Outcomes of Heller Myotomy for Esophageal Achalasia: Lessons From a 48-Year Prospective Experience With 4 Different Techniques.

OBJECTIVE: To provide information on long-term outcomes of Heller myotomy for esophageal achalasia with or without an antireflux fundoplication. BACKGROUND: Since the adoption of the Heller myotomy, surgeons have modified the original technique in order to balance the cure of dysphagia and the consequent cardial incontinence. METHODS: Totally, 470 patients underwent primary Heller myotomy between 1955 and 2020. A long abdominal myotomy (AM) was performed in 83 patients, the Ellis limited transthoracic myotomy (TM) in 30, the laparotomic Heller-Dor (L-HD) in 202, the videolaparoscopic Heller-Dor (VL-HD) in 155. The HD was performed under intraoperative manometric assessment. Starting on 1973 these patients underwent a prospective follow-up program of timed lifelong clinical, radiological, endoscopic evaluations. RESULTS: Median follow-up time was 23.06 years [interquantile range (IQR): 15.04-32.06] for AM, 29.22 years (IQR: 13.46-40.17) for TM, 14.85 years (IQR: 11.05-21.56) for L-HD and 7.51 years (IQR: 3.25-9.60) for VL-HD. In AM, relapse of dysphagia occurred in 25/71 (35.21%), in TM in 11/30 (36.66%), in LH-D in 10/201 (4.97%), in VL-HD in 3/155 (1.93%). Erosive-ulcerative esophagitis was diagnosed for AM in 28.16%, for TM in 30%, for L-HD in 8.45%, for VL-HD in 2.58%. Overall, the outcome was satisfactory in 52.11% for AM, 41.9% for TM, 89.05% for L-HD, 96.12% for VL-HD. CONCLUSIONS: The Dor fundoplication drastically reduces postmyotomy gastroesophageal reflux. The Heller-Dor operation is a competitive option for the cure of esophageal achalasia if this operation is performed according to the rules of surgical physiology learned by means of intraoperative manometry.

Sarcomatoid change in adenocarcinoma arising in adulthood congenital pulmonary airway malformation.

Congenital pulmonary airway malformations (CPAM) are rare conditions generally diagnosed in childhood and possibly harboring malignant tumor growths. We describe a unique case of pleomorphic carcinoma in a longstanding type 1 CPAM diagnosed by wedge resection. The patient underwent completion left lower lobectomy and lymphadenectomy, but cancer recurred in nodal station #7 six months later. Clinicians should keep in mind that CPAM may hide radiologically undetectable malignancy in a relevant rate of cases, then requiring surgery in all patients. While MIA is the most common histology in type 1 CPAM, sarcomatoid change has herein been demonstrated.

Quality of Life After Operation for End-Stage Achalasia: Pull-Down Heller-Dor Versus Esophagectomy.

BACKGROUND: Therapy for end-stage achalasia is debated, and data on long-term functional results of myotomy and esophagectomy are lacking. We compared quality of life and objective outcomes after pull-down Heller-Dor and esophagectomy. METHODS: The study included 32 patients, aged 57 years (interquartile range [IQR], 49-70 years), who underwent the Heller-Dor operation with verticalization of the distal esophagus in case of first instance treatment or failed surgery caused by insufficient myotomy, and 16 patients, aged 58 years (IQR, 49-67 years; P = .806), who underwent esophagectomy after failed surgery for other causes. Data were extracted from a database designed for prospective clinical research. Postoperative dysphagia, reflux symptoms, and endoscopic esophagitis were graded by semiquantitative scales. Quality of life was assessed with the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey questionnaire. RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 68 months (IQR, 40.43-94.48 months) after pull-down Heller-Dor and 61 months (IQR 43.72-181.43 months) after esophagectomy (P = .598). No statistically significant differences were observed for dysphagia (P = .948), reflux symptoms (P = .186), or esophagitis (P = .253). No statistically significant differences were observed in the domains physical functioning (P = .092), bodily pain (P = .075) or general health (P = .453). Significant differences were observed in favor of pull-down Heller-Dor for the domains role physical (100 vs 100, P = .043), role emotional (100 vs 0, P = .002), vitality (90 vs 55, P< .001), mental health (92 vs 68, P = .002), and social functioning (100 v s75, P = .011). CONCLUSIONS: The pull-down Heller-Dor achieved objective results similar to those of esophagectomy with a better quality of life. This technique may be the first choice for end-stage achalasia in patients with null or low risk for cancer or after recurrent dysphagia caused by insufficient myotomy.

