Nanoformulated 3'-diindolylmethane modulates apoptosis, migration, and angiogenesis in breast cancer cells.

Background: It is well-established that specific herbal plants contain natural active ingredients that have demonstrated anti-cancer potential. Therefore, they are considered highly beneficial as a potential adjuvant, alternative or complementary agent in anti-cancer therapy. However, the low chemical stability and limited bioavailability of 3, 3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM), a plant-derived compound used in clinical settings, limit its therapeutic applications. To overcome this challenge, researchers have focused on developing innovative approaches to improve DIM's biological activity, such as utilizing nanoformulations. Here, we investigated the potential benefits of coating DIM nanoparticles (DIM-NPs) with PEG/chitosan in the treatment of breast cancer. Our results demonstrate the molecular mechanism underlying the activity of DIM-NPs, highlighting their potential as an effective therapeutic strategy for breast cancer treatment. Methods: DIM-PLGA-PEG/chitosan NPs were synthesised and characterised using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and evaluated the impact of these NPs on two breast cancer cell models. Results: DIM-NPs had an average diameter of 102.3 nm and a PDI of 0.182. When treated with DIM-NPs for 48 h, both MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells displayed cytotoxicity at a concentration of 6.25 g/mL compared to untreated cells. Furthermore, in MDA-MB-231 cells, treatment with 2.5 µg/mL of DIM-NPs resulted in a significant decrease in cell migration, propagation, and angiogenesis which was further enhanced at 10 µg/mL. In chicken embryos, treatment with 5 µg/mL of DIM-NPs on day 2 led to a significant reduction in angiogenesis. Furthermore, this treatment induced cell death through a regulatory pathway involving the upregulation of Bax and p53, as well as the downregulation of Bcl-2. These results were supported by in-silico analysis of DIM's binding affinity to key proteins involved in this pathway, namely Bax, Bcl-2, and p53. Conclusion: Our findings show that DIM-NPs induces apoptosis, inhibit migration, and reduce angiogenesis in breast cancer. However, further research using a preclinical cancer model may be necessary to determine the pharmacokinetics of DIM-NPs and ensure their safety and efficacy in vivo.

Vinpocetine mitigates methotrexate-induced duodenal intoxication by modulating NF-κB, JAK1/STAT-3, and RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signals.

OBJECTIVES: Methotrexate (MTX) is an antimetabolite agent widely used to manage a variety of tumors and autoimmune diseases. Nonetheless, MTX-induced intestinal intoxication is a serious adverse effect limiting its clinical utility. Inflammation and oxidative stress are possible mechanisms for MTX-induced intestinal toxicity. Vinpocetine (VNP) is a derivative of the alkaloid vincamine with potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The current study investigated the protective intestinal impact of VNP in attenuating MTX-induced intestinal intoxication in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: VNP was administered orally in a dose of 20 mg/kg, while MTX was injected intraperitoneal in a dose of 20 mg/kg. RESULTS: VNP administration attenuated drastic histological changes induced by MTX and preserved both normal villus and crypt histology. VNP significantly attenuated oxidative injury by upregulating intestinal Nrf2 and HO-1 expression. VNP attenuated inflammation by reducing MPO, NO2-, TNF-α, and IL-1ß levels mediated by downregulating NF-κB, NDAPH-oxidase, IRF3, p-JAK-1, and p-STAT-3 expressions. Moreover, VNP potently counteracted intestinal necroptosis by effectively downregulating RIPK1, RIPK3, MLKL, and caspase-8 proteins. CONCLUSION: Therefore, VNP may represent a promising approach that can attenuate intestinal toxicity in patients receiving MTX.

Apoptosis induction in human hepatoma cell line HepG2 cells by trans- Anethole via activation of mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathways.

trans-Anethole a valuable compound derived from star anise widely used by ethnic tribals to manage numerous human diseases. In this study antiproliferative activities of trans-Anethole towards human liver cancer (HepG2), cervical cancer (HeLa) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cells were explored. trans-Anethole showed free radical scavenging potential as assessed by DNA nicking assay. trans-Anethole exhibited strong antiproliferative potential towards HepG2 cells compared to other cell lines. trans-Anethole strongly induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells by significantly upregulating the protein expressions of p53, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 were assessed by western blotting analysis which highlighted apoptosis-inducing capacity of trans-Anethole against HepG2 cells. Rt-qPCR analysis revealed that trans- Anethole upregulated p53, caspase - 3 and - 9 in comparison to untreated HepG2 cancer cells. Moreover, trans-Anethole provoked the generation of ROS and disruption of MMP. Our research suggests that trans-Anethole may have a significant anticancer therapeutic potential for treating liver cancer.

