ABSTRACT
Ferroptosis is a type of cell death that is caused by the oxidation of lipids and is dependent on the presence of iron. It was first characterized by Brent R. Stockwell in 2012, and since then, research in the field of ferroptosis has rapidly expanded. The process of ferroptosis-induced cell death is genetically, biochemically, and morphologically distinct from other forms of cellular death, such as apoptosis, necroptosis, and non-programmed cell death. Extensive research has been devoted to comprehending the intricate process of ferroptosis and the various factors that contribute to it. While the majority of these studies have focused on examining the effects of lipid metabolism and mitochondria on ferroptosis, recent findings have highlighted the significant involvement of signaling pathways and associated proteins, including Nrf2, P53, and YAP/TAZ, in this process. This review provides a concise summary of the crucial signaling pathways associated with ferroptosis based on relevant studies. It also elaborates on the drugs that have been employed in recent years to treat ferroptosis-related diseases by targeting the relevant signaling pathways. The established and potential therapeutic targets for ferroptosis-related diseases, such as cancer and ischemic heart disease, are systematically addressed.
ABSTRACT
A series of novel imidazo[4,5-d]azepine compounds derived from marine natural product ceratamine A were designed and synthesized in 7 steps. Most compounds exhibited comparable cytotoxicity against five human cancer cell lines (HCT-116, HepG2, BGC-823, A549 and A2780) to natural product ceratamine A. Compound 1k, bearing methoxy group at C-14, C-15 and C-16, showed the best in vitro cytotoxicity, which was better than ceratamine A. The structure and activity relationships study showed that the benzyloxymethyl group on N-3 played an important role on the cytotoxicity.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Azepines/chemistry , Biological Products/pharmacology , Imidazoles/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Azepines/chemical synthesis , Azepines/pharmacology , Biological Products/chemical synthesis , Biological Products/chemistry , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Humans , Imidazoles/chemical synthesis , Imidazoles/pharmacology , Molecular Structure , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
The total synthesis of ceratamine A, a natural microtubule-stabilizing agent with unusual cellular effects, has been accomplished starting from 5-methoxybenzimidazole in 10 steps in an overall yield of 12.7%. The key steps in the synthesis involved the Schmidt rearrangement to construct the azepine ring, the alkylation of lactam to introduce the C-5 benzylic side chain, and the highly economical SNAr reaction to install the C-2 methylamine residue.
Subject(s)
Azepines/chemical synthesis , Imidazoles/chemical synthesis , Microtubules/chemistry , Animals , Azepines/chemistry , Imidazoles/chemistry , Molecular Structure , Porifera/chemistry , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
Three series of novel imidazoline derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their p53-MDM2 binding inhibitory activities, and anti-proliferation activities against PC3, A549, KB, and HCT116 cancer cell lines. Five of the tested compounds showed enhanced p53-MDM2 binding inhibitory potency and anti-proliferation activities in comparison with that of Nutlin-1. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that compound 7c, one of the most potent p53-MDM2 binding inhibitors with a K(i) value of 0.6 µM, showed its ability to arrest cell cycle progression.
