Flash glucose monitoring system in patients with type 1 diabetes in healthcare center in Brazil: real world data from a short-term prospective study

ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate the alternate use of flash glucose monitoring (FGM) with self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG), in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Materials and methods: Two weeks of open FGM (P2), both preceded (P1) and followed by 2 weeks (P3) of SMBG with a blinded FGM system. Mean absolute relative difference (MARD) was calculated by (-FGMi − SMBGi-) / SMBGi, where it was a paired data sample. Results: In total, 34 patients were evaluated. Time in range (TIR) did not change between P1 and P2. In 12 patients (35.3%), TIR increased from 40% at P1 to 52% at P2 (p = 0.002) and in 22 (64.7%), TIR decreased or did not change. FGM use resulted in decreased % time spent in hypoglycemia (<70 mg/dL) (6.5% vs. 5.0%; p = 0.005), increased % time spent in hyperglycemia (>180 mg/dL) (44.5% to 51%; p = 0.046) with no significant change in % TIR. The proportion of patients who reached sensor-estimated glycated hemoglobin (eA1c) < 7% decreased from 23.5% at P1 to 12.9% at P2, p = 0.028. For the whole sample, the MARD between the two methods was 15.5% (95% CI 14.5-16.6%). For normal glucose range, hyperglycemic levels and hypoglycemic levels MARD were 16.0% (95% CI 15.0-17.0%), 13.3% (95% CI 11.5-15.2%) and 23.4% [95% CI 20.5-26.3%)], respectively. Conclusion: FGM after usual SMBG decreased the % time spent in hypoglycemia concomitant with an undesired increase in % time spent in hyperglycemia. Lower accuracy of FGM regarding hypoglycemia levels could result in overcorrection of hypoglycemia.

Flash glucose monitoring system in patients with type 1 diabetes in healthcare center in Brazil: real world data from a short-term prospective study.

Objective: To evaluate the alternate use of flash glucose monitoring (FGM) with self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG), in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Materials and methods: Two weeks of open FGM (P2), both preceded (P1) and followed by 2 weeks (P3) of SMBG with a blinded FGM system. Mean absolute relative difference (MARD) was calculated by (|FGMi - SMBGi|) / SMBGi, where it was a paired data sample. Results: In total, 34 patients were evaluated. Time in range (TIR) did not change between P1 and P2. In 12 patients (35.3%), TIR increased from 40% at P1 to 52% at P2 (p = 0.002) and in 22 (64.7%), TIR decreased or did not change. FGM use resulted in decreased % time spent in hypoglycemia (<70 mg/dL) (6.5% vs. 5.0%; p = 0.005), increased % time spent in hyperglycemia (>180 mg/dL) (44.5% to 51%; p = 0.046) with no significant change in % TIR. The proportion of patients who reached sensor-estimated glycated hemoglobin (eA1c) < 7% decreased from 23.5% at P1 to 12.9% at P2, p = 0.028. For the whole sample, the MARD between the two methods was 15.5% (95% CI 14.5-16.6%). For normal glucose range, hyperglycemic levels and hypoglycemic levels MARD were 16.0% (95% CI 15.0-17.0%), 13.3% (95% CI 11.5-15.2%) and 23.4% [95% CI 20.5-26.3%)], respectively. Conclusion: FGM after usual SMBG decreased the % time spent in hypoglycemia concomitant with an undesired increase in % time spent in hyperglycemia. Lower accuracy of FGM regarding hypoglycemia levels could result in overcorrection of hypoglycemia.

