Outcome of traumatic thoracolumbar spine fractures in elderly: A systematic review.

Introduction: Adequate guidelines for treatment of people over 65 years, suffering traumatic thoracolumbar spine fractures without neurologic deficit, are currently lacking. Research question: The aim of this study was to systematically review the available literature regarding the outcome of conservative and surgical treatment of thoracolumbar spinal trauma in elderly patients. Material and methods: A systematic review according the PRISMA guidelines was performed. Pubmed, Web of Science, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central register were searched until June 2021. Risk of bias of the included studies was evaluated. Clinical and radiological results, as well as complications of conservative or surgical treatment were reviewed. Results: Six articles were included (one prospective randomized trial, two prospective and three retrospective cohort studies). In these studies conflicting results were observed with regard to pain, radiological results and complications following both conservative and surgical treatment strategies for thoracolumbar spine fractures in elderly. Discussion and conclusion: Treatment of thoracolumbar fractures in elderly should focus on early mobilization to reduce complications and hospital stay. This may improve functional outcome and prevent worsening of frailty in this vulnerable group of patients. To elucidate the optimal treatment for elderly patient with thoracolumbar fractures, future research should focus on patient specific treatment rather than the mere difference between outcome of surgical and conservative treatment.

Small Bowel Obstruction Secondary to Migration of a Fractured Esophageal Stent.

Esophageal stent placement is commonly indicated for the management of inoperable esophageal malignancies, benign strictures, and esophageal perforations including Boerhaave's syndrome. We present a case of a 74-year-old female, who presented with small bowel obstruction secondary to a migrated esophageal stent, which was placed 20 weeks previously for Boerhaave's syndrome. She was surgically managed with laparotomy and retrieval of the fractured stent with local resection of the small bowel, followed by primary anastomosis.

Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair for a Ruptured Mycotic Aortic Pseudoaneurysm Secondary to Esophageal Carcinoma.

A 47-year-old female presented to the emergency department with new episodes of hematemesis. She had a background of unresectable T4b + N1 + M0 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Contrast CT thoracic aorta diagnosed a ruptured mycotic aortic pseudoaneurysm of the descending aorta, forming a life threating aorto-esophageal fistula secondary to neoplasm. Due to the high risk of fatal haemorrhage, she underwent successful emergency thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). Mycotic aortic pseudoaneurysms are a rare and often fatal complication of esophageal carcinomas. They represent a small subsection of aorto-esophageal fistulas. Early diagnosis with cross sectional imaging and vascular control of the sentinel bleed is essential for survival. TEVAR may be used as a bridge to palliative treatment in the case of unresectable esophageal carcinoma.

Management for Bony Mallet Thumb with a Single Extension Blocking Kirschner Wire.

INTRODUCTION: Mallet finger injury is defined by disruption of the terminal extensor tendon distal-to-distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint. While in the fingers, it is a relatively common injury, it is a rarely encountered entity when involving the thumb. Various conservative and operative treatment strategies have been reported for the management of mallet thumb with no consensus by clinicians. CASE REPORT: We present the case of a 27-year-old right hand dominant man with a left bony mallet thumb injury that occurred while playing hurling. Hurling is traditional Irish sport that is one of the fastest field games in the world, involving the use of a wooden Hurley and ball. Clinically, there was loss of active extension at the DIP joint of the non-dominant thumb with radiographs revealing an avulsion fracture involving more than one-third of the articular surface at the base of the distal phalanx. Closed reduction and percutaneous fixation using a single extension block Kirschner wire was performed without a transfixion wire across the DIP joint. Four months postoperatively, the patient had regained that good functional dexterity was able to return to playing hurling. CONCLUSION: A single K-wire technique may be beneficial with theoretical reduction of chance of iatrogenic nail bed, bone fragment rotation, chondral damage, and bone injury. To the best of our knowledge, no previous reports of its application to bony mallet thumb have been described.

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedure: an assessment of the quality and readability of online information.

