Pressure ulcers in paediatric patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

It has been shown that pressure ulcer formation in critically ill paediatric patients increases morbidity and mortality. We sought to identify factors associated with pressure ulcer formation in paediatric patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). From December 2014 to 2015, we identified patients at our institution who developed a pressure ulcer to create two cohorts: ulcer and no ulcer. Variables of interest included: type of ECMO, ECMO indication, hours on ECMO, location of cannulas, volume of crystalloid and blood products received during the first 7 days or during the length of the ECMO run, albumin and lactate levels on the day of cannulation, and presence of vasopressor support or steroid therapy. Of 43 patients studied, 11 (25.5%) developed a pressure ulcer. Patients that developed ulcers were older (P = 0.001) and weighed more (P = 0.006). Femoral cannulation was more frequent in the ulcer group (36.4% vs 6.3%, P = 0.029), and duration of ECMO was longer (P = 0.007). Age, weight, duration of ECMO, and femoral cannulation may contribute to the development of pressure ulcers in children who require ECMO support. Further analysis is imperative to identify specific techniques and protocols that will prevent pressure ulcers in this critically ill population.

High volume crystalloid resuscitation adversely affects pediatric trauma patients.

BACKGROUND: Aggressive fluid resuscitative strategies have been the cornerstone of early trauma management for decades. However, recent prospective adult studies have challenged this practice, underlining the detrimental effect of positive fluid balance on cardiopulmonary function. Fluid overload has been associated with impaired oxygenation and morbidity in critically ill adults, but data is lacking in pediatric trauma patients. METHODS: We completed a retrospective chart review of all pediatric trauma patients 0-18 years old admitted to a level 1 trauma center from January 2013 to December 2015. Four patient cohorts were established based on volume of fluid administered: <20 ml/kg/day, 20-40 ml/kg/day, 40-60 ml/kg/day, and > 60 ml/kg/day. The primary outcome was death. Secondary outcomes included the number of days on the ventilator, intensive care unit length of stay (ICU LOS), overall length of stay (LOS), number of days nil per os (NPO) as an indicator of ileus, and incidence of bloodstream infection and/or surgical site infection. RESULTS: The mean volume of fluid administered over the first 24 h was 41 ml/kg/day, and 28 ml/kg/day over the first 48 h. ICU length of stay and overall length of stay were increased in patients who received more than 60 ml/kg/day in the first 24 h of their hospitalization. Furthermore, ventilator use, ICU length of stay, overall length of stay, and time to resumption of a regular diet were all increased in patients who received >60 ml/kg/day over 48 h. CONCLUSIONS: Early administration of high volumes of crystalloid fluid greater than 60 ml/kg/day significantly correlates with pulmonary complications, days NPO, and hospital length of stay. These results span the first 48 h of a patient's hospital stay and should encourage surgical care providers to exercise judicious use of crystalloid fluid administration in the trauma bay, ICU, and floor. TYPE OF STUDY: Therapeutic. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease and the risk of returning to the operating room after common General Surgery procedures.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has increased, and there is limited data on the risks faced by this patient population undergoing surgery. METHODS: Using American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program, we identified common surgical procedures undergone by patients with ESRD. These patients were compared with a matched-control group. A subanalysis was performed to determine the risk factors for returning to the operating room in patients with ESRD. RESULTS: Of the 195,585 patients identified, 1,163 had ESRD. ESRD was associated with increased mortality (odds ratio [OR] 9.05, confidence interval [CI] 4.09 to 20.00) and rates of return to the operating room (OR 2.97, CI 1.99 to 4.46). Returning to the OR was associated with increased operation times (98.9 vs 130.2 minutes, P < .05), mortality (OR 4.35, CI 2.11 to 8.99), and morbidity (OR 7.6, CI 4.68 to 12.41). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ESRD face greater risks when entering the operating room, and further study is needed to elucidate preventable risk factors.