Combinatorial Network of Transcriptional and miRNA Regulation in Colorectal Cancer.

Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-associated mortality across the worldwide. One of the major challenges in colorectal cancer is the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of biological molecules. In this study, we aimed to identify novel key molecules in colorectal cancer by using a computational systems biology approach. We constructed the colorectal protein-protein interaction network which followed hierarchical scale-free nature. We identified TP53, CTNBB1, AKT1, EGFR, HRAS, JUN, RHOA, and EGF as bottleneck-hubs. The HRAS showed the largest interacting strength with functional subnetworks, having strong correlation with protein phosphorylation, kinase activity, signal transduction, and apoptotic processes. Furthermore, we constructed the bottleneck-hubs' regulatory networks with their transcriptional (transcription factor) and post-transcriptional (miRNAs) regulators, which exhibited the important key regulators. We observed miR-429, miR-622, and miR-133b and transcription factors (EZH2, HDAC1, HDAC4, AR, NFKB1, and KLF4) regulates four bottleneck-hubs (TP53, JUN, AKT1 and EGFR) at the motif level. In future, biochemical investigation of the observed key regulators could provide further understanding about their role in the pathophysiology of colorectal cancer.

4-methylthiobutyl isothiocyanate synergize the antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of paclitaxel in human breast cancer cells.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is considered as a major obstacle in achieving an effective treatment of breast cancer. Paclitaxel has been used to treat cancers of the cervical, breast, ovarian and brain but MDR limits its therapeutic potential. Phytochemicals have received much interest in recent decades especially in combination approaches to tackle MDR due to their negligible harm to healthy cells and synergistic potential. Considering this notion, the present study aimed at investigating the synergistic activity of 4-MTBITC and PTX against a panel of breast cancer cells. Our results revealed that the combination had a significant antiproliferative activity against T-47D cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that 4-MTBITC and PTX also promoted the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. In the presence of 4-MTBITC- PTX, T-47D cells were found to be arrested in the G2/M phase which also confirmed the enhancement of late apoptotic cell population in the flow cytometer analysis. In western blot experiment, the combination had a significant decrease in Bcl-xl protein level, whereas a higher level of p53, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-9 proteins compared to individual treatment in T-47D cells. The RT-qPCR analysis also showed that the combination had significant upregulation in the gene expression of p53, cytochrome-c, Apaf-1 and downregulation in the expression of Bcl-2 gene in T-47D cells. Hence, all the results showed that a combination of 4-MTBITC-PTX significantly enhanced the apoptosis pathway in the T-47D cell line which indicates its clinical application for the treatment of breast cancer.Abbreviations: Apaf-1: Apoptotic protease activating factor 1; AO/EB: Acridine orange/ethidium bromide; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2; CI: Combination Index; Cyt-c: Cytochrome c; CO2: Carbon dioxide; DCFH-DA 2,7-Dichloroflourescein diacetate; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; EA: Early apoptosis; EDTA: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; L929: Normal mouse fibroblast cells; LA: Late apoptosis; L: Live; 4-MTBITC: 4-methylthiobutyl isothiocyanate; MCF-7: Human breast cancer cells; MDA-MB-231: Human triple negative breast cancer cells; MMP: Mitochondria membrane potential; MTT: 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenylte-trazolium bromide; NCCS: National Centre for Cell Science; N: Necrotic; PTX Paclitaxel; PVDF: Polyvinylidene fluoride; PAGE: Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline; RPMI-1640: Roswell Park Memorial Institute Medium- 1640; RT-qPCR: Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; Rh-123: Rhodamine123; g Relative centrifugal force; SDS: Sodium dodecyl sulphate; SEM: Scanning electron microscopy; T-47D: Human estrogen positive breast cancer cells; WB: Western blotting.