Pragmatic Clinic-Based Investigation of Glycemic Variability in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes in Routine Clinical Practice and Its Association With Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy: A Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between markers of glycemic variability (GV), assessed by blinded continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS: GV indices, such as SD and coefficient of variation were obtained by blinded CGM through an electrode inserted into the subcutaneous tissue for at least 3 consecutive days. CAN was assessed by cardiovascular reflex tests and HRV. RESULTS: Fifteen T1D patients were included: 7 (46.7%) women, aged 47.1 ± 11.6 years, with a diabetes duration of 26 years (20 to 29.5 years). Five patients (25%) were excluded from our study. The majority of our patients presented glycated hemoglobin (60%), SD (86.3%), and coefficient of variation (60%) above the established goals. Patients with defined CAN had a longer diabetes duration, higher glycated hemoglobin levels, lower glomerular filtration rate, lower prevalence of indices related to hypoglycemic stress, and short-term GV indices compared with patients without CAN. CONCLUSION: Our study showed an inverse association between GV and CAN. The most important risk factors associated with CAN were age, diabetes duration, and markers of chronic hyperglycemia. Furthermore, the difficulty in the interpretation of data extracted from the blinded CGM system, which also requires a minimum of 3 capillary blood glucose measurements for calibration, should be carefully analyzed to ensure the accuracy and usefulness of the blinded CGM system as a tool for diabetes management in developing countries. Further studies are necessary to establish the role of GV in the development of CAN in patients with T1D.

Human Leukocyte Antigens class II (HLA II) gene profile from an admixed population of patients with type 1 diabetes with severe diabetic retinopathy: a nested case-control study in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Although the well-established role of the HLA genes on the predisposition of type 1 diabetes (T1D), its contribution to the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy is still unclear, especially in admixed populations. We aimed to study the relationship between HLA alleles and severe diabetic retinopathy in a highly admixed population of T1D patients. METHODS: This was a nested case-control study based on a cross-sectional, nationwide survey conducted in Brazil. We included 117 patients with severe diabetic retinopathy and 117 random controls composed of T1D patients without retinopathy, matched for diabetes duration. HLA-class II genes (HLA-DRB1, -DQA1, and -DQB1) were genotyped using the SSO and NGS methods. RESULTS: Haplotypes HLA-DRB1*04:05 ~ DQA1*03:01 g ~ DQB1*03:02 (OR 1.75, CI 0.97-3.16, p value 0.058) and HLA-DRB1*13:02 ~ DQA1*01:02 ~ DQB1*06:04 (OR 5.18, CI 1.12-23.09, p value 0.019) were more prevalent on the severe DR group but they did not present statistically difference after Bonferroni correction. The most frequent haplotype on both groups was HLA-DRB1*03:01 ~ DQA1*05:01 g ~ DQB1*02:01 (29.6% on severe DR and 33.33% on the control group). CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed no influence of HLA genes on the development of DR. Further longitudinal data is needed to better understand the role of genetic factors on this multifactorial significant microvascular complication.

Telemonitoring type 1 diabetes patients during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: was it useful?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of telemonitoring in detecting clinical and psychological needs and adherence to the protective measures imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic in addition to providing remote assistance for patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in a public university center in Brazil. METHODS: Telemonitoring protocol included phone calls and e-mails. Patients were asked to rate COVID-19-like symptoms, psychological symptoms, epidemiological issues, and adherence to diabetes management (insulin, exercise, and diet) using a 0-to-10 scale. An e-mail address and phone number were offered for further contact if needed. Clinical, demographic, and laboratorial data from the consultations before the pandemic were collected from medical records. RESULTS: Among 321 patients with a previously scheduled consultation over the first 15 weeks of social distancing, 237 (73.8%) could be successfully contacted. Of these, 207 (87.3%) were exclusively evaluated by telemonitoring (190 only by phone or text message and 17 who were also reached by email), and 30 (12.7%) patients attended the consultation for medical reasons detected during the telephone screening. Overall, 44 (18.5%) patients reported COVID-19-like symptoms. One (2.3%) patient was hospitalized and subsequently died. Psychological symptoms were reported by 137 (60.4%) patients and 30 (12.7%) required remote psychological assistance. Appropriate social distancing was performed by 203 (87.9%) patients, and 221 (97.8%) referred use of masks. CONCLUSION: Telemonitoring T1D patients during the pandemic helped reduce the need for in-person consultations, detect clinical and psychological needs, and offer support to patients in addition to monitoring suspected COVID-19 cases and the adherence to protective measures.

Health-related quality of life in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus in the different geographical regions of Brazil: data from the Brazilian Type 1 Diabetes Study Group.

