ABSTRACT
Background and aim Guidelines recommend use of ligation and vasoactive drugs as first-line therapy and as grade A evidence for acute variceal bleeding (AVB), although Western studies about this issue are lacking. Methods We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) to evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic treatments for AVB in patients with cirrhosis. Trials that included patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, use of portocaval shunts or esophageal resection, balloon tamponade as first bleeding control measure, or that received placebo or elective treatment in one study arm were excluded. Results A total of 8382 publications were searched, of which 36 RCTs with 3593 patients were included. Ligation was associated with a significant improvement in bleeding control (relative risk [RR] 1.08; 95â% confidence interval [CI] 1.02â-â1.15) when compared to sclerotherapy. Sclerotherapy combined with vasoactive drugs showed higher efficacy in active bleeding control compared to sclerotherapy alone (RR 1.17; 95â% CI 1.10â-â1.25). The combination of ligation and vasoactive drugs was not superior to ligation alone in terms of overall rebleeding (RR 2.21; 95â%CI 0.55â-â8.92) and in-hospital mortality (RR 1.97; 95â%CI 0.78â-â4.97). Other treatments did not generate meta-analysis. Conclusions This study showed that ligation is superior to sclerotherapy, although with moderate heterogeneity. The combination of sclerotherapy and vasoactive drugs was more effective than sclerotherapy alone. Although current guidelines recommend combined use of ligation with vasoactive drugs in treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding, this study failed to demonstrate the superiority of this combined treatment.
ABSTRACT
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Scoliosis is not a diagnosis, but a description of a structural alteration that occurs in a variety of conditions. Progression of the curvature during periods of rapid growth may result in severe deformity, which may be accompanied by cardiopulmonary compromise. This study had the aims of measuring the prevalence of scoliosis among students in the fifth to eighth school years and investigating possible associations between the presence of scoliosis, body overweight and the weight of school materials. DESIGN AND SETTING: Analytical cross-sectional study developed in the municipality of Carlos Barbosa, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. METHODS: A total of 1340 students were evaluated. The variables studied were the prevalence of scoliosis, type of school, location of the school, age, school year, sex, body weight, prevalence of excessive school material weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and spinal alignment measurements. RESULTS: The prevalence of scoliosis was 1.4 percent; shoulder and scapula asymmetry, 6.6 percent; forearm and trunk asymmetry, 4.0 percent; spinal misalignment, 1.9 percent; Thales triangle asymmetry, 6.4 percent; body overweight, 19.8 percent; and carrying of excessively heavy school materials, 27 percent. The study did not find any statistically significant association between scoliosis and body overweight, or between scoliosis and excessive weight of school materials. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of scoliosis in this school-based sample was low. No correlation was found between this clinical condition and the other variables.
CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: A escoliose não é um diagnóstico, e sim uma descrição de uma alteração estrutural que ocorre numa variedade de condições. Progressão da curvatura durante o período de rápido crescimento pode resultar numa deformidade grave, a qual pode ser acompanhada por comprometimento cardiopulmonar. O objetivo do estudo foi medir a prevalência de escoliose entre escolares da quinta a oitava série e verificar a possível associação entre a presença de escoliose, o sobrepeso corporal e o peso do material escolar. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal analítico realizado no município de Carlos Barbosa, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 1.340 escolares. As variáveis estudadas foram a prevalência de escoliose, tipo de escola, local da escola, idade, série, sexo, peso corporal, prevalência de peso excessivo do material escolar, altura, índice de massa corporal (IMC) e medidas de alinhamento da coluna vertebral. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de escoliose foi de 1,4 por cento; de assimetria de ombros e escápula, 6,6 por cento; de assimetria antebraço e tronco, 4,0 por cento; desalinhamento da coluna vertebral, 1,9 por cento; assimetria do triângulo de Tales, 6,4 por cento; o sobrepeso corporal, 19,8 por cento; e carregar material escolar com peso excessivo, 27 por cento. O estudo não encontrou associação estatisticamente significativa entre a escoliose e o sobrepeso corporal e a escoliose e o excesso de peso do material escolar. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de escoliose com base escolar mostrou-se baixa. Não foi encontrada correlação entre essa condição clínica e as outras variáveis.