A Bioengineered Quercetin-Loaded 3D Bio-Polymeric Graft for Tissue Regeneration and Repair.

Phytochemicals extracted from plant sources have potential remedial effects to cure a broad range of acute to severe illnesses and ailments. Quercetin is a flavonoid isolated from different dietary sources such as vegetables and fruits, exhibiting strong anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and non-toxic effects on the biological system. However, the direct uptake or administration of quercetin results in loss of functionality, poor activity, and reduced shelf-life of the bioactive component. In this regard, to improve the uptake, potential, and efficiency of natural components with prolonged storage in the host's body after administration, numerous polymer drug delivery systems have been created. In the current study, three-dimensional (3D) porous (porosity: 92%; pore size: 81 µm) bio-polymeric foaming gelatin-alginate (GA) beads were fabricated for the entrapment of quercetin as therapeutic drug molecules-gelatin-alginate-quercetin (GAQ). The GAQ beads showed a significant uptake of quercetin molecules resulting in a reduction of reduced porosity up to 64% and pore size 63 µm with a controlled release profile in the PBS medium, showing ~80% release within 24 h. Subsequently, the GAQ beads showed remarkable antioxidant effects, and 95% anti-inflammatory activities along with remarkable in vitro cell culture growth and the observed proliferation of seeded fibroblast cells. Thus, we can conclude that the consistent release of quercetin showed non-toxic effects on normal cell lines and the bioactive surface of the GAQ beads enhances cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation more effectively than control GA polymeric beads and tissue culture plates (TCP). In summary, these findings show that these GAQ beads act as a biocompatible 3D construct with enormous potential in medicinal administration and tissue regeneration for accelerated healing.

Efficacy of Metformin as Adjuvant Therapy in Metastatic Breast Cancer Treatment.

BACKGROUND: Metformin has been reported to have an anti-tumorigenic impact against metastatic breast cancer (MBC) cells through several mechanisms. Its effect can be evaluated by using many variables such as the response rate (RR) as well as the progression-free survival (PFS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study was conducted to investigate and estimate the metformin effect on MBC. About 107 subjects were included in the study and were divided into two groups: Group A included non-diabetic MBC patients treated with metformin in conjunction with chemotherapy and group B included those treated with chemotherapy alone. Both PFS and RR were used as a criteria to evaluate the treatment outcome. Associated adverse effects of metformin were also assessed. RESULTS: The average age of the participants in group A and group B was 50 vs. 47.5, respectively. No significant differences were detected between both cohorts concerning RR levels (regression disease (RD) 27.8% vs. 12.5%, stationary disease (SD) 44.4% vs. 41.7%, progression disease (PD) 27.8% vs. 45.8%, respectively, p = 0.074). Moreover, PFS showed no significant difference between both groups (p = 0.753). There was no significant correlation between metformin concentration and their adverse effects on the study participants. CONCLUSION: Metformin as an adjuvant therapy to MBC undergoing chemotherapy showed no significant survival benefit as determined by RR and PFS.

Network-based approach for targeting human kinases commonly associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and cancer.

Background: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a rare progressive and chronic motor neuron degenerative disease for which at present no cure is available. In recent years, multiple genes encode kinases and other causative agents for ALS have been identified. Kinases are enzymes that show pleiotropic nature and regulate different signal transduction processes and pathways. The dysregulation of kinase activity results in dramatic changes in processes and causes many other human diseases including cancers. Methods: In this study, we have adopted a network-based system biology approach to investigate the kinase-based molecular interplay between ALS and other human disorders. A list of 62 ALS-associated-kinases was first identified and then we identified the disease associated with them by scanning multiple disease-gene interaction databases to understand the link between the ALS-associated kinases and other disorders. Results: An interaction network with 36 kinases and 381 different disorders associated with them was prepared, which represents the complexity and the comorbidity associated with the kinases. Further, we have identified 5 miRNAs targeting the majority of the kinases in the disease-causing network. The gene ontology and pathways enrichment analysis of those miRNAs were performed to understand their biological and molecular functions along with to identify the important pathways. We also identified 3 drug molecules that can perturb the disease-causing network by drug repurposing. Conclusion: This network-based study presented hereby contributes to a better knowledge of the molecular underpinning of comorbidities associated with the kinases associated with the ALS disease and provides the potential therapeutic targets to disrupt the highly complex disease-causing network.

