custo unitário de consulta com cada profissional como iguais e aplicou-se um aumento do custo global com exames pré-natais associado ao acompanhamento médico, conforme dado obtido na literatura. Estimou-se a razão de custo-efetividade incremental de -R$ 10.038,43 (economia de R$ 10.038,43) por parto prematuro evitado. Esse resultado mostrou-se consistente nas análises de sensibilidade, com economias associadas à substituição variando de -R$ 2.544,60 até -R$ 31.807,46 por parto prematuro evitado. Como conclusão, observou-se que o cuidado pré-natal por enfermeiras obstetras e obstetrizes é superior ao prestado por médicos obstetras para o desfecho prevenção de parto prematuro, resultando ainda em economia de recursos.

In several countries, primary care for pregnant women is performed by obstetric nurses and/or midwives. In Brazil's Supplementary Health System (private health insurance and out-of-pocket care), coverage of prenatal care is mandatory and is performed by medical obstetricians. The objective of this study is to conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis, comparing clinical outcomes and costs associated with the incorporation of prenatal care by obstetric nurses and midwives in the Supplementary Health System, from the perspective of the operator of health plans as the payment source. A decision tree was built, based on data from a Cochrane Collaboration meta-analysis that showed a reduction in the risk of premature birth in the group of normal-risk pregnant women accompanied by obstetric nurses and midwives. The analysis only considered the direct medical costs covered by health plan operators for essential appointments and tests, according to the prevailing Ministry of Health protocol. The study assumed equal unit costs of consultations by medical professionals and applied an increase in the overall cost of prenatal tests associated with medical follow-up, based on data from the literature. Incremental cost-effective ratio was estimated at -BRL 10,038.43 (savings of BRL 10,038.43) per premature birth avoided. This result was consistent with the sensitivity analyses, with savings associated with the substitution ranging from -BRL 2,544.60 to -BRL 31,807.46 per premature death avoided. In conclusion, prenatal care provided by obstetric nurses and midwives was superior to that provided by medical obstetricians for the prevention of premature birth, besides resulting in cost savings.

En diversos países, la atención primaria a las gestantes se realiza con enfermeras obstetras y/o parteras. En el Sistema Suplementario de Salud en Brasil, la cobertura de la asistencia prenatal es obligatoria y la realizan médicos obstetras. El objetivo de este estudio es realizar un análisis de costo-efectividad, comparando resultados clínicos y costes asociados a la incorporación en el período prenatal de enfermeras obstetras y parteras, en el ámbito del Sistema de Salud Suplementaria, desde la perspectiva de una operadora de planes de salud como fuente pagadora. Se construyó un árbol de decisión, basado en datos de metaanálisis de la Colaboración Cochrane, que mostró una reducción del riesgo de parto prematuro en el grupo de gestantes de riesgo habitual, con un seguimiento de enfermeras obstetras y parteras. Se consideraron solo los costes médicos directos, cubiertos por las operadoras de planes de salud para la realización de consultas y exámenes esenciales, conforme el protocolo vigente del Ministerio de Salud. Se asumió el coste unitario de consulta con cada profesional como iguales, y se aplicó un aumento del coste global con exámenes prenatales asociado al seguimiento médico, conforme los datos obtenidos en la literatura. Se estimó la razón de costo-efectividad incremental de -BRL 10.038,43 (economía de BRL 10.038,43) por parto prematuro evitado. Este resultado se mostró consistente en los análisis de sensibilidad, con ahorros asociados a la sustitución, variando de -BRL 2.544,60 hasta -BRL 31.807,46 por parto prematuro evitado. Como conclusión, se observó que el cuidado prenatal por parte de enfermeras obstetras y parteras es superior al prestado por médicos obstetras para el desenlace de prevención de parto prematuro, resultando incluso en un ahorro de recursos.

Systematic review with meta-analysis: lubiprostone efficacy on the treatment of patients with constipation.