Prognostic Significance of Pulmonary Multifocal Neuroendocrine Proliferation With Typical Carcinoid.

BACKGROUND: The clinical significance of multifocal pulmonary neuroendocrine proliferation (MNEP), including tumorlets and pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia, in association with typical carcinoid (TC), is still debated. METHODS: We evaluated a retrospective series of TC with long-term follow-up data prospectively collected from 2 institutions and compared the outcome between TC alone and MNEP plus TC. Several baseline covariates were imbalanced between the MNEP plus TC and TC groups; therefore, we conducted 1:1 propensity score matching and inverse probability of treatment weighting in the full sample. In the matched group, the association of clinical, respiratory, and work-related factors with the group was determined through univariable and multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 234 TC patients underwent surgery: 41 MNEP plus TC (17.5%) and 193 TC alone (82.5%). In the MNEP plus TC group, older age (P < .001), peripheral tumors (P = .0032), smaller tumor size (P = .011), and lymph node spread (P = .02) were observed compared with the TC group. Relapses occurred in 8 patients in the MNEP plus TC group (19.5%) and 7 in the TC group (3.6%). After matching, in 36 pairs of patients, a significantly higher 5-year progression-free rate was observed for the TC group (P < .01). Similar results were observed using inverse probability of treatment weighting in the full sample. The odds of being in the MNEP plus TC group was higher for those with work-related exposure to inhalant agents (P = .008), asthma or bronchitis (P = .002), emphysema, fibrosis, and inflammatory status (P = .032), or micronodules on the chest computed tomography scan and respiratory insufficiency (P = .036). CONCLUSIONS: The association with MNEP seems to represent a clinically and prognostic relevant factor in TC. Hence, careful preoperative workup, systematic pathologic evaluation, including nontumorous lung parenchyma, and long-term postoperative follow-up should be recommended in these patients.

Pulmonary Hamartoma Associated With Lung Cancer (PHALC Study): Results of a Multicenter Study.

PURPOSE: Pulmonary hamartoma is the most common benign tumor of the lung. We analyzed a 20-year historical series of patients with pulmonary hamartoma undergoing surgical resection, aiming to evaluate the characteristics, the outcomes, and the association between hamartoma and lung cancer. METHODS: It was a retrospective multicenter study including the data of all consecutive patients with pulmonary hamartoma undergoing surgical resection. The end-points were to evaluate: (i) the characteristics of hamartoma, (ii) outcomes, and (iii) whether hamartoma was a predictive factor for lung cancer development RESULTS: Our study population included 540 patients. Upfront surgical or endoscopic resection was performed in 385 (71%) cases while in the remaining 155 (29%) cases, the lesions were resected 20 ± 3.5 months later due to increase in size. In most cases, lung sparing resection was carried out including enucleation (n = 259; 48%) and wedge resection (n = 230; 43%) while 5 (1%) patients underwent endoscopic resection. Only two patients (0, 2%) had major complications. One patient (0.23%) had recurrence after endoscopic resection, while no cases of malignant degeneration were seen (mean follow-up:103.3 ± 93 months). Seventy-six patients (14%) had associated lung cancer, synchronous in 9 (12%) and metachronous in 67 (88%). Only age > 70-year-old (p = 0.0059) and smokers > 20 cigarettes/day (p < 0.0001) were the significant risk factors for lung cancer. CONCLUSION: PH was a benign tumor, with no evidence of recurrence and/or of malignant degeneration after resection. The association between hamartoma and lung cancer was a spurious phenomenon due to common risk factors.

Biliothoracic Fistula after Microwave Ablation of Liver Metastasis : Literature Review.

