Pacote de medidas para nutrição enteral em unidade de terapia intensiva adulto: pesquisa convergente-assistencial / Package of measures for enteral nutrition in adult intensive care unit: convergent assistant research

Objective:to create and to implement collectively bundles for the management of enteral nutrition in an adult intensive care unit. Method:it is a convergent care research developed in an adult intensive care unit, with 13 professionals: nurses, doctors, nutritionist and nursing technicians who worked in this place. There were discussion groups based on scientific evidence to build bundles for the management of enteral nutrition, implementing it in the studied scenario and in another similar sector of the institution. Three meetings were held with the participants to elaborate the instruments. Results:The bundles are composed by recommendations for: feeding catheter care, initiation and progression of enteral nutrition therapy, daily activities, extubation, tracheostomy, management of gastric residual volume, and episodes of diarrhea. Conclusion:the method favored the collective construction of the package of measures and its implementation, valuing each professional category in the adequate nutrition of critically ill adults.

Objetivo:elaborar e implementar, de modo coletivo, um pacote de medidas para o manejo da nutrição enteral em uma unidade de terapia intensiva adulto. Método: pesquisa convergente-assistencial desenvolvida em uma unidade de terapia intensiva adulto, com 13 profissionais, sendo eles: enfermeiros, médicos, nutricionista e técnicos de enfermagem que trabalhavam neste local. Foram compostos grupos de discussão embasados em evidências científicas para construir um pacote de medidas para o manejo da nutrição enteral, implementando-o no cenário estudado e em outro setor semelhante da instituição. Foram realizadas três reuniões com os participantes para elaboração dos instrumentos. Resultados: o pacote apresenta recomendações para: cuidados com o cateter de alimentação, início e progressão da terapia nutricional enteral, atividades diárias, extubação, traqueostomia, manejo do volume residual gástrico e episódios de diarreia. Conclusão: o método favoreceu a construção coletiva do pacote de medidas e sua implementação, valorizando cada categoria profissional na adequada nutrição de adultos em estado crítico.

Acute kidney injury and intra-abdominal hypertension in burn patients in intensive care. / Injúria renal aguda e hipertensão intra-abdominal em paciente queimado em terapia intensiva.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of intra-abdominal hypertension in major burn patients and its association with the occurrence of acute kidney injury. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study of a population of burn patients hospitalized in a specialized intensive care unit. A convenience sample was taken of adult patients hospitalized in the period from 1 August 2015 to 31 October 2016. Clinical and burn data were collected, and serial intra-abdominal pressure measurements taken. The significance level used was 5%. RESULTS: A total of 46 patients were analyzed. Of these, 38 patients developed intra-abdominal hypertension (82.6%). The median increase in intra-abdominal pressure was 15.0mmHg (interquartile range: 12.0 to 19.0). Thirty-two patients (69.9%) developed acute kidney injury. The median time to development of acute kidney injury was 3 days (interquartile range: 1 - 7). The individual analysis of risk factors for acute kidney injury indicated an association with intra-abdominal hypertension (p = 0.041), use of glycopeptides (p = 0.001), use of vasopressors (p = 0.001) and use of mechanical ventilation (p = 0.006). Acute kidney injury was demonstrated to have an association with increased 30-day mortality (log-rank, p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Intra-abdominal hypertension occurred in most patients, predominantly in grades I and II. The identified risk factors for the occurrence of acute kidney injury were intra-abdominal hypertension and use of glycopeptides, vasopressors and mechanical ventilation. Acute kidney injury was associated with increased 30-day mortality.

Analysis of cerebral blood flow and intracranial hypertension in critical patients with non-hepatic hyperammonemia.

Hyperammonemia in adults is generally associated with cerebral edema, decreased cerebral metabolism, and increased cerebral blood flow. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between non-hepatic hyperammonemia and intracranial hypertension assessed by Doppler flowmetry and measurement of the optic nerve sheath. A prospective cohort study in critically ill patients hospitalized in intensive care units of a University Hospital between March 2015 and February 2016. Clinical data and severity scores were collected and the Glasgow coma scale was recorded. Serial serum ammonia dosages were performed in all study patients. Transcranial Doppler evaluation was carried out for the first 50 consecutive results of each stratum of ammonemia: normal (<35 µmol/L), mild hyperammonemia (≥35 µmol/L and < 50 µmol/L), moderate hyperammonemia (≥50 µmol/L and < 100 µmol/L), and severe hyperammonemia (≥100 µmol/L). The measurement of the optic nerve sheath was performed at the same time as the Doppler examination if the patient scored less than 8 on the Glasgow coma scale. There was no difference in flow velocity in the cerebral arteries between patients with and without hyperammonemia. Patients with hyperammonemia presented longer ICU stay. Optic nerve sheath thickness was higher in the group with severe hyperammonemia and this group presented an association with intracranial hypertension. Higher mortality was observed in the severe hyperammonemia group. There was an association between severe hyperammonemia and signs of intracranial hypertension. No correlation was found between ammonia levels and cerebral blood flow velocity through the Doppler examination.