BACKGROUND: Lubiprostone is a type 2 chloride channel activator that has been shown to be efficacious and safe in the treatment for chronic constipation. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review randomized clinical trials (RCTs) assessing efficacy of lubiprostone for patients with chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC), irritable bowel syndrome with predominant constipation (IBS-C) and opioid-induced constipation (OIC). METHODS: Searches were conducted in PubMed, LILACS, Cochrane Collaboration Database, and Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. Lubiprostone RCTs reporting outcomes of spontaneous bowel movements (SBM) and abdominal pain or discomfort were deemed eligible. Meta-analysis was performed calculating risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals, using the Mantel-Haenszel method and random effects model. RESULTS: Searches yielded 109 records representing 93 non-duplicate publications, and 11 RCTs (978 CIC, 1,366 IBS-C, 1,300 OIC, total = 3,644) met inclusion criteria. Qualitative synthesis showed that for CIC patients, lubiprostone is superior to placebo in terms of SBM outcomes. Meta-analysis for CIC was feasible for full responder and SBM within 24h rates, indicating superiority of lubiprostone over placebo. For IBS-C, lubiprostone was significantly superior for all SBM outcomes in follow-ups ranging from 1 week-3 months. In terms of abdominal pain, lubiprostone provided significantly better symptoms relief, particularly after 1 month of treatment. For OIC, lubiprostone was more effective than placebo for both SBM and discomfort measures. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrated that lubiprostone is superior to placebo in terms of SBM frequency for CIC, IBS-C and OIC. In terms of abdominal symptoms, the most pronounced effect was seen for abdominal pain in IBS-C patients.

Systematic review with meta-analysis: lubiprostone efficacy on the treatment of patients with constipation / Revisão sistemática com metanálise: eficácia da lubiprostona no tratamento de pacientes com constipação

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Lubiprostone is a type 2 chloride channel activator that has been shown to be efficacious and safe in the treatment for chronic constipation. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review randomized clinical trials (RCTs) assessing efficacy of lubiprostone for patients with chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC), irritable bowel syndrome with predominant constipation (IBS-C) and opioid-induced constipation (OIC). METHODS: Searches were conducted in PubMed, LILACS, Cochrane Collaboration Database, and Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. Lubiprostone RCTs reporting outcomes of spontaneous bowel movements (SBM) and abdominal pain or discomfort were deemed eligible. Meta-analysis was performed calculating risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals, using the Mantel-Haenszel method and random effects model. RESULTS: Searches yielded 109 records representing 93 non-duplicate publications, and 11 RCTs (978 CIC, 1,366 IBS-C, 1,300 OIC, total = 3,644) met inclusion criteria. Qualitative synthesis showed that for CIC patients, lubiprostone is superior to placebo in terms of SBM outcomes. Meta-analysis for CIC was feasible for full responder and SBM within 24h rates, indicating superiority of lubiprostone over placebo. For IBS-C, lubiprostone was significantly superior for all SBM outcomes in follow-ups ranging from 1 week-3 months. In terms of abdominal pain, lubiprostone provided significantly better symptoms relief, particularly after 1 month of treatment. For OIC, lubiprostone was more effective than placebo for both SBM and discomfort measures. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrated that lubiprostone is superior to placebo in terms of SBM frequency for CIC, IBS-C and OIC. In terms of abdominal symptoms, the most pronounced effect was seen for abdominal pain in IBS-C patients.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Lubiprostona é um ativador de canal de cloreto tipo 2 que tem se demonstrado eficaz e seguro no tratamento da constipação crônica. OBJETIVO: Revisar sistematicamente ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECRs) avaliando a eficácia da lubiprostona para pacientes com constipação idiopática crônica (CIC), síndrome do intestino irritável com constipação predominante (IBS-C) e constipação induzida por opioide (OIC). MÉTODOS: Buscas foram conduzidas no PubMed, LILACS, Cochrane Collaboration Database e Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. ECRs de lubiprostona relatando desfechos de movimentos intestinais espontâneos (SBM) e dor ou desconforto abdominal foram considerados elegíveis. Metanálise foi realizada calculando razão de riscos e intervalos de confiança de 95%, utilizando o método de Mantel-Haenszel e modelo de efeitos aleatórios. RESULTADOS: As buscas identificaram 109 registros representando 93 publicações não-duplicadas e 11 ECRs (978 pacientes de CIC, 1366 de IBS-C e 1300 OIC, total = 3644) preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Síntese qualitativa mostrou que, para pacientes com CIC, a lubiprostona foi superior ao placebo em termos de desfechos SBM. Metanálise para CIC foi possível para os desfechos de responder completo e taxa de SBM em 24 horas, indicando superioridade da lubiprostona sobre o placebo. Para IBS-C, lubiprostona foi significativamente superior para todos os desfechos de SBM em tempos de seguimento variando de 1 semana a 3 meses. Em termos de dor abdominal, lubiprostona proporciono alívio dos sintomas significativamente melhor, particularmente após 1 mês de tratamento. Para OIC, lubiprostona foi mais efetiva do que placebo tanto para medidas de SBM quando de desconforto abdominal. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos achados demonstraram que lubiprostona é superior ao placebo em termos de frequência de SBM para CIC, IBS-C e OIC. Em termos de sintomas abdominais, o efeito mais pronunciado foi visto para dor abdominal em pacientes com IBS-C.

