[Antimicrobial stewardship program in an Intensive Care Unit: A retrospective observational analysis of the results 15 months after its implementation]. / Programa de optimización del uso de antimicrobianos en un Servicio de Medicina Intensiva: análisis retrospectivo observacional de los resultados 15 meses después de su implementación.

OBJECTIVE: We aim to evaluate the adherence rate to an Antimicrobial Stewardship Program (ASP) in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and to assess its effect on the use of antibiotics, quality indicators and clinical outcomes. METHODS: Retrospective description of the interventions proposed by the ASP. We compared antimicrobial use, quality and safety indicators in an ASP versus a non-ASP period. The study was performed in a polyvalent ICU of a medium-size University Hospital (600 beds). We studied patients admitted to the ICU for any cause during the ASP period, provided that a microbiological sample aiming to diagnose a potential infection has been drawn, or antibiotics have been started. We elaborated and registered of non-mandatory recommendations to improve antimicrobial prescription (audit and feedback structure) and its registry during the ASP period (15 months, October 2018-December 2019). We compared indicators in a period with ASP (April-June 2019) and without ASP (April-June 2018). RESULTS: We issued 241 recommendations on 117 patients, 67% of them classified as de-escalation type. The rate of adherence to the recommendations was high (96.3%). In the ASP period, the mean number of antibiotics per patient (3.3±4.1 vs 2.4±1.7, p=0.04) and the days of treatment (155 DOT/100 PD vs 94 DOT/100 PD, p <0.01) were reduced. The implementation of the ASP did not compromise patient safety or produce changes in clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of an ASP is widely accepted in the ICU, reducing the consumption of antimicrobials, without compromising patient safety.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia by methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: do minimum inhibitory concentrations to vancomycin and daptomycin matter?

The use of vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) as an outcome predictor in patients with methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bacteremia has become an important topic for debate in the last few years. Given these previous results, we decided to investigate whether MICs to vancomycin or daptomycin had any effect on the evolution of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) due to MSSA. An observational, retrospective, multicenter study was conducted among patients with MSSA VAP. We analyzed the relationship between vancomycin and daptomycin MICs and early clinical response (72 h), 30-day mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS), and duration on mechanical ventilation. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Sixty-six patients from 12 centers were included. Twenty-six patients (39%) had an infection due to MSSA strains with a vancomycin MIC ≥1.5 µg/mL. Daptomycin MIC was determined in 58 patients, of whom 17 (29%) had an MIC ≥1.0 µg/mL. Ten patients (15%) did not respond to first-line treatment. Only daptomycin MIC ≥1.0 µg/mL had a significant association [odds ratio (OR): 30.00; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.91-60.41] with early treatment failure. The 30-day mortality was 12% (n = 8). Any variable was associated with mortality in the multivariate analysis. None of the variables studied were associated with ICU LOS or duration on mechanical ventilation. In patients with MSSA VAP, vancomycin MIC does not influence the response to antibiotic treatment or the 30-day mortality. Daptomycin MIC was directly related to early treatment failure.

[Managing the post-cardiac arrest syndrome. Directing Committee of the National Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Plan (PNRCP) of the Spanish Society for Intensive Medicine, Critical Care and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC)]. / Manejo del síndrome posparada cardíaca. Comité Directivo del Plan Nacional de Resuscitación Cardiopulmonary de la SEMICYUC (Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva, Crítica y Unidades Coronarias).

Since the advent of cardiopulmonary resuscitation more than 40 years ago, we have achieved a return to spontaneous circulation in a growing proportion of patients with cardiac arrest. Nevertheless, most of these patients die in the first few days after admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), and this situation has not improved over the years. Mortality in these patients is mainly associated to brain damage. Perhaps recognizing that cardiopulmonary resuscitation does not end with the return of spontaneous circulation but rather with the return of normal brain function and total stabilization of the patient would help improve the therapeutic management of these patients in the ICU. In this sense, the term cardiocerebral resuscitation proposed by some authors might be more appropriate. The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation recently published a consensus document on the "Post-Cardiac Arrest Syndrome" and diverse authors have proposed that post-arrest care be integrated as the fifth link in the survival chain, after early warning, early cardiopulmonary resuscitation by witnesses, early defibrillation, and early advanced life support. The therapeutic management of patients that recover spontaneous circulation after cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers based on life support measures and a series of improvised actions based on "clinical judgment" might not be the best way to treat patients with post-cardiac arrest syndrome. Recent studies indicate that using goal-guided protocols to manage these patients including therapeutic measures of proven efficacy, such as inducing mild therapeutic hypothermia and early revascularization, when indicated, can improve the prognosis considerably in these patients. Given that there is no current protocol based on universally accepted evidence, the Steering Committee of the National Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Plan of the Spanish Society of Intensive Medicine and Cardiac Units has elaborated this document after a thorough review of the literature and an online discussion involving all the members of the committee and a consensus meeting with the aim of providing a platform for the development of local protocols in different ICSs in our country to fit their own means and characteristics.