PURPOSE: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedure is an established procedure carried out by interventional radiologists to achieve portal decompression and to manage the complications of portal hypertension. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality and readability of information available online for TIPS procedure. METHODS: Websites were identified using the search terms "TIPS procedure", "TIPSS procedure", "transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt procedure", with the first 25 pages from the three most popular search engines (Google, Bing and Yahoo) being selected for evaluation with a total of 225. Each Website was grouped by authorship into one of five categories: (1) Physician, (2) Academic, (3) For-profit, (4) Non-profit (including government and public health), or (5) Other (discussion/social media). Readability of each Website was assessed using the Flesch-Reading Ease score, Flesch-Kincaid grade level, Gunning-Fog Index, Coleman-Liau and SMOG index. Quality was calculated using the DISCERN instrument, the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria and the presence of Health on the Net (HON) code certification. RESULTS: After disregarding duplicate and non-accessible Websites a total of 81 were included. The mean DISCERN score assessing the quality of information provided by Websites was "good" (59.3 ± 10.2) with adherence to the JAMA Benchmark being 54.3%. Websites with HON-code certification were statistically significantly higher in terms of DISCERN (p = 0.034) and JAMA scores (p = 0.003) compared to HON-code negative sites. The readability scores of Websites ranged from 10 to 12th grade across calculators. Thirty-two out of the 81 Websites were targeted towards patients (39.5%), 46 towards medical professionals (56.8%) and 3 were aimed at neither (3.7%). The medical professional aimed Websites were statistically significantly more difficulty to read across all readability formulas (all p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: While quality of online information available to patients is "good", the average readability for information on the internet for TIPS is set far above the recommended 7th-grade level. Academic Websites were of the highest quality, yet most challenging for the general public to read. These findings call for the production of high-quality and comprehensible content around TIPS procedure, where physicians can reliably direct their patients for information.

Objective sleep patterns and validity of self-reported sleep monitoring across different playing levels in rugby union.

Background: Growing evidence highlights that elite rugby union players experience poor sleep quality and quantity which can be detrimental for performance. Objectives: This study aimed to i) compare objective sleep measures of rugby union players between age categories over a one week period, and ii) compare self-reported measures of sleep to wristwatch actigraphy as the criterion. Methods: Two hundred and fifty-three nights of sleep were recorded from 38 players representing four different age groups (i.e. under 16, under 18, senior academy, elite senior) in a professional rugby union club in the United Kingdom (UK). Linear mixed models and magnitude-based decisions were used for analysis. Results: The analysis of sleep schedules showed that U16 players went to bed and woke up later than their older counterparts (small differences). In general, players obtained seven hours of sleep per night, with trivial or unclear differences between age groups. The validity analysis highlighted a large relationship between objective and subjective sleep measures for bedtime (r = 0.56 [0.48 to 0.63]), and get up time (r = 0.70 [0.63 to 0.75]). A large standardised typical error (1.50 [1.23 to 1.88]) was observed for total sleep time. Conclusion: This study highlights that differences exist in sleep schedules between rugby union players in different age categories that should be considered when planning training. Additionally, self-reported measures overestimated sleep parameters. Coaches should consider these results to optimise sleep habits of their players and should be careful with self-reported sleep measures.

Pkd1-targeted mutation reveals a role for the Wolffian duct in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

Several life-threatening diseases of the kidney have their origins in mutational events that occur during embryonic development. In this study, we investigate the role of the Wolffian duct (WD), the earliest embryonic epithelial progenitor of renal tubules, in the etiology of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). ADPKD is associated with a germline mutation of one of the two Pkd1 alleles. For the disease to occur, a second event that disrupts the expression of the other inherited Pkd1 allele must occur. We postulated that this secondary event can occur in the pronephric WD. Using Cre-Lox recombination, mice with WD-specific deletion of one or both Pkd1 alleles were generated. Homozygous Pkd1-targeted deletion in WD-derived tissues resulted in mice with large cystic kidneys and serologic evidence of renal failure. In contrast, heterozygous deletion of Pkd1 in the WD led to kidneys that were phenotypically indistinguishable from control in the early postnatal period. High-throughput sequencing, however, revealed underlying gene and microRNA (miRNA) changes in these heterozygous mutant kidneys that suggest a strong predisposition toward developing ADPKD. Bioinformatic analysis of this data demonstrated an upregulation of several miRNAs that have been previously associated with PKD; pathway analysis further demonstrated that the differentially expressed genes in the heterozygous mutant kidneys were overrepresented in signaling pathways associated with maintenance and function of the renal tubular epithelium. These results suggest that the WD may be an early epithelial target for the genetic or molecular signals that can lead to cyst formation in ADPKD.

A review of the biomechanical determinants of rugby scrummaging performance.