BACKGROUND: In type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) management, enhancing health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is as important as good metabolic control and prevention of secondary complications. This study aims to evaluate possible regional differences in HRQoL, demographic features and clinical characteristics of patients with T1DM in Brazil, a country of continental proportions, as well as investigate which variables could influence the HRQoL of these individuals and contribute to these regional disparities. METHODS: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional, multicenter study performed by the Brazilian Type 1 Diabetes Study Group (BrazDiab1SG), by analyzing EuroQol scores from 3005 participants with T1DM, in 28 public clinics, among all geographical regions of Brazil. Data on demography, economic status, chronic complications, glycemic control and lipid profile were also collected. RESULTS: We have found that the North-Northeast region presents a higher index in the assessment of the overall health status (EQ-VAS) compared to the Southeast (74.6 ± 30 and 70.4 ± 19, respectively; p < 0.05). In addition, North-Northeast presented a lower frequency of self-reported anxiety-depression compared to all regions of the country (North-Northeast: 1.53 ± 0.6; Southeast: 1.65 ± 0.7; South: 1.72 ± 0.7; Midwest: 1.67 ± 0.7; p < 0.05). These findings could not be entirely explained by the HbA1c levels or the other variables examined. CONCLUSIONS: Our study points to the existence of additional factors not yet evaluated that could be determinant in the HRQoL of people with T1DM and contribute to these regional disparities.

Predictors of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN), although considered as an independent risk factor for CVD, remains underdiagnosed. The aim of this paper was to determine the prevalence, predictors of CAN in patients with T1D and its association with other chronic complications of diabetes. Patients with T1D underwent a clinical-epidemiological survey, had blood and urinary samples collected, performed ophthalmoscopic and clinical neurological examination and cardiovascular reflex tests. One hundred and fifty one patients with T1D, 53.6% female, 45.7% Caucasian, mean age of 33.4 ± 13 years, diabetes duration of 16.3 ± 9.5 years, and glycated hemoglobin levels of 9.1 ± 2% were evaluated. The prevalence of CAN in the studied population was 30.5%. CAN was associated with age (p = 0.01), diabetes duration (p = 0.036), hypertension (p = 0.001), resting heart rate (HR) (p = 0.000), HbA1c (p = 0.048), urea (p = 0.000), creatinine (p = 0.008), glomerular filtration rate (p = 0.000), urinary albumin concentration (p = 0.000), LDL (p = 0.048), free T4 (p = 0.023), hemoglobin (p = 0.01) and presence of retinopathy (p = 0.000), nephropathy (p = 0.000) and diabetic neuropathy (p = 0.000), the following symptoms syncope (p = 0.000), post prandial nausea (p = 0.042), early satiety (p = 0.031), sexual dysfunction (p = 0.049), and gustatory sweating (p = 0.018). In logistic regression model, it was observed that only resting HR, diabetic neuropathy, and retinopathy were independent associated with CAN. In conclusion, CAN is a common chronic complication of T1D affecting about 30% of the studied population and is associated with the presence of other chronic complications. Indicators of CAN included age, diabetes duration, hypertension, resting HR, diabetic neuropathy and retinopathy, and symptoms suggestive of autonomic neuropathy. This study confirms the importance of systematic and early screening for CAN.

Determinants of intensive insulin therapeutic regimens in patients with type 1 diabetes: data from a nationwide multicenter survey in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the determinants of intensive insulin regimens (ITs) in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS: This multicenter study was conducted between December 2008 and December 2010 in 28 public clinics in 20 Brazilian cities. Data were obtained from 3,591 patients (56.0% female, 57.1% Caucasian). Insulin regimens were classified as follows: group 1, conventional therapy (CT) (intermediate human insulin, one to two injections daily); group 2 (three or more insulin injections of intermediate plus regular human insulin); group 3 (three or more insulin injections of intermediate human insulin plus short-acting insulin analogues); group 4, basal-bolus (one or two insulin injections of long-acting plus short-acting insulin analogues or regular insulin); and group 5, basal-bolus with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). Groups 2 to 5 were considered IT groups. RESULTS: We obtained complete data from 2,961 patients. Combined intermediate plus regular human insulin was the most used therapeutic regimen. CSII was used by 37 (1.2%) patients and IT by 2,669 (90.2%) patients. More patients on IT performed self-monitoring of blood glucose and were treated at the tertiary care level compared to CT patients (p < 0.001). The majority of patients from all groups had HbA1c levels above the target. Overweight or obesity was not associated with insulin regimen. Logistic regression analysis showed that economic status, age, ethnicity, and level of care were associated with IT (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Given the prevalence of intensive treatment for T1D in Brazil, more effective therapeutic strategies are needed for long term-health benefits.