Cesarean-section rates in Brazil from 2014 to 2016: cross-sectional Aanalysis using the robson classification / Taxas de cesariana no Brasil de 2014 a 2016: análise transversal utilizando a classificação de robson

Abstract Objective To obtain cesarean-section (CS) rates according to the Robson Group Classification in five different regions of Brazil. Methods A descriptive epidemiological study using data from secondary birth records fromthe Computer Science Department of the Brazilian Unified Health System (Datasus, in Portuguese) between January 1st, 2014, and December 31st, 2016, including all live births in Brazil. Results The overall rate of CSwas of 56%. The sample was divided into 11 groups, and vaginal births were more frequent in groups 1 (53.6%), 3 (80.0%) and 4 (55.1%). The highest CS rates were found in groups 5 (85.7%), 6 (89.5%), 7 (85.2%) and 9 (97.0%). The overall CS rate per region varied from 46.2% in the North to 62.1% in the Midwest. Group 5 was the largest obstetric population in the South, Southeast and Midwest, and group 3 was the largest in the North and Northeast. Group 5 contributed the most to the overall CS rate, accounting for 30.8% of CSs. Conclusion Over half of the births in Brazil were cesarean sections. The Midwest had the highestCS rates,while theNorth had the lowest. The largestobstetric population in the North and in the Northeast was composed of women in group 3, while in the South, Southeast and Midwest it was group 5. Among all regions, the largest contribution to the overall CS rate was from group 5.

Resumo Objetivo Identificar as taxas de cesárea de acordo com a Classificação de Robson nas cinco regiões do Brasil. Métodos Estudo epidemiológico descritivo utilizando dados secundários obtidos do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (Datasus) entre 1° de janeiro de 2014 e 31 de dezembro de 2016, incluindo todos os nascidos vivos no Brasil. Resultados Cesáreas representaram 56% de todos os nascimentos. A amostra foi dividida em 11 grupos, e partos vaginais forammais frequentes nos grupos 1 (53,6%), 3(80,0%) e 4 (55,1%). As maiores taxas de cesárea foram encontradas nos grupos 5 (85,7%), 6 (89,5%), 7 (85,2%) e 9 (97,0%). A taxa geral de cesárea variou de 46,2% no Norte a 62,1% no Centro-Oeste. O grupo 5 representou a maior população obstétrica no Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste, e o grupo 3, no Norte e Nordeste. O grupo 5 contribuiu mais para a taxa geral de cesárea, totalizando 30,8%. Conclusão Mais da metade dos nascimentos no Brasil ocorreu por cesárea. O Centro- Oeste apresentou a maior taxa, e o Norte, a mais baixa. A maior população obstétrica no Norte e no Nordeste foi o grupo 3, enquanto no Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste foi o grupo 5. Entre todas as regiões, amaior contribuição para a taxa geral de cesárea foi do grupo 5.

PATTERNS OF FIBER INTAKE AMONG BRAZILIAN ADULTS: PERCEPTIONS FROM AN ONLINE NATIONWIDE SURVEY.

BACKGROUND: Adequate fiber intake is associated with digestive health and reduced risk of several noncommunicable diseases and is recognized as essential for human health (World Health Organization, 2003). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a daily fiber consumption of ≥25 g, but previous studies observed a fiber intake in Brazil lower than recommended. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to describe fiber intake among adults in Brazil and also respondents' knowledge and perceptions about their fiber intake. METHODS: National online survey with community-dwelling Brazilian individuals. The survey was conducted during September 2018, using an online platform with closed-ended questions. A representative sample of Brazilian internet users stratified by sex, age, socioeconomic status and geographic region was adopted. Sample size was calculated using a 2% error margin and 95% confidence interval (n=2,000). Data was descriptively analyzed using measures of frequency, central tendency and dispersion. RESULTS: Sample included 2,000 individuals who were well-balanced in terms of sex (51.2% female), with mean age of 35.9 years (most represented age group was 35-54 years, 39.6%) and from all country geographic regions (49.4% from Southeast). A total of 69.7% of them consider their usual diet as healthy and 78.4% reported consuming fibers regularly. Fibers from natural sources are consumed at least once a day by 69.5% of the sample, while daily fiber supplements were reported by 29.9%. Absence of regular fiber intake was reported by 21.7% of respondents and the most common reason was "lack of knowledge about fiber sources" (39.3%). When informed about the food sources of each type of fiber (soluble and insoluble) and asked about the regular intake, only 2.5% answered that they do not consume any of them regularly (as opposed to 21.7% before receiving information about specific fiber sources). CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that fiber intake in Brazil is probably insufficient with a high proportion of individuals reporting irregular or absent ingestion of fiber sources in their daily lives. Lack of knowledge about fiber sources and fiber types seems to play a role in this inadequate intake, highlighting the need for nutritional education to achieve healthy dietary patterns in the country.

