QTL-seq analysis identified the genomic regions of plant height and days to heading in high-latitude rice.

Introduction: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most extensive crops in the world. China's Heilongjiang Province is the northernmost rice-growing region in the world. However, rice cultivars suitable for growth in low-latitude regions may not mature normally due to their distinct climate and short frost-free period. It is necessary to precisely determine the frost-free period for each region to make the best use of the rice growth stage so as to ensure the maturity and yield of different rice cultivars in Heilongjiang Province. The time span of the heading stage is a key parameter for evaluating the adaptability of a rice cultivar to a specific rice-growing region. Given the above facts, it is of high importance to study the associated genes and sites controlling days to heading (DH) and plant height (PH) of rice in Heilongjiang Province. Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) combined with high-throughput sequencing can effectively exclude interferences from background genomic differences, making it suitable for analyzing the associated sites of complex agronomic traits in early generations. Methods: In this study, an F3 segregating population was obtained by crossing two main cultivars that are grown under different temperatures and day-light conditions in Heilongjiang. Two pools of extreme phenotypes were built for the DH and PH of the population. For SNP and InDel variants obtained from whole-genome resequencing in the pools, an association analysis was performed using the Euclidean distance (ED) algorithm and the SNP/InDel index algorithm. Results: The intersection of SNP and InDel regions associated with the phenotypes was considered to obtain the final associated sites. After excluding interferences from the cloned genes on chromosomes 2 and 7, a total length of 6.34 Mb on chromosomes 1, 3, and 10 and 3.16 Mb on chromosomes 1 and 10 were left associated with PH and DH, respectively. Then, we performed a gene annotation analysis for candidate genes in the remaining regions using multiple genome annotation databases. Our research provides basic data for subsequent gene mapping and cloning. Discussion: By mining more genetic loci associated with the days to heading and plant height of rice, we may provide abundant genetic resources for refined molecular breeding in Heilongjiang Province.

Magnetic molecular imprinted covalent organic framework composite for the magnetic solid-phase extraction of bisphenol AF.

A magnetic molecular imprinted covalent organic framework composite (MCOF-MIP) that possessed the 'dual-selectivity' of a covalent organic framework and molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) with rapid response performance was successfully prepared for the removal of bisphenol AF (BPAF) from real water and blood samples. First, the MCOF was separately synthesized using magnetic Fe3O4 as the magnetic core, 1,3,5-triaminobenzene and 2,5-dibromobenzene-1,4-diformaldehyde as precursors and a deep eutectic solvent (DES) as the solvent using a solvothermal synthesis method. The MCOF showed high crystallinity and good adsorption capacities for BPAF (107.4 mg g-1), bisphenol A (113.6 mg g-1), bisphenol S (120.0 mg g-1) and bisphenol F (82.1 mg g-1). To further improve the selectivity for BPAF, an MIP, which uses BPAF as a template, was introduced to form the MCOF-MIP. Due to the dual selectivity of MCOF and MIP, the MCOF-MIP exhibited relatively high selective adsorption capacity to BPAF (243.1 mg g-1) compared to that for the MCOF (107.4 mg g-1), while the adsorption capacities (149.7-109.4 mg g-1) for the other three compounds were not significantly improved. Furthermore, a magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) method was established, and MSPE parameters such as adsorbent dosage, adsorption time, desorption solvent and desorption time were optimized. Combined with high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) analysis, a rapid and sensitive method was developed to detect BPAF, which showed good linearity (r > 0.9969) ranging from 0.1 to 400 µg mL-1. Low limits of detection (0.04 µg mL-1, S/N = 3) and quantitation (0.1 µg mL-1, S/N = 10) and good precision with low relative SDs (<1.2 % for intra-day and <1.1 % for inter-day) were also obtained. Finally, MSPE coupled with HPLC-DAD was employed for the analysis of BPAF in water and blood samples, and the recoveries of BPAF were satisfactory (91.1-112.6 %).

ZnS/CuFe2O4/MXene ternary heterostructure photocatalyst for efficient adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes under visible light: Synergistic effect, mechanism, and application.