Microwave ablation is a safe and effective interventional approach, widely used in the treatment of unresectable primary or metastatic hepatic lesions. Thoracobiliary fistula is a rare postablation complication that can be treated with a conservative or surgical approach. We reviewed aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture, diagnostic possibilities, and therapeutic options for biliothoracic fistula developed after microwave ablation of liver metastasis. Furthermore, we reported our experience of successful conservative management of a nonhealing thoracobiliary fistula occurred after percutaneous thermal ablation of colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Our case supports a conservative approach based on percutaneous biliary system decompression and synthetic glue embolization for the treatment of combined biliopleural and biliobronchial fistula.

Type A thymoma invading the trachea: a case report.

Thymomas generally grow applying pressure to the adjacent organs but they may infiltrate the capsule and extend directly to them. Invasion of the airway is extremely rare and generally related to high-grade thymomas. Few cases of thymoma with endobronchial polypoid growth and only one patient with tracheal invasion have been reported. We present a typical type A thymoma with endoluminal growth almost completely obstructing the trachea. A 93-year-old man was referred to our hospital with severe dyspnea and wheezing. He already presented a diagnosis of type A thymoma, discovered occasionally 8-year before and followed up with a yearly computed tomography (CT) scan. The CT scan of the thorax at admission, revealed a bulky anterior mediastinal tumor with an endotracheal growth, almost obstructing the airway. The fiberoptic bronchoscopy confirmed severe tracheal stenosis caused by a vegetating endoluminal tumor. Due to the severity of symptoms, we performed an emergency rigid bronchoscopy aimed to relieve the upper airway. The endotracheal tumor had a relatively small base of implant and was totally removed with mechanical resection. Pathological examination revealed a proliferation of oval or spindle neoplastic cells with bland nuclei and inconspicuous nucleoli and very few immature lymphocytes. Tracheal invasion by type A thymoma was finally diagnosed. No clinical evidence of endotracheal recurrence was recorded after a 15-month follow-up.

Risk of Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus in Patients With Achalasia: A Long-Term Prospective Cohort Study in Italy.

INTRODUCTION: Epidemiological studies assessing relative risk and incidence rate of esophageal cancer in patients with achalasia are scarce. We performed a long-term prospective cohort study to evaluate the risk of both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus in these patients. METHODS: Between 1973 and 2018, patients with primary achalasia were followed by the same protocol including upper endoscopy with esophageal biopsies. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to estimate the relative risk of esophageal cancer in patients with achalasia compared with the sex- and age-matched general population. RESULTS: A cohort of 566 patients with achalasia (46% men, mean age at diagnosis: 48.1 years) was followed for a mean of 15.5 years since the diagnosis of achalasia. Overall, 20 patients (15 men) developed esophageal cancer: 15 squamous cell carcinoma and 5 adenocarcinoma. The risk of esophageal cancer was significantly greater than the general population (SIR 104.2, 95% CI 63.7-161), and this for both squamous cell carcinoma (SIR 126.9, 95% CI 71.0-209.3) and adenocarcinoma (SIR 110.2, 95% CI 35.8-257.2). The excess risk was higher in men than women. Annual incidence rate of esophageal cancer was only 0.24% and was higher for squamous cell carcinoma (0.18%) than adenocarcinoma (0.06%). DISCUSSION: Patients with achalasia have an excess risk of developing both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus; however, this prospective cohort study confirms that the annual incidence of esophageal cancer is rather low. These findings may have implications for endoscopic surveillance of patients with achalasia.

Prognostic factors of lung cancer in lymphoma survivors (the LuCiLyS study).