How sick are dialysis patients undergoing cholecystectomy? Analysis of 92,672 patients from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database.

BACKGROUND: Although cholecystectomy is one of the most common surgical procedures performed in the United States, there is an absence of data on the risks of cholecystectomy in dialysis patients. Our objective was to analyze the outcomes of cholecystectomy in dialysis patients. METHODS: Using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database, we selected all patients who underwent cholecystectomy from 2005 to 2010. Univariate analysis was performed and logistic and linear regression models were used to obtain risk-adjusted outcomes. The main outcomes were morbidity, mortality, and length of stay. RESULTS: Dialysis was associated with a higher risk of 30-day postoperative morbidity (16.1% vs 3.8%, adjusted odds ratio 1.91, 95% confidence interval 1.18 to 3.10), but not mortality. The average length of stay following any cholecystectomy was 4.1 days longer for dialysis patients (5.5 vs 1.4 days, P < .0001). CONCLUSION: Patients on dialysis who undergo cholecystectomy are at a higher risk for postoperative morbidity, but not mortality.

End-stage renal disease increases the risk of mortality after appendectomy.

INTRODUCTION: With each passing year, the number of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is increasing steadily, but there are limited data on the postoperative outcomes of these patients after appendectomy. METHODS: Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, we identified all patients who underwent appendectomy in the United States between 1998 and 2010. We used International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification codes to identify patients with ESRD and to track postoperative complications during hospital admission. Statistical models were controlled for age, sex, race, insurance type, number of Elixhauser comorbidities, year of admission, perforation of the appendix, and operative approach. RESULTS: The study population included 5,712 patients with ESRD, with the remaining 3,615,391 patients serving as reference controls. Patients with ESRD had risk of death that was nearly 5 times greater than controls (odds ratio [OR] 5.68; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 3.96-8.15; P < .001); this risk was similar for nonperforated (OR 4.97; P < .001) and perforated (5.96; P = .004) appendicitis. The risk of death, however, was greater for open appendectomy (OR 6.65; P < .001) compared with laparoscopic appendectomy (OR 2.50; P = .060). Patients with ESRD also were at an increased risk of mechanical wound complication (OR 1.58; P = .040) and had a mean duration of stay that was 34% greater compared with controls (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Patients with ESRD undergoing appendectomy were at an increased risk of death. These patients also had an increased risk of mechanical wound complications and had a greater duration of hospital stay. Future studies should investigate the specific causes of death among patients with ESRD after appendectomy and optimal management strategies in this subset of patients.

Predicting the risk of death following coronary artery bypass graft made simple: a retrospective study using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database.

INTRODUCTION: Risk models to predict 30-day mortality following isolated coronary artery bypass graft is an active area of research. Simple risk predictors are particularly important for cardiothoracic surgeons who are coming under increased scrutiny since these physicians typically care for higher risk patients and thus expect worse outcomes. The objective of this study was to develop a 30-day postoperative mortality risk model for patients undergoing CABG using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data was extracted and analyzed from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Participant Use Files (2005-2010). Patients that had ischemic heart disease (ICD9 410-414) undergoing one to four vessel CABG (CPT 33533-33536) were selected. To select for acquired heart disease, only patients age 40 and older were included. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to create a risk model. The C-statistic and the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test were used to evaluate the model. Bootstrap-validated C-statistic was calculated. RESULTS: A total of 2254 cases met selection criteria. Forty-nine patients (2.2%) died within 30 days. Six independent risk factors predictive of short-term mortality were identified including age, preoperative sodium, preoperative blood urea nitrogen, previous percutaneous coronary intervention, dyspnea at rest, and history of prior myocardial infarction. The C-statistic for this model was 0.773 while the bootstrap-validated C-statistic was 0.750. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test had a p-value of 0.675, suggesting the model does not overfit the data. CONCLUSIONS: The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program risk model has good discrimination for 30-day mortality following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The model employs six independent variables, making it easy to use in the clinical setting.