ZnS/CuFe2O4/MXene (ZSCFOM) composite with ternary heterostructures was prepared by solvothermal methods for the first time to effectively adsorb and photodegrade the azo dyes. ZSCFOM mainly adsorbed azo dyes through the hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions, with saturated adsorption capacities of 377 mg g-1 for direct brown M and 390 mg g-1 for direct black RN. ZSCFOM exhibited both characteristics of Schott heterostructure and p-n heterostructure, but it is not a simple superposition of the two heterostructures, but rather achieves better photocatalytic property. ZSCFOM performed a higher separation efficiency of electrons and holes than pure CuFe2O4 and pure ZnS. Under visible light, ZSCFOM was more effective in removing the azo dyes than MXene, CuFe2O4, ZnS, CuFe2O4/MXene, ZnS/MXene, and ZnS/CuFe2O4. The migration pathways of photogenerated carriers in ZSCFOM were inferred as that the electrons were concentrated in MXene and conduction band of ZnS, and holes were gathered in valence band of CuFe2O4. MXene served as a cocatalyst to accelerate the separation of electrons and holes. ZSCFOM mainly degraded DBM and DBRN by catalyzing the generation of holes, superoxide radicals, and hydroxyl radicals. The 100% of 0.05 g L-1 azo dyes were removed by ZSCFOM within 30 min from the environmental water systems.

Carbonized human hair derived carbon dots for detection of clozapine.

Clozapine (CLZ) is known as the most effective antipsychotic medication for schizophrenia. However, low dosage or over dosage of CLZ is adverse to the treatment of Schizophrenia. Thus, it is necessary to develop effective detection method for CLZ. Recently, due to the advantages such as excellent optical properties, good photobleachability and sensitivity, carbon dots (CDs)-based fluorescent sensors for the detection of target analytes have drawn a great deal of attention. In this work, blue fluorescent CDs (Named as B-CDs) with quantum yield (QY) as high as 38% were obtained by using carbonized human hair as source material through one-step dialysis method for the first time. B-CDs showed obvious graphite-like structure with an average of 1.76 nm, containing abundant functional groups such as -C=O, amino N and C-N on the surface of carbon cores. Optical analysis showed that the B-CDs exhibited excitation-dependent emission property with maximum emission wavelength of 450 nm. Moreover, B-CDs were further applied as a fluorescence sensor to the detection of CLZ. The B-CDs based sensor exhibited a good quenching response by CLZ through the inner filter effect and static quenching mechanism with a limit of detection of 67 ng/mL, which was much lower than the minimal effective concentration in blood (0.35 µg/mL). Finally, to test the practical application value of the developed fluorescence method, the determination of the content of CLZ in tablets and the concentration in blood was carried out. Compared with the results of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, it can be found that the constructed fluorescence detection method showed high accuracy and had great application potential in the detection of CLZ. Additionally, the results of cytotoxicity experiment showed that B-CDs had low cytotoxicity, which laid the foundation for the subsequent application of B-CDs in biological systems.

Fabrication of highly crystalline covalent organic framework for solid-phase extraction of three dyes from food and water samples.

Herein, a covalent organic framework, which was fabricated at room temperature by using 1,3,5-tris(p-formylphenyl) benzene and 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene as building blocks, was employed as an adsorbent for solid-phase extraction of dyes including congo red, methyl blue and direct red 80 for the first time. The prepared covalent organic framework was properly characterized by different techniques and the results revealed that it had a uniform spherical structure, high crystallinity, satisfactory surface area, and good thermal stability. Moreover, the adsorption performance of the material was explored by using static and dynamic adsorption experiments and the results indicated that the material showed good adsorption capacities for three dyes with adsorption capacities in the range of 55.25-284.10 mg/g and the adsorption equilibrium can be achieved in 15 min. Further, to achieve the best adsorption effects of the material, the influence parameters such as pH, ionic strength, type of desorption solvent, and the material dosage in the solid-phase extraction column, were optimized in turn. Finally, under optimal conditions, the solid-phase extraction coupled with HPLC was applied to the analysis of dyes in food and water samples. The recoveries of dyes in actual samples were satisfactory, revealing the unique applicability of the material in the sample pretreatment field.

Sulfuric acid induced-synthesis coupled with ethanol extraction-water precipitation purification method for orange fluorescent carbon dots with dual-emission: Application for methyl blue detection and cell imaging.