Injúria renal aguda e hipertensão intra-abdominal em paciente queimado em terapia intensiva / Acute kidney injury and intra-abdominal hypertension in burn patients in intensive care

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a frequência de hipertensão intra-abdominal no paciente grande queimado e sua associação com a ocorrência de injúria renal aguda. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo, com população de pacientes queimados internados nos leitos de unidade de terapia intensiva especializada. Realizada amostragem de conveniência de pacientes adultos internados no período de 1º de agosto de 2015 a 31 de outubro de 2016. Foram coletados dados clínicos e da queimadura, além de medidas seriadas da pressão intra-abdominal. O nível de significância utilizado foi de 5%. Resultados: Foram analisados 46 pacientes. Evoluíram com hipertensão intra-abdominal 38 pacientes (82,6%). A mediana da maior pressão intra-abdominal foi 15,0mmHg (intervalo interquartílico: 12,0 - 19,0). Desenvolveram injúria renal aguda 32 (69,9%) pacientes. A mediana do tempo para desenvolvimento de injúria renal aguda foi de 3 dias (intervalo interquartílico: 1 - 7). A análise individual de fatores de risco para injúria renal aguda apontou associação com hipertensão intra-abdominal (p = 0,041), uso de glicopeptídeos (p = 0,001), uso de vasopressor (p = 0,001) e uso de ventilação mecânica (p = 0,006). Foi evidenciada associação de injúria renal aguda com maior mortalidade em 30 dias (log-rank, p = 0,009). Conclusão: Ocorreu hipertensão intra-abdominal em grande parte dos pacientes estudados, predominantemente nos graus I e II. Os fatores de risco identificados para ocorrência de injúria renal aguda foram hipertensão intra-abdominal, uso de glicopeptídeos, vasopressor e ventilação mecânica. Injúria renal aguda esteve associada à maior mortalidade em 30 dias.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the frequency of intra-abdominal hypertension in major burn patients and its association with the occurrence of acute kidney injury. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of a population of burn patients hospitalized in a specialized intensive care unit. A convenience sample was taken of adult patients hospitalized in the period from 1 August 2015 to 31 October 2016. Clinical and burn data were collected, and serial intra-abdominal pressure measurements taken. The significance level used was 5%. Results: A total of 46 patients were analyzed. Of these, 38 patients developed intra-abdominal hypertension (82.6%). The median increase in intra-abdominal pressure was 15.0mmHg (interquartile range: 12.0 to 19.0). Thirty-two patients (69.9%) developed acute kidney injury. The median time to development of acute kidney injury was 3 days (interquartile range: 1 - 7). The individual analysis of risk factors for acute kidney injury indicated an association with intra-abdominal hypertension (p = 0.041), use of glycopeptides (p = 0.001), use of vasopressors (p = 0.001) and use of mechanical ventilation (p = 0.006). Acute kidney injury was demonstrated to have an association with increased 30-day mortality (log-rank, p = 0.009). Conclusion: Intra-abdominal hypertension occurred in most patients, predominantly in grades I and II. The identified risk factors for the occurrence of acute kidney injury were intra-abdominal hypertension and use of glycopeptides, vasopressors and mechanical ventilation. Acute kidney injury was associated with increased 30-day mortality.

