Fast nondiffusive response of heat and turbulence pulse propagation.

The experimental findings from the Large Helical Device have demonstrated a fast, nondiffusive behavior during the propagation of heat pulses, with an observed increase in speed with reduction in their temporal width. Concurrent propagation of the temperature gradient and turbulence, in a timeframe spanning from a few milliseconds to tens of milliseconds, aligned with the avalanche model. These results indicate that the more spatiotemporally localized the heat and turbulence pulses are, the greater the deviation of the plasma from its equilibrium state, coupled with faster propagation velocity. This insight is pivotal for future fusion reactors, which necessitate the maintenance of a steady-state, non-equilibrium condition.

Gelatin Sponge as an Anchorage for Three-dimensional Culture of Colorectal Cancer Cells.

BACKGROUND: Compared to two-dimensional cultures, three-dimensional (3D) cultures have many advantages in cancer studies. Nevertheless, their implementation is unsatisfactory. This study aimed to develop an anchorage-dependent 3D culture model for colorectal cancer research. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human HCT116, DLD-1 and SW620 colorectal cell lines were cultured in a gelatin sponge, and its applicability for morphological examination was studied. RESULTS: The resulting specimens were suitable for scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and immunohistochemical examination. HCT116 formed smaller structures and migrated through the pores of the sponge. DLD-1 formed larger structures with tight cell-to-cell adhesion. SW620 also formed large structures but small clustered cells tended to attach to the anchorage more favorably. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated phosphorylated yes-associated protein (YAP) localized near the attachment site in HCT116 cells. CONCLUSION: Because the gelatin sponge provided suitable anchorage and the cultured cells formed distinguishable 3D structures, this method may be useful for further colorectal cancer research.

Transnasal Delivery of the Peptide Agonist Specific to Neuromedin-U Receptor 2 to the Brain for the Treatment of Obesity.

Obesity and metabolic syndrome are threats to the health of large population worldwide as they are associated with high mortality, mainly linked to cardiovascular diseases. Recently, CPN-116 (CPN), which is an agonist peptide specific to neuromedin-U receptor 2 (NMUR2) that is expressed predominantly in the brain, has been developed as a new therapeutic candidate for the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome. However, treatment with CPN poses a challenge due to the limited delivery of CPN to the brain. Recent studies have clarified that the direct anatomical connection of the nasal cavity with brain allows delivery of several drugs to the brain. In this study, we confirm the nasal cavity as a promising CPN delivery route to the brain for the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome. According to the pharmacokinetic study, the clearance of CPN from the blood was very rapid with a half-life of 3 min. In vitro study on its stability in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) indicates that CPN was more stable in the CSF than in the blood. The concentration of CPN in the brain was higher after nasal administration, despite its lower concentrations in the plasma than that after intravenous administration. The study on its pharmacological potency suggests the effective suppression of increased body weight in mice in a dose-dependent manner due to the direct activation of NMUR2 by CPN. This results from the higher concentration of corticosterone in blood after nasal administration of CPN as compared to nasal application of saline. In conclusion, the above findings indicate that the nasal cavity is a promising CPN delivery route to the brain to treat obesity and metabolic syndrome.

The anti-influenza drug oseltamivir evokes hypothermia in mice through dopamine D2 receptor activation via central actions.

Oseltamivir has a hypothermic effect in mice when injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) and intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.). Here we show that the hypothermia evoked by i.c.v.-oseltamivir is inhibited by non-selective dopamine receptor antagonists (sulpiride and haloperidol) and the D2-selective antagonist L-741,626, but not by D1/D5-selective and D3-selective antagonists (SCH-23390 and SB-277011-A, respectively). The hypothermic effect of i.p.-administered oseltamivir was not inhibited by sulpiride, haloperidol, L-741,626 and SCH-23390. In addition, neither sulpiride, haloperidol nor SCH-23390 blocked hypothermia evoked by i.c.v.-administered oseltamivir carboxylate (a hydrolyzed metabolite of oseltamivir). These results suggest that oseltamivir in the brain induces hypothermia through activation of dopamine D2 receptors.