In this work, by adjusting the sulfuric acid content in reaction solvent of ethanol, orange fluorescent carbon dots (O-FCDs) with dual-emission wavelength and blue fluorescent carbon dots (B-FCDs) with single-emission wavelength were successfully prepared using 1,3-dihydroxynaphthalene as precursor. Coupling with ethanol extraction-water precipitation purification method, pure O-FCDs and B-FCDs with yields of 9.0 % and 21.3 %, quantum yields (QYs) of 43.0 % and 13.7 % were obtained, respectively. The structures and optical properties of O-FCDs and B-FCDs were investigated by TEM, AFM, Raman, FT-IR, XPS, UV-vis, fluorescence analysis etc. The results revealed that sulfuric acid promoted the carbonization and the oxidation of precursor in the reaction process. In comparison with the B-FCDs, O-FCDs showed narrower lattice spacing and band gap, demonstrating the important role of sulfur-doping in fluorescence tuning. Additionally, O-FCDs showed good sensitivity for methyl blue with a linear response range of 0.05-100 µM (LOD was 20 nM) and the satisfactory results were obtained when O-FCDs were applied to the detection of methyl blue in real fish sample. Moreover, two FCDs showed good biocompatibility and negligible cytotoxicity proved by MTT experiment, while, O-FCDs showed better cell imaging effects than that of B-FCDs. Therefore, the O-FCDs had a broad application prospect as sensing platform in detection of methyl blue and for imaging in biological field.

Hydroxyl-riched covalent organic framework for solid-phase microextraction of flavonoids aglycones or their metabolites in mice's plasma: Luteolin and quercetagetin as examples.

Herein, a hydroxyl­riched covalent organic framework (named COF-DES-1) was synthesized using 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene and 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalaldehyde as building blocks and employed as a coating of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber. Ascribed to the advantages (e.g. suitable pore size and rich functional group characteristics) of coating, the SPME fiber showed good adsorption capacities to flavonoids aglycones including luteolin and quercetagetin, and the maximum adsorption capacities for them were 145.31 µg and 84.75 µg, respectively. Due to the size exclusion property of COF-DES-1, SPME fiber showed good protein exclusion effects on seven selected proteins with high exclusion efficiencies (>93%). Accordingly, an attractive strategy of the combination of COF-DES-1 based SPME fiber and HPLC-MS/MS was proposed for the extraction and determination of luteolin, quercetagetin or their metabolites. The results revealed that the fiber can be effectively applied to extract luteolin and its metabolites, and quercetagetin from mice's palsma. Compared with the traditional protein precipitation methods, the extraction effects of SPME fiber based extraction method were much better, indicating the promising applicability of the fiber for the enrichment of flavonoids aglycones or their metabolites in biological samples.

A novel hydroxyl-riched covalent organic framework as an advanced adsorbent for the adsorption of anionic azo dyes.

Considering the highly carcinogenic and mutagenic of anionic azo dyes to the environment and humans, the development of high efficiency adsorbent for them are of great significance. In this study, a novel hydroxyl-riched covalent organic framework (denoted as COF-OH), which can act as an advance adsorbent for anionic azo dyes, was fabricated for the first time. The as-prepared COF-OH demonstrated good dispersion in water, remarkable adsorption performances and good selectivity for anionic azo dyes including eriochrome black T, eriochrome blue black R and congo red. The adsorption capacities of them ranged from 90.71 to 229.12 mg g-1, and the extraction efficiencies of them (>75.91%) were much higher than other dyes (e.g. Methylene blue, direct red 80, 1.46%-39.57%). By optimizing the adsorption conditions (adsorbent dosage, adsorption time, pH, and salt concentration) and desorption conditions (desorption solvent, desorption time and desorption frequency), a dispersive micro solid-phase extraction (D-µ-SPE) method was developed. Further, coupled D-µ-SPE with HPLC-PDA analysis, an effective method was fabricated for the extraction and detection of three selected dyes. The method showed good linearity in the range of 0.1-200 µg mL-1 (R2 > 0.9966), low limits of quantification (0.10 µg mL-1-2.00 µg mL-1), low limits of detection (0.03-1.50 µg mL-1) and good precision. Finally, the COF-OH based D-µ-SPE was successfully applied to extract three selected dyes from water samples (recoveries ranged from 73.90 to 104.00%) and congo red from beverages (recoveries ranged from 81.40 to 111.80%). Besides, by using computer simulation, FT-IR and UV-vis analysis, the adsorption mechanisms of COF-OH to three selected dyes were explored preliminarily.

Preparation of sulphuric acid-mediated N,S-codoped red emissive carbon dots: Applications in food dyes detection, solid-state luminescence and cell imaging.

As diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer caused by food problems are more and more frequent, food safety has received great attention. Among them, the safety problem caused by food dyes is more prominent. Thus, it is of great value to develop sensitive detection methods for food dyes. In present study, sulphuric acid-mediated N,S-codoped red emissive carbon dots (namely as R-CDs) had been manufactured by using N-phenyl-o-phenylenediamine as precursor, sulfuric acid as additive for the first time. The structural and fluorescence properties of R-CDs had been systematically studied. The results demonstrated that R-CDs showed uniform spherical morphology and had a graphite-like structure, for which the average diameters size was 5.05 nm. Due to the various functional groups such as hydroxyl, pyridinic N, pyrrolic N and -C-SO4, R-CDs emitted bright red fluorescence. Importantly, because of the interactions between the functional groups of R-CDs with the selected food dyes, three dyes including amaranth, brilliant blue FCF and methylene blue can sensitively quench the fluorescence of R-CDs through IFE and static quenching effects. The linearity ranges of them were separately detected as 0.20 µM -20 µM, 10 nM-1 µM and 60 nM-8 µM. The limits of detection (LODs) of them were 70 nM, 4 nM and 20 nM, respectively. Further, R-CDs was successfully applied to the sensitive detection of three dyes from various food samples. To maximize the fluorescence properties of R-CDs, a R-CDs/PVA composite gel was fabricated to make R-CDs fluoresce in solid state condition. The potential of R-CDs/PVA composite gel for preliminary visualization analysis of three dyes was studied. Finally, ascribed to the low toxicity and good biocompatibility, the potential of R-CDs as probe for cell imaging was explored preliminarily.

Sulfuric-acid-mediated synthesis strategy for multi-colour aggregation-induced emission fluorescent carbon dots: Application in anti-counterfeiting, information encryption, and rapid cytoplasmic imaging.

Aggregation-induced emission fluorescent carbon dots (AIE-CDs) have applications in the fields of multi-colour anti-counterfeiting, information encryption, and imaging. In this study, four AIE-CDs (B-AIE-CDs, G-AIE-CDs, Y-AIE-CDs, and O-AIE-CDs) with blue, green, yellow, and orange fluorescence at high concentrations were fabricated using crystal violet as a precursor, solutions with different sulfuric acid concentrations as solvents under different temperatures and reaction times for the first time. The structural properties and fluorescence behaviour of the AIE-CDs were investigated. The results revealed that the sulfuric acid concentration had a significant effect on the fluorescence colour of the AIE-CDs because sulfuric acid can affect the degree of carbonisation, the type and content of nitrogen. Moreover, the reaction temperature and time affected the surface-defect state and the degree of carbonisation of the AIE-CDs, which affected the emission wavelength and quantum yield (QY) of the AIE-CDs. Furthermore, to exploit the unique characteristics (polychromatic aggregation fluorescence and acid-sensitive properties) of the obtained-AIE-CDs, anti-counterfeiting and information encryption methodologies (i.e., acid-stimuli-response producing multi-colour fluorescence) were preliminarily developed. Finally, B-AIE-CDs with a high QY of 43.5% were successfully used for rapid cytoplasmic imaging, demonstrating their applicability in biological fields.

Effects of surface treatments and abutment shades on the final color of high-translucency self-glazed zirconia crowns.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Achieving excellent esthetics with monolithic self-glazed zirconia crowns in anterior teeth is challenging, and the impact of different surface treatments and abutment shades on the final color is unclear. PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of different external surface treatments (self-glazed, milled, polished, and glazed), different intaglio surface treatments (milled and airborne-particle abraded), and different abutment shades on the color difference of high-translucency self-glazed zirconia crowns. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty shade A1 and 60 shade A3 crowns were fabricated with a thickness of 0.80 ±0.02 mm and randomly divided into 12 groups (n=10). Different external and intaglio surface treatments were applied. Shade A1 and A3 abutments were made with composite resin. Color was measured with a spectrophotometer and expressed in CIELab coordinates, and color differences (ΔE00) between specimens and references were calculated. The data were analyzed with ANOVA and the Tukey post hoc test. The impact of different surface treatments and abutment shades on the color difference were compared by using multiple linear regression (α=.05). RESULTS: The effects of external surface treatments, intaglio airborne-particle abrasion, and abutment shades on the L∗, a∗, b∗ and ΔE00 values of the final color of the crowns were significantly different (P<.001). Polishing resulted in the greatest ΔE00 value among all external surface treatments (P<.001). The average ΔE00 values of all crowns on the A3 abutment were higher than those of all crowns on the A1 abutment (P<.001). The influence on the color difference was abutment>external surface treatment>intaglio surface treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Different surface treatments affected the final color of zirconia crowns, and a greater impact was seen with external surface treatments than with intaglio surface treatments. External polishing resulted in the greatest color difference. The abutment shade had the most effect on the color difference, as the darker the abutment color, the greater the color difference.