Honey in wound healing: An updated review.

Wound healing is a complex process with many interdependent pathophysiological and immunological mediators to restore the cellular integrity of damaged tissue. Cutaneous wound healing is the repair response to a multitude of pathologies induced by trauma, surgery, and burn leading to the restoration and functionality of the compromised cells. Many different methods have been employed to treat acute and chronic wounds, such as antimicrobial therapy, as most wounds are susceptible to infection from microbes and are difficult to treat. However, many antimicrobial agents have become ineffective in wound treatment due to the emergence of multiple drug-resistant bacteria, and failures in current wound treatment methods have been widely reported. For this reason, alternative therapies have been sought, one of which is the use of honey as a wound treatment agent. The use of honey has recently gained clinical popularity for possible use in wound treatment and regenerative medicine. With this high demand, a better delivery and application procedure is required, as well as research aiming at its bioactivity. Honey is a safe natural substance, effective in the inhibition of bacterial growth and the treatment of a broad range of wound types, including burns, scratches, diabetic boils (Skin abscesses associated with diabetic), malignancies, leprosy, fistulas, leg ulcers, traumatic boils, cervical and varicose ulcers, amputation, burst abdominal wounds, septic and surgical wounds, cracked nipples, and wounds in the abdominal wall. Honey comprises a wide variety of active compounds, including flavonoids, phenolic acid, organic acids, enzymes, and vitamins, that may act to improve the wound healing process. Tissue-engineered scaffolds have recently attracted a great deal of attention, and various scaffold fabrication techniques are being researched. Some incorporate honey to improve their delivery during wound treatment. Hence, the aim of this review is to summarize recent studies on the wound healing properties of honey.

Reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP)-based diagnosis: A potential alternative to quantitative real-time PCR based detection of the novel SARS-COV-2 virus.

The sudden outbreak of the novel Coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19) resulted in significant challenges to global health systems. One of the primary challenges is rapid, reliable, and accurate detection of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) virus among the suspected COVID-19-infected individuals. At present, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is a widely used diagnostic method. However, it requires expensive instruments and expertise in the interpretation of results. These constraints reflect the significant need for the development of alternative diagnostic options. This study will validate the use and efficiency of the reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay as a potential alternative for the detection of COVID-19. For this purpose, a cohort of 297 suspected COVID-19 patients was tested using both the RT-LAMP assay and the conventional RT-PCR method. For the RT-LAMP assay, three genes (orf-1ab, N, and S) were identified as the target sites for the detection of COVID-19. Based on a comparative assessment, 117 out of 124 positive COVID-19 cases were observed using the RT-LAMP technique with an overall 91.45% sensitivity. Interestingly, where a consensus on 163 individuals free of SARS-Cov-2 was observed, RT-LAMP specificity was 90%. Based on these findings, the robustness of the technique, and the reduced dependency on expensive instrumentation, RT-LAMP-based COVID-19 detection is strongly recommended as a potential alternative assay.

Association between MDR1 polymorphisms and XELIRI and XELOX chemoresistance in Saudi patients with colorectal cancer.

Multidrug resistance member 1 (MDR1) is located on chromosome 7 and encodes P-glycoprotein, which is universally accepted as a drug resistance biomarker. MDR1 polymorphisms can alter protein expression or function, which has been previously reported to associate with various types of malignancies, such as colorectal cancer (CRC). Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effects of MDR1 polymorphisms on drug responses of Saudi patients with CRC. DNA samples were obtained from 62 patients with CRC and 100 healthy controls. Genotypes and allele frequencies of MDR1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) G2677T and T1236C were determined using the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism procedure. The results showed no significant differences in the genotype distribution and allele frequency of T1236C between patients with CRC and controls. However, G2677T was found to serve a highly significant role in protecting against the progression of CRC. In addition, none of the genotypes in SNPs T1236C and G2677T was found to affect chemoresistance to XELIRI and XELOX. In conclusion, although T1236C in the MDR1 gene is not associated with CRC risk, G2677T protects against the development of CRC. Neither of the MDR1 SNPs tested were associated with the risk of chemoresistance. Therefore, these two SNPs cannot be used as molecular markers for predicting drug response in patients with CRC.