Relationship between adherence to diet, glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 1 diabetes: a nationwide survey in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: To determine the relationship between adherence to the diet reported by patients with type 1 diabetes under routine clinical care in Brazil, and demographic, socioeconomic status, glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, multicenter study conducted between December 2008 and December 2010 in 28 public clinics in 20 Brazilian cities. The data was obtained from 3,180 patients, aged 22 ± 11.8 years (56.3% females, 57.4% Caucasians and 43.6% non-Caucasians). The mean time since diabetes diagnosis was 11.7 ± 8.1 years. RESULTS: Overall, 1,722 (54.2%) of the patients reported to be adherent to the diet without difference in gender, duration of diabetes and socioeconomic status. Patients who reported adherence to the diet had lower BMI, HbA1c, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, non HDL-cholesterol and diastolic blood pressure and had more HbA1c at goal, performed more frequently self-monitoring of blood glucose (p < 0.001), and reported less difficulties to follow specific schedules of diet plans (p < 0.001). Less patients who reported to be adherent were obese or overweight (p = 0.005). The quantity of food and time schedule of the meals were the most frequent complaints. Logistic regression analysis showed that ethnicity, (Caucasians, (OR 1.26 [1.09-1.47]), number of medical clinical visits in the last year (OR 1.10 [1.06-1.15]), carbohydrate counting, (OR 2.22 [1.49-3.30]) and diets recommended by diabetes societies', (OR 1.57 [1.02-2.41]) were related to greater patients' adherence (p < 0.05) and age, [adolescents (OR 0.60 [0.50-0.72]), high BMI (OR 0.58 [0.94-0.98]) and smoking (OR 0.58 [0.41-0.84]) with poor patients' adherence (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that it is necessary to rethink medical nutrition therapy in order to help patients to overcome barriers that impair an optimized adherence to the diet.

Heterogeneity in the costs of type 1 diabetes in a developing country: what are the determining factors?

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Regional differences in the clinical care of Type 1 diabetes (T1D) in Brazil have been recently described. This study aimed to estimate the costs of T1D from the public health care system's perspective across the regions of Brazil and to determine the components that influence these costs. METHODS: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional and nationwide multicenter study conducted between December 2008 and December 2010 in 28 public clinics in 20 Brazilian cities. The study included 3,180 T1D subjects receiving healthcare from the National Brazilian Healthcare System (NBHCS) with a follow-up of at least one year. The direct medical costs were derived from the costs of medications, supplies, examinations, visits to the center, medical procedures and hospitalizations that occurred during the previous year. Clinical and demographic factors that determined the differences in the cost across four geographic regions (southeast, south, north/northeast and mid-west) were investigated. RESULTS: The per capita mean annual direct medical costs of T1D in US$ were 1,466.36, 1,252.83, 1,148.09 and 1,396.30 in southeast, south, north/northeast and mid-west regions, respectively. The costs of T1D in the southeast region were higher compared to south (p < 0.001) and north/northeast regions (p = < 0.001), but not to the mid-west (p = 0.146) region. The frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) was different across the regions as well as the daily number of SMBG, use of insulin pumps or basal or prandial insulin analogs. Age, ethnicity, duration of diabetes, level of care, socioeconomic status and the prevalence of chronic diabetic complications differed among the regions. In a regression model the determinants of the costs were the presence of microvascular diabetes-related complications (p < 0.001), higher economic status (p < 0.001), and being from the southeast region (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The present data reinforce the regional differences in the costs of T1D and in the socioeconomic profile and health care provided to the patients with T1D in specialized public centers in Brazil. Both factors influenced directly the costs of T1D and should be considered for discussing future health policies.