Background: The scrum is a physical contest unique to the game of rugby union, important for determining match outcomes. Objective: This review will describe the current understanding of the kinetic and kinematic determinants of successful scrum performance to support coaching interventions and inform on future research. Methods: Literature review. Results: Individual and combined scrumming forces increase with playing level but there is no concurrent increase in body mass or player strength. There is very little variation in individual kinematics between individuals and across levels of play, suggesting that there are limited possible techniques for successful scrummaging. Live scrum contests are dynamic and require constant adjustments to body positions in response to increased compressive force and exaggerated lateral and vertical force components. Skilled performers are able to exert high levels of horizontal force while maintaining effective body positions within this dynamic environment. Conclusion: Success in scrummaging depends on the optimisation of joint angles and force production at the individual level, and the coordination of effort at a team level. The analysis presented here demonstrates that producing large scrum-specific forces and achieving the optimal 'body shape' are essential for successful scrum performance.

Questions to ask a patient with nocturia.

BACKGROUND: Patients may not raise nocturia as a concern as they mistakenly consider the symptom to be a normal part of ageing. Nocturia is associated with significant morbidity and is likely to be a marker of poor health. OBJECTIVE: This paper provides questions to guide diagnosis, evaluation and individualised treatment of nocturia. DISCUSSION: Nocturia results from the interplay between nocturnal polyuria, reduced bladder storage and sleep disruption. Changes in the function of the urinary bladder, kidneys, brain and cardiovascular system, and hormone status underlie the development and progression of nocturia. Medications commonly prescribed to older people can affect development or resolution of nocturia. The bother caused to a patient by waking to void relates to disturbance of slow-wave sleep, the physical act of getting out of bed and resulting chronic fatigue. An assessment process that identifies relevant and co-existing causes of an individual's nocturia will facilitate a targeted approach to treatment.

Injury incidence and characteristics in South African school first team rugby: A case study

Background: Despite its apparent popularity, participation in the sport of rugby union is accompanied by a significant risk of injury. Concerned parties have recently questioned whether this risk is acceptable within school populations. This is difficult to assess within the South African schools' population as no recent longitudinal injury studies exist.Objectives: To determine the training habits, rugby-related exposure and injury risk within a population of South African high school first team rugby players.Methods: Training and match exposure in both school and provincial competition were examined and the resultant injuries were longitudinally observed for the duration of a South African high school rugby season.Results: Match (79, 95%CI 52-105 injuries/1 000 h) and training (7, 95%CI 3-11 injuries /1000h) injury incidences were demonstrated to be greater than previously reported incidences in similar populations in England and Ireland. Weeks where players were exposed to both school and provincial competition (34, 95%CI 19-49 injuries /1 000 h) had significantly (p<0.05) greater injury incidences than during school competition alone (19, 95%CI 12-26 injuries /1 000 h).Conclusion: The injury risk demonstrated was greater than expected and represents reasons for concern. Possible reasons for the high injury incidence recorded may be the frequency of games played within the season, and the overlap of school and provincial competitions. It should be noted that these results were taken from one school over one season and might not be representative of the incidence of school rugby injuries overall. However, this research demonstrates the need for a multischool longitudinal study within South African schools rugby to determine the overall risk

Cardiac Rehabilitation Delivery Model for Low-Resource Settings: An International Council of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Consensus Statement.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a global epidemic, which is largely preventable. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is demonstrated to be efficacious and cost-effective for secondary prevention in high-income countries. Given its affordability, CR should be more broadly implemented in middle-income countries as well. Hence, the International Council of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation (ICCPR) convened a writing panel to recommend strategies to deliver all core CR components in low-resource settings, namely: (1) initial assessment, (2) lifestyle risk factor management (i.e., diet, tobacco, mental health), (3) medical risk factor management (lipids, blood pressure), (4) education for self-management; (5) return to work; and (6) outcome evaluation. Approaches to delivering these components in alternative, arguably lower-cost settings, such as the home, community and primary care, are provided. Recommendations on delivering each of these components where the most-responsible CR provider is a non-physician, such as an allied healthcare professional or community health care worker, are also provided.

Persistent subfoveolar fluid following retinal detachment surgery: an SD-OCT guided study on the incidence, aetiological associations, and natural history.