Effects of Selected Resveratrol Analogues on Activation and Polarization of Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated BV-2 Microglial Cells.

Increasing health-promoting effects of resveratrol and its molecular structural analogues have been discovered, and the acting mechanism has been explored. However, the activity comparison of such compounds in targeting macrophage-related inflammation associated with neurodegenerative diseases remains untouched. In this study, we evaluated the activation and polarization transition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 mouse microglial macrophages exposed to resveratrol (RES) and its analogues pterostilbene (PTE), oxyresveratrol (ORES), acetyl-trans-resveratrol (ARES), and trans-2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-glucopyranoside (TSG). At 10 µM, all of the five stilbene compounds have effectively suppressed the LPS-stimulated BV-2 cell release of proinflammatory mediators such as NO, TNF-α, iNOS, IL-1ß, and IL-6. Mechanism study elucidated that they exert anti-inflammatory effects through MAPKs (ERK1/2, JNK, and p38) and NF-κB signaling pathways. Further investigation in treating BV-2 cells with resveratrol and its analogues revealed the reversal of LPS-induced phenotype molecules from M1 (iNOS, IL-1ß, IL-6, and CD86) to M2 (Arg1, CD163, and IL-10) subtypes, manifesting that these five stilbenes suppressed inflammation through modulating the polarized phenotypes of BV-2 microglia. Most importantly, PTE demonstrated the most potent inhibitory activity among these five stilbene compounds. Therefore, this study not only highlights microglia-induced inflammatory responses as a potential therapeutic target but also suggests future insights in considering the options of nutraceutical development for resveratrol and its analogues.

Protective effect of pterostilbene on concanavalin A-induced acute liver injury.

Pterostilbene (PTE) is broadly found in berries and has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. To examine the effect of PTE on acute liver injury, mice were administrated PTE prior to concanavalin A (ConA). The mice were divided into the following groups: (i) vehicle control, (ii) ConA alone, (iii) ConA with PTE at 10 mg kg-1 (PTE low dose, PTL), and (iv) ConA with PTE at 40 mg kg-1 (PTE high dose, PTH). After the ConA challenge, the mice showed prompt induction of intrahepatic IFN-γ and TNF-α, followed by tissue factor (TF), which aggravated the fibrin deposition and massive liver necrosis. However, these effects were significantly counteracted by the PTE pretreatment. Furthermore, PTE reversed the phosphorylation of ConA-induced intrahepatic inflammatory kinases including JNK, ERK1/2, p38 and p65. Interestingly, PTE did not directly act on the hepatocytes, but inhibited intrahepatic macrophage accumulation and TF generation by inhibiting the activation of inflammatory p38 MAPK. These results suggest a promising avenue for the exploration of pterostilbene in improving acute liver injury.

Effect of ultrasound-assisted extraction on physicochemical properties and TLR2-affinity binding of the polysaccharides from Pholiota nameko.

The effect of the ultrasonic treatment on the physicochemical properties, oil-holding capacities, foaming capacities, and TLR2-affinity of the polysaccharides from Pholiota nameko (PNPS), was evaluated. Compared with the protein content of PNPS before ultrasonic treatment, the protein content of PNPS all presented a decrease under different ultrasonic conditions. The viscosity of PNPS showed a decrease when the ultrasonic intensity was strong enough, as well as the molecular weight. The oil-holding capacity and the foaming capacity of PNPS showed a continuous increasing trend with the increase of the ultrasonic treatment time under a set ultrasonic power of 400 W. Further, the ultrasonic operation could induce the decrease of the affinity binding between PNPS and the receptor proteins TLR2. These data confirmed that applying the ultrasonic treatment could obtain PNPS with high carbohydrate contents, low viscosity and low TLR2-affinity under proper ultrasonic condition.

Dietary Flavonoid Hyperoside Induces Apoptosis of Activated Human LX-2 Hepatic Stellate Cell by Suppressing Canonical NF-κB Signaling.