The cost of type 1 diabetes: a nationwide multicentre study in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the direct medical costs of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) to the National Brazilian Health-Care System (NBHCS) and quantify the contribution of each individual component to the total cost. METHODS: A retrospective, cross-sectional, nationwide multicentre study was conducted between 2008 and 2010 in 28 public clinics in 20 Brazilian cities. The study included 3180 patients with T1DM (mean age 22 years ± 11.8) who were surveyed while receiving health care from the NBHCS. The mean duration of their diabetes was 10.3 years (± 8.0). The costs of tests and medical procedures, insulin pumps, and supplies for administration, and supplies for self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) were obtained from national and local health system sources for 2010-2011. Annual direct medical costs were derived by adding the costs of medications, supplies, tests, medical consultations, procedures and hospitalizations over the year preceding the interview. FINDINGS: The average annual direct medical cost per capita was 1319.15 United States dollars (US$). Treatment-related expenditure - US$ 1216.33 per patient per year - represented 92.20% of total direct medical costs. Insulin administration supplies and SMBG (US$ 696.78 per patient per year) accounted for 52.82% of these total costs. Together, medical procedures and haemodialysis accounted for 5.73% (US$ 75.64 per patient per year) of direct medical costs. Consultations accounted for 1.94% of direct medical costs (US$ 25.62 per patient per year). CONCLUSION: Health technologies accounted for most direct medical costs of T1DM. These data can serve to reassess the distribution of resources for managing T1DM in Brazil's public health-care system.

Reproducibility of methods used for the assessment of autonomous nervous system's function.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of the day-to-day variability of the measures of heart rate variability (HRV) on the sample size calculation for the study of cardiac autonomic neuropathy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed HRV in the frequency domain [very low (VLF), low (LF), and high frequency (HF) bands] and in the time domain [the root mean squared of successive RR intervals differences (RMSSD); the mean RR intervals (RRNN); the standard deviation of RR intervals (SDNN) and the coefficient of variation (CV)] during a 5-min electrocardiogram record. We also analyzed the heart rate response to deep breathing [expiration:inspiration ratio], to the Valsalva maneuver and to standing [maximum:minimum ratio] and the blood pressure response to standing. The day-to-day variability was assessed by calculating the within-subject standard deviations (WSSD), limits of agreement, typical errors and the ratio of the WSSD to the mean values obtained on days 1 and 2 (WSSD/GM). RESULTS: Sixty-seven healthy subjects (45 females), aged 27 (19-39) years, were recruited. The RMSSD, CV, VLF, LF, HF and blood pressure response to standing showed marked variability (WSDD/GM (%)=237.7, 455.1, 69.9, 126.5, 81.3 and 380.5, respectively), while the RRNN, SDNN, Valsalva, expiration:inspiration and maximum:minimum ratio showed less variability (WSSD/GM (%)=6.4, 24.5, 18.6, 11.0 and 14.1, respectively). The minimum differences expected to be statistically significant for the autonomic measurements were calculated. CONCLUSION: Some tests that assess HRV showed adequate reproducibility. This study allows the determination of a sample size calculation for longitudinal or drug-testing studies.

Prevalence, awareness, and treatment of hypertension in patients with type 1 diabetes: a nationwide multicenter study in Brazil.