PURPOSE: To investigate the incidence and natural history of persistent subfoveolar fluid (PSF) following surgery for macular off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and the effect of PSF on photoreceptor structure and final visual acuity. METHODS: Retrospective study of 61 cases with post-operative optical coherence tomography (OCT) performed within 12 weeks of surgery. Based on aetiology, cases were categorized into tractional retinal tears (TRT) group or atrophic round holes and dialyses (RHD) group to investigate the incidence and duration of PSF. A Kaplan-Meier graph was plotted to compare survival time of subfoveolar fluid for both groups. Following secondary reclassification of cases into those with and without PSF, the effect of PSF on final visual acuity and photoreceptor structure was investigated with Mann-Whitney U-test used for comparison. Spearman's correlation testing was used to probe associations between time to recorded resolution of PSF with final visual acuity and photoreceptor structure. RESULTS: Incidence of PSF was greater in the RHD group and persisted for longer compared with TRT group. No detectable adverse effect of PSF on final visual acuity was seen however an individual case of severe photoreceptor atrophy was observed. No significant correlation was found between the time to recorded resolution of PSF and the final visual acuity or to photoreceptor grading scores. CONCLUSIONS: A difference in incidence of PSF was detected between the aetiological groups. PSF was ubiquitous and slow to resolve in the RHD group. Most cases of PSF resolve without adverse sequelae; however, progressive photoreceptor atrophy and sub-optimal visual outcome may result in a minority.

Early predictors of health-related quality of life outcomes in polytrauma patients with spine injuries: a level 1 trauma center study.

Study Design Retrospective review on clinical-quality trauma registry prospective data. Objective To identify early predictors of suboptimal health status in polytrauma patients with spine injuries. Methods A retrospective review on a prospective cohort was performed on spine-injured polytrauma patients with successful discharge from May 2009 to January 2011. The Short Form 12-Questionnaire Health Survey (SF-12) was used in the health status assessment of these patients. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were applied to investigate the effects of the Injury Severity Score, age, blood sugar level, vital signs, brain trauma severity, comorbidities, coagulation profile, spine trauma-related neurologic status, and spine injury characteristics of the patients. Results The SF-12 had a 52.3% completion rate from 915 patients. The patients who completed the SF-12 were younger, and there were fewer patients with severe spinal cord injuries (American Spinal Injury Association classifications A, B, and C). Other comparison parameters were satisfactorily matched. Multivariate logistic regression revealed five early predictive factors with statistical significance (p ≤ 0.05). They were (1) tachycardia (odds ratio [OR] = 1.88; confidence interval [CI] = 1.11 to 3.19), (2) hyperglycemia (OR = 2.65; CI = 1.51 to 4.65), (3) multiple chronic comorbidities (OR = 2.98; CI = 1.68 to 5.26), and (4) thoracic spine injuries (OR = 1.54; CI = 1.01 to 2.37). There were no independent early predictive factors identified for suboptimal mental health-related qualify of life outcomes. Conclusion Early independent risk factors predictive of suboptimal physical health status identified in a level 1 trauma center in polytrauma patients with spine injuries were tachycardia, hyperglycemia, multiple chronic medical comorbidities, and thoracic spine injuries. Early spine trauma risk factors were shown not to predict suboptimal mental health status outcomes.

Epidemiological trends of spine trauma: an Australian level 1 trauma centre study.

Knowledge of current epidemiology and spine trauma trends assists in public resource allocation, fine-tuning of primary prevention methods, and benchmarking purposes. Data on all patients with traumatic spine injuries admitted to the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne between May 1, 2009, and January 1, 2011, were collected from the Alfred Trauma Registry, Alfred Health medical database, and Victorian Orthopaedic Trauma Outcomes Registry. Epidemiological trends were analyzed as a general cohort, with comparison cohorts of nonsurvivors versus survivors and elderly versus nonelderly. Linear regression analysis was utilized to demonstrate trends with statistical significance. There were 965 patients with traumatic spine injuries with 2,333 spine trauma levels. The general cohort showed a trimodal age distribution, male-to-female ratio of 2:2, motor vehicle accidents as the primary spine trauma mechanism, 47.7% patients with severe polytrauma as graded using the Injury Severity Score (ISS), 17.3% with traumatic brain injury (TBI), the majority of patients with one spine injury level, 7% neurological deficit rate, 12.8% spine trauma operative rate, and 5.2% mortality rate. Variables with statistical significance trending toward mortality were the elderly, motor vehicle occupants, severe ISS, TBI, C1-2 dissociations, and American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) A, B, and C neurological grades. Variables with statistical significance trending toward the elderly were females; low falls; one spine injury level; type 2 odontoid fractures; subaxial cervical spine distraction injuries; ASIA A, B, and C neurological grades; and patients without neurological deficits. Of the general cohort, 50.3% of spine trauma survivors were discharged home, and 48.1% were discharged to rehabilitation facilities. This study provides baseline spine trauma epidemiological data. The trimodal age distribution of patients with traumatic spine injuries calls for further studies and intervention targeted toward the 46- to 55-year age group as this group represents the main providers of financial and social security. The study's unique feature of delineating variables with statistical significance trending toward both mortality and the elderly also provides useful data to guide future research studies, benchmarking, public health policy, and efficient resource allocation for the management of spine trauma.