Absceso prostático como causa poco frecuente de shock séptico / Prostatic abscess as a unusual cause of septic shock

El absceso prostático es una enfermedad poco frecuente, asociada generalmente a prostatitis, y cuyo diagnóstico puede retrasarse por lo inespecífico de la clínica. Es aún más raro que aparezcan complicaciones graves sistémicas. Será preciso un alto nivel de sospecha y la realización de técnicas de imagen para llegar a un diagnóstico de certeza. Presentamos el caso de un paciente en situación de shock séptico secundario a un absceso de próstata. Tras revisar la bibliografía comprobamos que son escasos los casos documentados de complicaciones sistémicas graves de este tipo de pacientes (AU)

El propofol no inhibe la vasoconstricción pulmonar hipóxica / Propofol does not inhibit hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

Fundamento. El perfil farmacológico del propofol ha facilitado su uso en la sedación prolongada de pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar en cuidados intensivos. Los efectos del propofol sobre el corazón y la circulación sistémica han sido estudiados con detalle. Sin embargo, sus efectos sobre la circulación pulmonar son menos conocidos. En este estudio analizamos los efectos del propofol sobre la vasoconstricción pulmonar hipóxica (VPH).Métodos. Se midieron los cambios de la vasoconstricción pulmonar por hipoxia y angiotensina II antes y tras administrar propofol e intralipid en 42 preparaciones de pulmones aislados de ratas. Propofol e intralipid se aportaron entre dos pares de respuestas a hipoxia (grupos B, C, D y E) y angiotensina (F).Resultados. El grupo A fue el control. El grupo B fue tratado con 2 µg/ml de propofol; las respuestas a la hipoxia fueron de 10,41 (5,70) mmHg antes de propofol y 11,17 (5,17) mmHg tras propofol (p = 0,096). En el grupo C la concentración de propofol fue de 8 µg/ml y las respuestas fueron de 7,39 (2,37) y 8,75 (2,60) (p = 0,063). En el grupo D, la preparación fue pretratada con azul de metileno (140 µmol/l) y propofol 8 µg/ml, siendo las respuestas de 15,20 (2,28) y 15,60 (3,50) (p = 0,739). En el grupo E, se aportaron 20 µl de intralipid al 20 por ciento entre la segunda y tercera respuestas a la hipoxia. La respuesta previa a intralipid fue de 9,82 (3,96) mmHg y de 10,84 (3,68) mmHg las posteriores (p = 0,163). En el grupo F, se estudiaron 2 respuestas a angiotensina II antes y tras propofol 8 µg/ml. Las respuestas fueron de 7,55 (1,87) y 7,94 (2,40) mmHg (p = 0,41), respectivamente. Conclusiones. El propofol a las concentraciones estudiadas no modifica la VPH en el pulmón aislado de rata (AU)

Granulomatosis de Wegener de presentación con SDRA y fracaso renal agudo con anticuerpos anticitoplasma de neutrófilos / Wegner´s granulomatosis of ards presentation and acute venal failure with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies

Presentamos un caso de síndrome de distress respiratorio del adulto (SDRA) asociado a insuficiencia renal aguda en una enferma diagnosticada unas semanas antes de neumonía redonda. Se realizó a la enferma biopsia pulmonar por mini-toracotomía que sólo encontró hallazgos caracteristicos de SDRA. La enferma fue tratada con corticoides y ciclofosfamida en base a la positividad de c-ANCA. Se discute la utilidad de esta determinación en la enfermedad de Wegener y se concluye que esta determinación debe realizarse en este contexto clínico e instaurar tratamiento imnunosupresor ante su positividad (AU)

[Wegener's granulomatosis presenting with ARDS and acute kidney failure with neutrophil anticytoplasmic+ antibodies]. / Granulomatosis de Wegener de presentación con SDRA y fracaso renal agudo con anticuerpos anticitoplasma de neutrófilos.

We report a case of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associate to renal failure in a patient labeled of "round pneumonia" some weeks before. An open biopsy was made that only showed typical findings of ARDS. The patient was treated with corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide because of cANCA positivity. We discuss the utility of this determination in Wegener disease and we conclude that this determination should be made in this clinical setting and start immunosuppressive treatment when cANCA is positive.