BACKGROUND: Second cancer is the leading cause of death in lymphoma survivors, with lung cancer representing the most common solid tumor. Limited information exists about the treatment and prognosis of second lung cancer following lymphoma. Herein, we evaluated the outcome and prognostic factors of Lung Cancer in Lymphoma Survivors (the LuCiLyS study) to improve the patient selection for lung cancer treatment. METHODS: This is a retrospective multicentre study including consecutive patients treated for lymphoma disease that subsequently developed non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Data regarding lymphoma including age, symptoms, histology, disease stage, treatment received and lymphoma status at the time of lung cancer diagnosis, and data on lung carcinoma as age, smoking history, latency from lymphoma, symptoms, histology, disease stage, treatment received, and survival were evaluated to identify the significant prognostic factors for overall survival. RESULTS: Our study population included 164 patients, 145 of which underwent lung cancer resection. The median overall survival was 63 (range, 58-85) months, and the 5-year survival rate 54%. At univariable analysis no-active lymphoma (HR: 2.19; P=0.0152); early lymphoma stage (HR: 1.95; P=0.01); adenocarcinoma histology (HR: 0.59; P=0.0421); early lung cancer stage (HR: 3.18; P<0.0001); incidental diagnosis of lung cancer (HR: 1.71; P<0.0001); and lung cancer resection (HR: 2.79; P<0.0001) were favorable prognostic factors. At multivariable analysis, no-active lymphoma (HR: 2.68; P=0.004); early lung cancer stage (HR: 2.37; P<0.0001); incidental diagnosis of lung cancer (HR: 2.00; P<0.0001); and lung cancer resection (HR: 2.07; P<0.0001) remained favorable prognostic factors. Patients with non-active lymphoma (n=146) versus those with active lymphoma (n=18) at lung cancer diagnosis presented better median survival (64 vs. 37 months; HR: 2.4; P=0.02), but median lung cancer specific survival showed no significant difference (27 vs. 19 months; HR: 0.3; P=0.17). CONCLUSIONS: The presence and/or a history of lymphoma should not be a contraindication to resection of lung cancer. Inclusion of lymphoma survivors in a lung cancer-screening program may lead to early detection of lung cancer, and improve the survival.

Stage-related outcome for thymic epithelial tumours.

BACKGROUND: Thymic epithelial tumours (TETs) are characterized by a wide variety of biological behaviors. Radical resection and stage are strong prognostic factors. Aim of this study is to review our Single Center Experience. METHODS: One hundred and seventy-seven patients observed in the period from January 2000 to December 2016 were included in the study. Data regarding clinicopathologic features, treatment, and survival were collected. Stage-related clinical standpoints and therapeutic options were also evaluated. RESULTS: Non-surgical treatment was primarily performed in 15 (8.47%), unresectable disease was intraoperatively found in 12 cases (7.4%). The analysis of 150 patients undergoing curative surgery revealed 70 stage I TET (46.66%), 49 stage II (32.66%), 19 stage III (12.66%), 6 stage IVa (4%) and 6 stage IVb (4%) at the first hospital admission. Histology identified 12 A thymoma (8%), 38 AB (25.33%), 24 B1 (16%), 50 B2 (33.33%), 19 B3 (12.66%) and 7 carcinomas (4.66%). The mean follow up time was 84.14 months (sd = 61.68 months). Disease relapse occurred in 13 patients (8.78%) at a mean period of 78.85 months (sd = 60.87 months) after surgery. Exitus due to thymoma happened in 6 cases (4.05%) after a mean survival of 56.02 months (sd = 25.17 months). The 5-year overall survival rate was 0.94 (95%CI 0.88-0.97) and the 5-year disease-free survival rate was 0.90 (95%CI 0.83-0.94). The 5-year overall survival rates were 96.1% (95% CI, 89.9-98.5%) for the early stages and 87.4% (95% CI, 65.6-95.8%) for the advanced stages (p = 0.670). The 5-year disease-free survival rates resulted being 98.8% (95% CI, 92.3-99.8%) for the early stages and 59.8% (95% CI, 37.8-76.2%) for the advanced stages (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Advanced stage TETs are characterized by higher mortality and recurrence rates. Although technically demanding, surgery, as part of multimodality therapy, could prolong survival. Iterative surgical treatment of recurrences is a viable option for selected patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Perugia and Terni University Hospitals [Code T1003] and was retrospectively registered.

Incidence and risk factors for the development of epidermoid carcinoma in oesophageal achalasia†.