Evaluation of the five-year operation period of a rapid response team led by an intensive care physician at a university hospital. / Avaliação de 5 anos de atuação de um time de resposta rápida liderado por médico intensivista em hospital universitário.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the implementation of a multidisciplinary rapid response team led by an intensive care physician at a university hospital. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study analyzed assessment forms that were completed during the assessments made by the rapid response team of a university hospital between March 2009 and February 2014. RESULTS: Data were collected from 1,628 assessments performed by the rapid response team for 1,024 patients and included 1,423 code yellow events and 205 code blue events. The number of assessments was higher in the first year of operation of the rapid response team. The multivariate analysis indicated that age (OR 1.02; 95%CI 1.02 - 1.03; p < 0.001), being male (OR 1.48; 95%CI 1.09 - 2.01; p = 0.01), having more than one assessment (OR 3.31; 95%CI, 2.32 - 4.71; p < 0.001), hospitalization for clinical care (OR 1.77; 95%CI 1.29 - 2.42; p < 0.001), the request of admission to the intensive care unit after the code event (OR 4.75; 95%CI 3.43 - 6.59; p < 0.001), and admission to the intensive care unit before the code event (OR 2.13; 95%CI 1.41 - 3.21; p = 0.001) were risk factors for hospital mortality in patients who were seen for code yellow events. CONCLUSION: The hospital mortality rates were higher than those found in previous studies. The number of assessments was higher in the first year of operation of the rapid response team. Moreover, hospital mortality was higher among patients admitted for clinical care.

Avaliação de 5 anos de atuação de um time de resposta rápida liderado por médico intensivista em hospital universitário / Evaluation of the five-year operation period of a rapid response team led by an intensive care physician at a university hospital

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a implementação de time de resposta rápida multidisciplinar liderado por médico intensivista em hospital universitário. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva realizado pela análise de fichas de atendimentos preenchidas durante os atendimentos realizados pelo time de resposta rápida do hospital universitário entre março de 2009 e fevereiro de 2014. Resultados: Foram coletados dados de 1.628 atendimentos realizados em 1.024 pacientes pelo time de resposta rápida, sendo 1.423 códigos amarelos e 205 códigos azuis. Houve maior número de atendimentos no primeiro ano, após implementação do time de resposta rápida. A análise multivariada identificou idade (OR 1,02; IC95% 1,02 - 1,03; p < 0,001), sexo masculino (OR 1,48; IC95% 1,09 - 2,01; p = 0,01), mais de um atendimento (OR 3,31; IC95% 2,32 - 4,71; p < 0,001), internação para especialidades clínicas (OR 1,77; IC95% 1,29 - 2,42; p < 0,001), pedido de vaga de unidade de terapia intensiva posterior ao código (OR 4,75; IC95% 3,43 - 6,59; p < 0,001) e admissão em unidade de terapia intensiva prévia ao código (OR 2,13, IC95% 1,41 - 3,21; p = 0,001) como fatores de risco para mortalidade hospitalar de pacientes atendidos em códigos amarelos. Conclusão: Os índices de mortalidade hospitalar foram elevados quando comparados aos da literatura e houve maior número de atendimentos no primeiro ano de atuação do time de resposta rápida. Houve maior mortalidade hospitalar entre pacientes internados para especialidades clínicas.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the implementation of a multidisciplinary rapid response team led by an intensive care physician at a university hospital. Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed assessment forms that were completed during the assessments made by the rapid response team of a university hospital between March 2009 and February 2014. Results: Data were collected from 1,628 assessments performed by the rapid response team for 1,024 patients and included 1,423 code yellow events and 205 code blue events. The number of assessments was higher in the first year of operation of the rapid response team. The multivariate analysis indicated that age (OR 1.02; 95%CI 1.02 - 1.03; p < 0.001), being male (OR 1.48; 95%CI 1.09 - 2.01; p = 0.01), having more than one assessment (OR 3.31; 95%CI, 2.32 - 4.71; p < 0.001), hospitalization for clinical care (OR 1.77; 95%CI 1.29 - 2.42; p < 0.001), the request of admission to the intensive care unit after the code event (OR 4.75; 95%CI 3.43 - 6.59; p < 0.001), and admission to the intensive care unit before the code event (OR 2.13; 95%CI 1.41 - 3.21; p = 0.001) were risk factors for hospital mortality in patients who were seen for code yellow events. Conclusion: The hospital mortality rates were higher than those found in previous studies. The number of assessments was higher in the first year of operation of the rapid response team. Moreover, hospital mortality was higher among patients admitted for clinical care.

Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study of Renal Failure in Patients Treated with Colistin versus Polymyxin B.