Inception of an Australian spine trauma registry: the minimum dataset.

Background The establishment of a spine trauma registry collecting both spine column and spinal cord data should improve the evidential basis for clinical decisions. This is a report on the pilot of a spine trauma registry including development of a minimum dataset. Methods A minimum dataset consisting of 56 data items was created using the modified Delphi technique. A pilot study was performed on 104 consecutive spine trauma patients recruited by the Victorian Orthopaedic Trauma Outcomes Registry (VOTOR). Data analysis and collection methodology were reviewed to determine its feasibility. Results Minimum dataset collection aided by a dataset dictionary was uncomplicated (average of 5 minutes per patient). Data analysis revealed three significant findings: (1) a peak in the 40 to 60 years age group; (2) premorbid functional independence in the majority of patients; and (3) significant proportion being on antiplatelet or anticoagulation medications. Of the 141 traumatic spine fractures, the thoracolumbar segment was the most frequent site of injury. Most were neurologically intact (89%). Our study group had satisfactory 6-month patient-reported outcomes. Conclusion The minimum dataset had high completion rates, was practical and feasible to collect. This pilot study is the basis for the development of a spine trauma registry at the Level 1 trauma center.

Use of a large Rusch hydrostatic catheter balloon to control postpartum haemorrhage resulting from a low placental implantation.

We describe the successful use of a balloon catheter in primary postpartum haemorrhage secondary to placenta praevia. A 29-year-old woman was admitted for cervical priming at 37 weeks. Antenatal screening ultrasonography showed a normally-sited placenta. During the surgical induction of labour, bleeding per vaginum was noted, and a mass was felt at the cervical os. Emergency caesarean section was performed, and a placenta praevia was confirmed. Upon reversal of general anaesthesia, vaginal bleeding was noted despite a well-contracted uterus. The estimated blood loss was 1,200 ml. A hydrostatic catheter was inserted vaginally into the uterine cavity. After 17 hours, it was removed with no vaginal bleeding. The insertion for the balloon catheter was easy and simple, requiring minimal analgesia, and it was without significant complication. As obstetricians become more confident in this technique, surgical intervention may be avoided. This may subsequently lead to a reduction in maternal morbidity and mortality.

Severe newborn encephalopathy unrelated to intrapartum hypoxic events: 3 case reports.

INTRODUCTION: Newborn encephalopathy is an important clinical problem associated with considerable morbidity and mortality and is pertinent in the assignment of blame in obstetrics litigation. CLINICAL PICTURE: We report 3 babies with severe neonatal encephalopathy. OUTCOME: In all 3 cases, intrapartum hypoxic insult was unlikely to be a significant contributing factor towards the development of neonatal encephalopathy. The aetiology was unclear in the first 2 cases and there was antecedent antenatal cause of feto-maternal haemorrhage in the last case. CONCLUSION: Prevention of neonatal encephalopathy was not possible in these 3 cases. We recommend that umbilical cord blood gases be clearly documented in such cases to reduce unnecessary obstetrics litigation of intrapartum asphyxia as the significant contributing factor to the poor neonatal outcome. Clinicians must have a high index of suspicion of antecedent causes and perform the necessary investigations to elucidate the aetiology of the neonatal encephalopathy.

Glypican-3 modulates BMP- and FGF-mediated effects during renal branching morphogenesis.

The kidney of the Gpc3-/ mouse, a novel model of human renal dysplasia, is characterized by selective degeneration of medullary collecting ducts preceded by enhanced cell proliferation and overgrowth during branching morphogenesis. Here, we identify cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this renal dysplasia. Glypican-3 (GPC3) deficiency was associated with abnormal and contrasting rates of proliferation and apoptosis in cortical (CCD) and medullary collecting duct (MCD) cells. In CCD, cell proliferation was increased threefold. In MCD, apoptosis was increased 16-fold. Expression of Gpc3 mRNA in ureteric bud and collecting duct cells suggested that GPC3 can exert direct effects in these cells. Indeed, GPC3 deficiency abrogated the inhibitory activity of BMP2 on branch formation in embryonic kidney explants, converted BMP7-dependent inhibition to stimulation, and enhanced the stimulatory effects of KGF. Similar comparative differences were found in collecting duct cell lines derived from GPC3-deficient and wild type mice and induced to form tubular progenitors in vitro, suggesting that GPC3 directly controls collecting duct cell responses. We propose that GPC3 modulates the actions of stimulatory and inhibitory growth factors during branching morphogenesis.