OBJECTIVES: The risk factors for oesophageal achalasia, a precancerous condition that can lead to epidermoid carcinoma, are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine these factors. METHODS: Beginning in 1973, patients presenting with achalasia from 1955 to 2016 periodically underwent clinical assessment, the barium swallow test (the oesophageal diameter and residual barium column were measured) and endoscopy according to a prospective protocol. We included patients with the minimum follow-up duration of 12 months. RESULTS: Of 681 cases, 583 patients were considered. The median follow-up time was 147.13 months (interquartile range 70.42-257.82 months), and 17 epidermoid carcinomas and 1 carcinosarcoma were diagnosed. After excluding 4 achalasia patients admitted with a cancer diagnosis, the incidence rate of epidermoid carcinomas was 1.61/1000 persons-year, and the cumulative probability of developing cancer at 56.34 years of follow-up was 13%. Risk factors for cancer were a sigmoid oesophagus [risk ratio (RR) = 17.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.13-75.43], duration of achalasia symptoms >280 months (RR = 19.62, 95% CI 4.59-83.80), duration of follow-up >353 months (RR = 5.96, 95% CI 2.50-14.18), oesophageal diameter at diagnosis >71 mm (RR = 21.07, 95% CI 9.29-47.82), residual barium column at diagnosis >23 cm (RR = 24.27, 95% CI 6.93-85.01) and residual barium column at the last follow-up >10 cm (RR = 8.15, 95% CI 2.40-27.62). Conversely, the risk of epidermoid carcinoma was lower when the residual barium swallow decreased by >57% (RR = 0.10, 95% CI 0.03-0.34). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with achalasia carry a substantial risk of developing epidermoid carcinoma. Several factors, such as sigmoid achalasia and dysphagia lasting more than 23 years, are associated with an increased risk of cancer. An effective Heller myotomy may positively influence the carcinogenetic process.

Could thymomectomy be a reasonable option for non-myasthenic thymoma patients?

BACKGROUND: Complete resection is the mainstay of treatment for thymoma, but few studies have investigated the extent of resection on normal thymus. Extended thymectomy is considered the treatment of choice for myasthenic patients with thymoma, while the optimal therapy for non-myasthenic patients is still a matter of debate. The aim of this retrospective study was to compare extended thymectomy vs. thymomectomy in non-myasthenic thymoma patients for (I) oncological outcome, (II) multicentric thymoma occurrence and (III) postoperative myasthenia gravis (MG) development. METHODS: A retrospective comparative study was conducted on 92 non-myasthenic patients with completely resected thymoma, according to the extent of resection: extended thymectomy (70 patients) vs. R0-mediastinal thymomectomy (22 patients). Clinical and pathological characteristics, oncological outcome and postoperative MG occurrence were compared between the two study groups. RESULTS: We did not observe any significant differences in gender, age, symptomology, preoperative chemotherapy, histology, tumour size, adjuvant therapy or complications. There were no recorded postoperative mortalities. Stage distribution was different between the two groups: similar percentages of early stage thymoma for both groups were present, but there was a prevalence of stage III for extended thymectomy and stage IV for thymomectomy (P<0.01). At a median follow-up of 77.4 months (range 1-255 months), no statistically significant differences were recorded in local recurrence (P=0.396), thymoma related deaths (P=0.504), multicentric thymoma occurrence (P=0.742) and postoperative MG development (P=0.343). A high preoperative anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies (ARAb) serum titer assay was statistically correlated with postoperative MG occurrence (r=0.49, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Thymomectomy appears to be a valid treatment option for non-myasthenic thymoma patients, as this procedure was associated to the same 5-year oncological results, compared to extended thymectomy, for both stage I-II small thymomas and patients with giant unilateral masses, as well as advanced diseases. Moreover, thymomectomy was not associated to an increased rate of postoperative MG.

Pharyngo-oesophageal perforation following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: management and results.