Nephrotoxicity is the main adverse effect of colistin and polymyxin B (PMB). It is not clear whether these two antibiotics are associated with different nephrotoxicity rates. We compared the incidences of renal failure (RF) in patients treated with colistimethate sodium (CMS) or PMB for ≥48 h. A multicenter prospective cohort study was performed that included patients aged ≥18 years. The primary outcome was renal failure (RF) according to Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and End-stage renal disease (RIFLE) criteria. Multivariate analysis with a Cox regression model was performed. A total of 491 patients were included: 81 in the CMS group and 410 in the PMB group. The mean daily doses in milligrams per kilogram of body weight were 4.2 ± 1.3 and 2.4 ± 0.73 of colistin base activity and PMB, respectively. The overall incidence of RF was 16.9% (83 patients): 38.3% and 12.7% in the CMS and PMB groups, respectively (P< 0.001). In multivariate analysis, CMS therapy was an independent risk factor for RF (hazard ratio, 3.35; 95% confidence interval, 2.05 to 5.48;P< 0.001) along with intensive care unit admission, higher weight, older age, and bloodstream and intraabdominal infections. CMS was also independently associated with a higher risk of RF in various subgroup analyses. The incidence of RF was higher in the CMS group regardless of the patient baseline creatinine clearance. The development of RF during therapy was not associated with 30-day mortality in multivariate analysis. CMS was associated with significantly higher rates of RF than those of PMB. Further studies are required to confirm our findings in other patient populations.

[Profile of patients with diabetes type 1: insulinotherapy and self-monitoring]. / Perfil de pacientes diabéticos tipo 1: insulinoterapia e automonitorização.

OBJECTIVES: A study carried out in Londrina - PR, with the cohort of local patients from Brazilian Study on the incidence of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 (EDID). To know the insulin treatment and the plan for glycemic self-monitoring used by these patients; to verify their knowledge as for what they consider the optimization of these parameters and limitations of use. METHODS: A survey was conducted with objective questions to 63 patients of the cohort. RESULTS: The average age was 13 years, without gender predominance. It was verified that most of the patients, 79.36%, (n=50) took at least 2 daily applications of insulin. All of them used insulin NPH in one (n=13) or two (n=50) doses. The use of regular insulin, in variable programs, was associated to the NPH in 41.27% (n=26) of the patients (The most frequent insulin type used was human 53.97% (n=34). Of the patients not making use of human insulin, 44.83% (n=13) considered it of high cost and 95.24% (n=60) would make use of it if it was distributed by the Government Unified Health System. As for the monitoring, 63.40% (n=40) took the tests up to 7 times a week, 20.63% (n=13) from 15 to 21 and only 1 patient from 29 to 35 tests. The high cost was the reason for 48.21% (n=27) not to take the tests; 58.73% (n=37) would take the test in the blood and 33.33% (n=21) either in the blood or in the urine if they were given the reactive ribbons. CONCLUSION: In this cohort of patients, although the human insulin is already adopted as the use of choice, the outline insulin treatment plan is still traditional and the monitoring is far behind the ideal.

Perfil de pacientes diabéticos tipo 1: insulinoterapia e automonitorizaçäo / Profile of patients with diabetes type 1: insulinotherapy and self-monitoring

Estudo realizado em Londrina - PR, com coorte local de pacientes do Estudo Brasileiro de Incidência de Diabetes Mellitus do tipo 1 (EBID). OBJETIVOS: Conhecer o tratamento insulínico e o esquema de automonitorizaçäo glicêmica utilizado por estes diabéticos; verificar o conhecimento quanto ao que consideram otimizaçäo destes parâmetros e limitaçöes de uso.MÉTODO: Realizou-se aplicaçäo de um inquérito com questöes objetivas em 63 pacientes da coorte.RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi de 13 anos, sem predominância de gênero. Constatou-se que a maioria dos diabéticos 79,36 por cento (n=50) realizava, no mínimo, duas aplicaçöes diárias de insulina. Todos utilizavam insulina NPH em uma (n=13) ou duas (n=50) doses. O uso de insulina regular, em esquemas variáveis, estava associado ao de NPH em 41,27 por cento (n=26) pacientes. O tipo de insulina mais utilizada foi a humana 53,97 por cento (n=34). Dos pacientes que näo faziam uso de insulina humana, 44,83 por cento (n=13) consideravam-na de alto custo. Entretanto, 95,24 por cento (n=60) fariam uso dela se fosse distribuída pelo Sistema Unico de Saúde. Quanto à monitorizaçäo, 63,40 por cento (n=40) realizavam testes até sete vezes semanais, 20,63 por cento (n=13) de 15 a 21 e somente um paciente de 29 a 35 testes. O alto custo foi o motivo de 48,21 por cento (n=27) para a näo realizaçäo dos testes; 58,73 por cento (n=37) os fariam no sangue e 33,33 por cento (n=21) no sangue e na urina, caso ganhassem as tiras reagentes.CONCLUSÄO: Nesta coorte, embora já se adote a insulina humana como de uso preferencial, o esquema insulínico ainda é tradicional e a monitorizaçäo fica muito aquém do ideal