Objective. This study evaluated the prevalence, awareness, and type of treatment for hypertension in Brazil in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods. This was a cross-sectional, multicenter study that was conducted from December 2008 to December 2010 in 28 public clinics located in 20 Brazilian cities. Results. A total of 3,591 patients were studied, 56% female, average age 21.2 ± 11.7 years, with a median duration of diabetes 9.6 ± 8.1 years. Blood pressure levels were available for a total of 3,323 patients and 689 (19.2%) patients were hypertensive. Hypertensive patients were older, exhibited longer duration of diabetes, and had higher body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-C values (P < 0.001, for all comparisons), but only 370 (53.7%) received treatment. Patient awareness of hypertension was documented in 453 (65.5%) patients. However, only 76 (22.9%) of the treated patients attained the target systolic (sBP) and diastolic blood pressures (dBP). Conclusions. Our results demonstrate that a large number of T1D patients with hypertension do not receive appropriate treatment; few of the treated T1D patients achieved the target sBP and dBP values. Greater attention should be paid to blood pressure evaluation, hypertension diagnosis, and treatment of T1D patients in Brazil.

Impact of diabetes on cardiovascular disease: an update.

Cardiovascular diseases are the most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The proposed mechanisms that can link accelerated atherosclerosis and increased cardiovascular risk in this population are poorly understood. It has been suggested that an association between hyperglycemia and intracellular metabolic changes can result in oxidative stress, low-grade inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Recently, epigenetic factors by different types of reactions are known to be responsible for the interaction between genes and environment and for this reason can also account for the association between diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The impact of clinical factors that may coexist with diabetes such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension are also discussed. Furthermore, evidence that justify screening for subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic patients is controversial and is also matter of this review. The purpose of this paper is to describe the association between poor glycemic control, oxidative stress, markers of insulin resistance, and of low-grade inflammation that have been suggested as putative factors linking diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Regional differences in clinical care among patients with type 1 diabetes in Brazil: Brazilian Type 1 Diabetes Study Group.

BACKGROUND: To determine the characteristics of clinical care offered to type 1 diabetic patients across the four distinct regions of Brazil, with geographic and contrasting socioeconomic differences. Glycemic control, prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, screening for chronic complications and the frequency that the recommended treatment goals were met using the American Diabetes Association guidelines were evaluated. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, multicenter study conducted from December 2008 to December 2010 in 28 secondary and tertiary care public clinics in 20 Brazilian cities in north/northeast, mid-west, southeast and south regions. The data were obtained from 3,591 patients (56.0% females and 57.1% Caucasians) aged 21.2 ± 11.7 years with a disease duration of 9.6 ± 8.1 years (<1 to 50 years). RESULTS: Overall, 18.4% patients had HbA1c levels <7.0%, and 47.5% patients had HbA1c levels ≥ 9%. HbA1c levels were associated with lower economic status, female gender, age and the daily frequency of self-blood glucose monitoring (SBGM) but not with insulin regimen and geographic region. Hypertension was more frequent in the mid-west (32%) and north/northeast (25%) than in the southeast (19%) and south (17%) regions (p<0.001). More patients from the southeast region achieved LDL cholesterol goals and were treated with statins (p<0.001). Fewer patients from the north/northeast and mid-west regions were screened for retinopathy and nephropathy, compared with patients from the south and southeast. Patients from the south/southeast regions had more intensive insulin regimens than patients from the north/northeast and mid-west regions (p<0.001). The most common insulin therapy combination was intermediate-acting with regular human insulin, mainly in the north/northeast region (p<0.001). The combination of insulin glargine with lispro and glulisine was more frequently used in the mid-west region (p<0.001). Patients from the north/northeast region were younger, non-Caucasian, from lower economic status, used less continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, performed less SBGM and were less overweight/obese (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A majority of patients, mainly in the north/northeast and mid-west regions, did not meet metabolic control goals and were not screened for diabetes-related chronic complications. These results should guide governmental health policy decisions, specific to each geographic region, to improve diabetes care and decrease the negative impact diabetes has on the public health system.

