ABSTRACT
Pyocystis, empyema cystis, vesical empyema are all terms that describe the purulent filled bladder that may develop in patients with defunctionalized bladders such as after supravesical urinary diversion without cystectomy or in patients with end-stage renal disease with anuria. It is a severe form of lower urinary tract infection. In addition to the local symptoms of suprapubic pain and malodorous discharge, the condition can be more serious with bacterial dissemination into the blood stream and ensuing sepsis and even mortality. The current review will discuss the pathogenesis, risk factors and management of this commonly forgotten complication of urinary diversion.
Subject(s)
Empyema/diagnosis , Empyema/therapy , Urinary Bladder Diseases/diagnosis , Urinary Bladder Diseases/therapy , Urinary Bladder/physiopathology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Anuria/complications , Cystectomy , Empyema/etiology , Humans , Risk Factors , Therapeutic Irrigation , Urinary Bladder Diseases/etiology , Urinary Diversion/adverse effectsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Patients with urothelial cancer with nodal metastasis have a poor prognosis, with many deemed incurable. We report outcomes of a prospective clinical protocol of patients with clinically node-positive disease treated via a multimodality treatment approach. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 55 patients with bladder urothelial carcinoma with concurrent node-positive disease including pelvic nodal and retroperitoneal lymph node (RPLN) involvement underwent preoperative chemotherapy followed by consolidative surgery between 1995 and 2010. Associations between clinicopathologic factors and outcomes were analyzed using log-rank test and Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: Median cancer-specific survival (CSS) was 26 months (95% CI: 12.9-not applicable) for all patients. A total of 30 (55%) patients had pN0 category disease at the time of surgical extirpation. Despite radiologic complete response after chemotherapy, 6 of 21 patients (29%) had pN+category disease. The 5-year CSS rate was 66% for pN0 category disease vs. 12% for pN+category disease (P<0.001). Radiologic complete response to chemotherapy was associated with a 5-year CSS rate of 60% vs. 33% for a partial response (P = 0.038). Although no recurrences occurred within the lymphadenectomy template, 2 (14%) patients with cM1 RPLN disease who did not undergo RPLN dissection had recurrences in the RPLN basin and died within 6 months. CONCLUSION: Multimodality treatment approach with upfront chemotherapy followed by surgery can result in a 66% 5-year CSS rate for patients rendered as having pN0 category disease despite initially presenting with node-positive disease. However, as those with residual disease do so poorly, further efforts in refining selection of patients for surgical consolidation are needed.