Planning, construction and use of handmade simulators to enhance the teaching and learning in Obstetrics.

METHOD: to describe the development process and present the results of a pilot study on the use of low-cost handmade simulators for teaching and learning Obstetrics.presentation of 3 low-cost simulators designing, based on educational needs identified in real-world training contexts. The developing process is presented in detail and each simulator was tested and re-tested, being submitted to improvements until their final version. The simulators presented are: delivery simulator shorts, Neoprene uterus for postpartum hemorrhage management, and perineal repair simulator. A pilot study was carried out to evaluate the perception of apprentices through a structured questionnaire, using the Kirkpatrick evaluation model. Data were descriptively analyzed. RESULTS: the respondents (31 apprentices) positively evaluated the simulators, perceiving significant gains in theoretical knowledge, ability to solve clinical problems and decreased anxiety to deal with situations similar to those simulated. CONCLUSION: low-cost, handmade simulators are feasible and effective, resulting in positive learner evaluations. Their availability as open technology allows the dissemination of their use.

Cesarean-section Rates in Brazil from 2014 to 2016: Cross-sectional Analysis Using the Robson Classification.

OBJECTIVE: To obtain cesarean-section (CS) rates according to the Robson Group Classification in five different regions of Brazil. METHODS: A descriptive epidemiological study using data from secondary birth records from the Computer Science Department of the Brazilian Unified Health System (Datasus, in Portuguese) between January 1st, 2014, and December 31st, 2016, including all live births in Brazil. RESULTS: The overall rate of CS was of 56%. The sample was divided into 11 groups, and vaginal births were more frequent in groups 1 (53.6%), 3 (80.0%) and 4 (55.1%). The highest CS rates were found in groups 5 (85.7%), 6 (89.5%), 7 (85.2%) and 9 (97.0%). The overall CS rate per region varied from 46.2% in the North to 62.1% in the Midwest. Group 5 was the largest obstetric population in the South, Southeast and Midwest, and group 3 was the largest in the North and Northeast. Group 5 contributed the most to the overall CS rate, accounting for 30.8% of CSs. CONCLUSION: Over half of the births in Brazil were cesarean sections. The Midwest had the highest CS rates, while the North had the lowest. The largest obstetric population in the North and in the Northeast was composed of women in group 3, while in the South, Southeast and Midwest it was group 5. Among all regions, the largest contribution to the overall CS rate was from group 5.

OBJETIVO: Identificar as taxas de cesárea de acordo com a Classificação de Robson nas cinco regiões do Brasil. MéTODOS: Estudo epidemiológico descritivo utilizando dados secundários obtidos do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (Datasus) entre 1° de janeiro de 2014 e 31 de dezembro de 2016, incluindo todos os nascidos vivos no Brasil. RESULTADOS: Cesáreas representaram 56% de todos os nascimentos. A amostra foi dividida em 11 grupos, e partos vaginais foram mais frequentes nos grupos 1 (53,6%), 3 (80,0%) e 4 (55,1%). As maiores taxas de cesárea foram encontradas nos grupos 5 (85,7%), 6 (89,5%), 7 (85,2%) e 9 (97,0%). A taxa geral de cesárea variou de 46,2% no Norte a 62,1% no Centro-Oeste. O grupo 5 representou a maior população obstétrica no Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste, e o grupo 3, no Norte e Nordeste. O grupo 5 contribuiu mais para a taxa geral de cesárea, totalizando 30,8%. CONCLUSãO: Mais da metade dos nascimentos no Brasil ocorreu por cesárea. O Centro-Oeste apresentou a maior taxa, e o Norte, a mais baixa. A maior população obstétrica no Norte e no Nordeste foi o grupo 3, enquanto no Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste foi o grupo 5. Entre todas as regiões, a maior contribuição para a taxa geral de cesárea foi do grupo 5.