Hyperoside, an active compound found in plants of the genera Hypericum and Crataegus, is reported to exhibit antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. Induction of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) apoptosis is recognized as a promising strategy for attenuation of hepatic fibrosis. In this study, we investigated whether hyperoside treatment can exert antifibrotic effects in human LX-2 hepatic stellate cells. We found that hyperoside induced apoptosis in LX-2 cells and decreased levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), type I collagen, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Remarkably, hyperoside also inhibited the DNA-binding activity of the transcription factor NF-κB and altered expression levels of NF-κB-regulated genes related to apoptosis, including proapoptotic genes Bcl-Xs, DR4, Fas, and FasL and anti-apoptotic genes A20, c-IAP1, Bcl-X L , and RIP1. Our results suggest that hyperoside may have potential as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of liver fibrosis.

Effects of Pholiota nameko polysaccharide on NF-κB pathway of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells.

This study investigated the effect of a polysaccharide purified from Pholiota nameko (PNPS-1) on the NF-κB signaling pathway of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and relevant mechanisms. The results showed that PNPS-1 could decrease the expression of maturation markers CD40 and CD80 on BMDCs. PNPS-1 also could decrease the mRNA expression of Myd88, TRAF6, TIRAP, IRAKI, IKBKB, NFKB1, NFKB2 and RelA in immature BMDCs determined by RT-PCR, and decreased the IKKß and P65 production in BMDCs determined by Western blot, and decreased the NF-кB P65 production determined by ELISA. In addition, the effects of PNPS-1 on BMDCs were significantly impaired by treating the cells with anti-TLR2 antibody prior to PNPS-1 treatment, implying direct interaction between PNPS-1 and TLR2 on cell surface. These results indicate that PNPS-1 regulates BMDCs through TLR2 and downstream NF-кB signalings.

Recognization of receptors on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells bound with Pholiota nameko polysaccharides.

Three major active polysaccharides isolated from Pholiota nameko (PNPS), including PNPS-1, PNPS-2 and PNPS-3, had been proved to inhibit the maturation of the murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). This paper recognized the affinity bind between PNPS and the five receptors (TLR2, TLR4, CD14, Dectin-1 and Mannose receptor) on BMDCs, using the bio-layer interferometry (BLI)-based biosensor technology developed by ForteBio on Octet RED system (Fortebio, Inc.). From the primary binding experiment, the gradient binding experiment and the inhibition binding experiment between the receptor proteins and PNPS, combined with the binding experiment between PNPS and the BMDCs membranes, we found that PNPS-1, PNPS-2 and PNPS-3 presented strong affinity bind with both TLR2 and Dectin-1 on BMDCs, only PNPS-3 with Mannose receptor. These data confirmed that PNPS could interact with TLR2, Dectin-1 and Mannose receptor that were very important for the affinity bind of these receptors and PNPS, which triggered the further stimulation on BMDCs.

Effects of polysaccharides from Pholiota nameko on maturation of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells.

This paper studied some structure characters of the Pholiota nameko polysaccharides (PNPS-1), including morphology under SEM and AFM, also the effects of PNPS-1 on the maturation of bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs) via concrete changes both inside and outside BMDCs. These impacts on BMDCs were assessed with use of inverted phase contrast microscope for morphology, flow cytometry for key surface molecules, mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) for allogeneic T cells proliferation, and bio-assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for cytokine production. We found that PNPS-1 could inhibit phenotypic maturation as evidenced by decreasing expression of CD11c, CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86, and I-A/I-E. Functional maturation inhibition was further confirmed by decreased naive T cell stimulatory activity of BMDCs. Finally, PNPS-1 also stimulated production of more cytokine IL-10 and less IL-12 and TNF-α. These data indicated that PNPS-1 could markedly inhibit the maturation of BMDCs and had potential significant down-regulation immunity.

Use of scalp hair as indicator of human exposure to heavy metals in an electronic waste recycling area.

Scalp hair samples were collected at an electronic waste (e-waste) recycling area and analyzed for trace elements and heavy metals. Elevated levels were found for Cu and Pb with geometric means (GMs) at 39.8 and 49.5 microg/g, and the levels of all elements were found in the rank order Pb > Cu >> Mn > Ba > Cr > Ni > Cd > As > V. Besides Cu and Pb, Cd (GM: 0.518 microg/g) was also found to be significantly higher compared to that in hair samples from control areas. Differences with age, gender, residence status and villages could be distinguished for most of the elements. The high levels of Cd, Cu and Pb were likely found to be originated from e-waste related activities, and specific sources were discussed. This study shows that human scalp hair could be a useful biomarker to assess the extent of heavy metal exposure to workers and residents in areas with intensive e-waste recycling activities.