[Evaluation of cardiovascular risk according to Framingham criteria in patients with type 2 diabetes]. / Avaliação do risco cardiovascular segundo os critérios de Framingham em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to evaluate cardiovascular risk (CR) in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients according to Framingham criteria and its possible relationship with other risk factors not included in the Framingham score. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We evaluated 333 T2DM outpatients (215 females), aged 56.9+/-9.7 years followed regularly from March 2004 to February 2005 in the Diabetes Unit in our University Hospital. The known diabetes duration was 12 (0-43) years. In order to determinate the risk of death from coronary artery disease (CAD), we applied the Framingham score. Patients were classified in two groups, according to their probability of having a cardiovascular event in ten years: 20%. We intended to establish a correlation between the CR verified in this population and other variables probably related to CR not included on Framingham score. RESULTS: The CR in ten years was 18.7+/-10.8% in the whole population, being higher in male than female [20% (2-53) vs. 15% (1-27); p<0.001]. Fifty five percent of males and 38.6% of females had a CR>20% according to Framingham score (p=0.003). The CR was related to diabetes duration, triglycerides (TG), creatinine and 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose (2G) levels and abdominal circumference (AC) either according to International Diabetes Federation (p<0.001) or World Health Organization (p=0.003) criteria. In the stepwise multivariate analyses we found an independent and significant correlation of CR with the following variables: gender (male), diabetes duration, plasma creatinine levels, AC and TG (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our T2DM patients represent a high-risk population for cardiovascular events according to the Framingham score, mainly males. Routine use of Framingham score, which is feasible and noninvasive, could identify such patients and institute precocious and intensive measures in order to reduce their cardiovascular risk.

[Early infancy onset of type 1A diabetes mellitus in dizygotic twins: association with genetic and environmental factors]. / Diabetes melito do tipo 1A na primeira infância de gêmeos dizigóticos: associação entre fatores genéticos e ambientais.

The onset of type 1A diabetes before the first year of age is a rare condition and is probably due to an interaction between genetic and environmental factors (infection), which, together, may explain such an early event. Studies say that about 15% of newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic patients had human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) specific viral genome in their lymphocytes. We report two cases of dizygotic twins with type 1 diabetes onset in their first 9 months of age, with genetic homogeneity (for HLA DR3/DR4 alleles), a history of CMV infection (positive IgG and urinary PCR) and positive antibody anti-GAD (9.6 UI/ml), present only in the second twin. Although they were dizygotic twins, which concordance rate is 3.8%, they assume the equivalent risk as monozygotic (40%) as they have similar high risk genotype (HLA) for type 1 diabetes. We believe that both time concordance and also the early onset of diabetes are due to an association between infection and the high genetic liability.

Avaliação do risco cardiovascular segundo os critérios de Framingham em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 / Evaluation of cardiovascular risk according to Framingham criteria in patients with type 2 diabetes

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o risco cardiovascular (RCV) em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) de acordo com os critérios de Framingham, e sua associação com outros fatores não incluídos no escore de Framingham. DESENHO DO ESTUDO E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados, em corte transverso, 333 pacientes DM2 (215 do sexo feminino) com média de idade de 59,6 ± 9,7 anos, acompanhados no Serviço de Diabetes e Metabologia do HUPE no período de março de 2004 a fevereiro de 2005. A duração conhecida do diabetes foi de 12 (0 a 43) anos. Foi aplicado o escore de Framingham em todos os pacientes para determinação do risco de morte por doença coronariana. Os pacientes foram estratificados em grupos quanto ao RCV em 10 anos: < 20 por cento e > 20 por cento de probabilidade de apresentar um evento CV. RESULTADOS: O RCV, em 10 anos na amostra estudada, foi de 18,7 ± 10,8 por cento, sendo maior no sexo masculino do que no feminino [20 por cento (2­53) vs. 15 por cento (1­27), p< 0,001]. A prevalência de risco > 20 por cento do escore de Framingham foi maior no sexo masculino (55,1 por cento) do que no feminino (38,6 por cento) (p= 0,003). O RCV foi correlacionado à duração conhecida do DM, níveis de triglicerídeos (TGs), creatinina, glicemia pós-prandial e circunferência abdominal (CA). Houve associação do RCV com a CA, pela classificação da IDF (International Diabetes Federation) (p< 0,001) e Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) (p= 0,003). Na regressão múltipla em stepwise, encontramos correlação significativa e independente do RCV com as seguintes variáveis: sexo masculino, duração conhecida do DM, creatinina plasmática, CA e TGs (p< 0,001). CONCLUSÕES: A população diabética estudada apresentou alto risco para eventos cardiovasculares segundo os critérios de Framingham, principalmente os pacientes do sexo masculino. Considerando-se o elevado custo das investigações cardiológicas para o sistema de saúde público, estudos posteriores poderão ratificar...