OBJECTIVES: Pharyngo-oesophageal perforation is a rare, life-threatening complication of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion surgery; its management remains poorly defined. We reviewed our experience to understand the treatment of this dreadful complication. METHODS: Data regarding the demographics, clinical course, diagnosis, management and outcomes of 15 cases of pharyngo-oesophageal perforations in 14 patients were collected during the period from 2003 to 2016. RESULTS: Pharyngo-oesophageal perforation occurred at a median of 32 days (range 1 day-102 months) after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion surgery. Clinical manifestations included neck abscesses and cutaneous fistulas (10 cases), cervical swelling (two cases), salivary leakage from cervicotomy (two cases), dysphagia, halitosis and regurgitation (one case). In all cases, conservative management was utilized. Two patients affected by minor external fistulas were successfully managed conservatively. In 13 cases, the following surgery was performed: (i) radical bone debridement, total or partial removal of spine fixation devices, autologous bone graft insertion or plate/cage replacement in one case each; (ii) anatomical suture of the fistula; or (iii) suture line reinforcement with myoplasty (in 11/13 cases). Perforation recurred in three cases. One patient underwent reoperation. The other two patients were treated conservatively At a median follow-up of 82 months (range 1-157 months), all patients exhibited permanent resolution of the perforation. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with minimal leaks in the absence of systemic infection can be managed conservatively. For cases of large fistulas with systemic infection, we recommend partial or total removal of the fixation devices, direct suture of the oesophageal defect and coverage with tissue flaps.

Iterative Surgical Treatment for Repeated Recurrences After Complete Resection of Thymic Tumors.

BACKGROUND: In this study, we evaluated if surgical treatment and iterative operations could confer a survival advantage for patients with recurrent or repeated recurrences of thymoma. METHODS: Between 1984 and 2014, 53 of 515 (10%) patients had recurrences after complete thymoma resection. Demographics, stage, treatment, and pathologic findings were statistically analyzed to identify survival prognostic factors. RESULTS: Thirty-eight of 53 (72%) patients underwent resection of recurrent thymoma; 32 (84%) underwent complete resection. Fifteen (28%) patients did not undergo resection; 3 (20%) received chemotherapy alone, 10 (67%) received chemoradiotherapy, and 2 (13%) received supportive care. At univariate analysis, World Health Organization (WHO) AB + B1 histologic types (p < 0.0001), R0 resection (p < 0.0001), myasthenia gravis (MG) (p = 0.02), and adjuvant therapy after recurrence (p = 0.03) were significant prognostic factors. At multivariate analysis, complete resection (p = 0.0003) was the only significant prognostic factor. Among patients with repeated resections, those undergoing complete resection had better survival than did those undergoing incomplete resection or no operative procedure (p = 0.02). Seven patients are alive and free of disease, with a median survival of 115 months (70-161 months) and 149 months (61-201 months) from the first recurrence and from thymoma resection, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Complete resection is a viable treatment option for selected patients with recurrent thymomas. In cases of technically resectable repeated recurrences, repeated operations should be considered.

The surgical repair of benign tracheo-oesophageal/pharyngeal fistula in patients on mechanical ventilation for severe neurological injuries†.

Acquired benign tracheo-oesophageal or pharyngeal fistulas (TO/PF) in neurological patients who cannot be weaned from mechanical ventilation represent a highly demanding clinical problem. We report on 3 patients on intermittent or continuous mechanical ventilation who successfully underwent tracheal resection and direct repair of the digestive fistula. Postoperative mechanical ventilation was provided through a modified silicone Safe-T-Tube, with which the cranial branch can be occluded with an internal inflatable balloon, inserted through tracheostomy performed at or below the level of the cricoid-tracheal suture line. Since the T prosthesis does not have an external cuff in the distal branch, a trans-tracheal open ventilation (TOV) technique was adopted. All patients, after a period that ranged from 21 h to 38 days from surgery, were restored to spontaneous breath; tracheal and oesophageal sutures healed normally.

Mediastinitis and sternal prosthesis infection successfully treated by minimally invasive omental flap transposition.

Purulent mediastinitis is a possible serious complication after mediastinal surgery. We report the case of a localized sternal plasmocytoma treated by sternectomy and prosthetic repair, who needed a second surgery for a fistulizing mediastinitis. Five months earlier, in another Hospital, the patient underwent sternal resection and reconstruction with a "sandwich" prosthesis (Methyl-methacrylate and Marlex mesh). Suppurative mediastinitis occurred and septic shock resolution was observed after the spontaneous opening of a mediastinal cutaneous fistula. After referring to our Unit the patient underwent extensive local and systemic preparation and nutritional support; the infected prosthesis was then removed and the gap filled by a laparoscopically-prepared omental flap. Adequate preoperative management, removal of any infected material and minimally invasive omental flap transposition allowed the successful treatment of this life-threatening condition.