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to evaluate cardiovascular risk (CR) in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients according to Framingham criteria and its possible relationship with other risk factors not included in the Framingham score. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We evaluated 333 T2DM outpatients (215 females), aged 56.9 ± 9.7 years followed regularly from March 2004 to February 2005 in the Diabetes Unit in our Universitary Hospital. The known diabetes duration was 12 (0­43) years. In order to determinate the risk of death from coronary artery disease (CAD), we applied the Framingham score. Patients were classified in two groups, according to their probability of having a cardiovascular event in ten years: < 20 percent and > 20 percent. We intended to establish a correlation between the CR verified in this population and other variables probably related to CR not included on Framingham score. RESULTS: The CR in ten years was 18.7 ± 10.8 percent in the whole population, being higher in male than female [20 percent (2­53) vs. 15 percent (1­27); p< 0.001]. Fifty five percent of males and 38.6 percent of females had a CR > 20 percent according to Framingham score (p= 0.003). The CR was related to diabetes duration, triglycerides (TG), creatinine and 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose (2G) levels and abdominal circumference (AC) either according to International Diabetes Federation (p< 0.001) or World Health Organization (p= 0.003) criteria. In the stepwise multivariate analyses we found an independent and significant correlation of CR with the following variables: gender (male), diabetes duration, plasma creatinine levels, AC and TG (p< 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our T2DM patients represent a high-risk population for cardiovascular events according to the Framingham score, mainly males. Routine use of Framingham score, which is feasible and noninvasive, could identify such patients and institute precocious and intensive measures...

Diabetes melito do tipo 1A na primeira infância de gêmeos dizigóticos: associação entre fatores genéticos e ambientais / Early infancy onset of type 1A diabetes mellitus in dizygotic twins: association with genetic and environmental factors

O Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1A diagnosticado antes do 1° ano de vida é uma condição rara, podendo haver uma associação entre fatores genéticos e ambientais (infecção) que explique tal precocidade. Foi descrita a presença do genoma do Citomegalovírus (CMV) nos linfócitos, em cerca de 15 por cento de novos casos de DM1. Relatamos os casos de desenvolvimento do diabetes em gêmeos dizigóticos do sexo masculino, nos primeiros 9 meses de idade com identidade nos alelos HLA (DR3/DR4) e história de infecção pelo CMV em ambos, comprovada por IgG+ e PCR urinária. Apenas o 2° gemelar apresentava o anticorpo anti-GAD positivo (9,6 UI/mL). Apesar de tratar-se de gêmeos dizigóticos, cuja taxa de concordância para diabetes, na literatura, é de 3,8 por cento, assumem risco equivalente a monozigóticos (de 40 por cento) por apresentarem HLA de alto risco para o diabetes. Acreditamos que tanto a concordância temporal como o início precoce do diabetes são decorrentes da associação entre infecção por CMV e forte suscetibilidade genética.

The onset of type 1A diabetes before the first year of age is a rare condition and is probably due to an interaction between genetic and environmental factors (infection), which, together, may explain such an early event. Studies say that about 15 percent of newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic patients had human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) specific viral genome in their lymphocytes. We report two cases of dizygotic twins with type 1 diabetes onset in their first 9 months of age, with genetic homogeneity (for HLA DR3/DR4 alleles), a history of CMV infection (positive IgG and urinary PCR) and positive antibody anti-GAD (9.6 UI/ml), present only in the second twin. Although they were dizygotic twins, which concordance rate is 3.8 percent, they assume the equivalent risk as monozygotic (40 percent) as they have similar high risk genotype (HLA) for type 1 diabetes. We believe that both time concordance and also the early onset of diabetes are due to an association between infection and the high genetic liability.