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1.
Pediatr Infect Dis J ; 36(3): 290-295, 2017 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28187115

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) has been sporadically reported as a cause of respiratory tract infections. In 2014, an international outbreak of EV-D68 occurred and caused severe respiratory disease in the pediatric population. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed of children admitted to Children's Mercy Hospital from August 1, 2014, to September 15, 2014, with positive multiplex polymerase chain reaction testing for EV/rhinovirus (RV). Specimens were subsequently tested for EV-D68, and clinical data were obtained from the medical records. Patients with EV-D68 were compared with children presenting simultaneously with other EV/RV. RESULTS: Of 542 eligible specimens, children with EV-D68 were significantly older than children with other EV/RV (4.6 vs. 2.2 years, P < 0.001). Children with EV-D68 were more likely to have a history of asthma (38.6% vs. 30.0%, P = 0.04) or recurrent wheezing (22.1% vs. 14.8%, P = 0.04). EV-D68-positive children more commonly received supplemental oxygen (86.7% vs. 65.0%, P < 0.001), albuterol (91.2% vs. 65.5%, P < 0.001) and corticosteroids (82.9% vs. 58.6%, P < 0.001). Age ≥5 years was an independent risk factor for intensive care unit management in EV-D68-infected children. Children with a history of asthma or recurrent wheezing and EV-D68 received supplemental oxygen (92.7% vs. 82.4%, P = 0.007) and magnesium (42.7% vs. 29.7%, P = 0.03) at higher rates and more continuous albuterol (3 vs. 2 hours, P = 0.03) than those with other EV/RV. CONCLUSIONS: EV-D68 causes severe disease in the pediatric population, particularly in children with a history of asthma or recurrent wheezing. EV-D68-positive children are more likely to require therapy for refractory bronchospasm and may need intensive care unit- level care.


Subject(s)
Enterovirus D, Human , Enterovirus Infections/diagnosis , Enterovirus Infections/epidemiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Disease Outbreaks/statistics & numerical data , Enterovirus Infections/therapy , Enterovirus Infections/virology , Female , Hospitalization , Humans , Male , Retrospective Studies
2.
J Clin Virol ; 70: 77-82, 2015 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26305825

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Enterovirus 68 (EV-D68) causes acute respiratory tract illness in epidemic cycles, most recently in Fall 2014, but clinical characteristics of severe disease are not well reported. OBJECTIVES: Children with EV-D68 severe respiratory disease requiring pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) management were compared with children with severe respiratory disease from other enteroviruses/rhinoviruses. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review was performed of all children admitted to Children's Mercy Hospital PICU from August 1-September 15, 2014 with positive PCR testing for enterovirus/rhinovirus. Specimens were subsequently tested for the presence of EV-D68. We evaluated baseline characteristics, symptomatology, lab values, therapeutics, and outcomes of children with EV-D68 viral infection compared with enterovirus/rhinovirus-positive, EV-D68-negative children. RESULTS: A total of 86 children with positive enterovirus/rhinovirus testing associated with respiratory symptoms were admitted to the PICU. Children with EV-D68 were older than their EV-D68-negative counterparts (7.1 vs. 3.5 years, P=0.01). They were more likely to have a history of asthma or recurrent wheeze (68% vs. 42%, P=0.03) and to present with cough (90% vs. 63%, P=0.009). EV-D68 children were significantly more likely to receive albuterol (95% vs. 79%, P=0.04), magnesium (75% vs. 42%, P=0.004), and aminophylline (25% vs. 4%, P=0.03). Other adjunctive medications used in EV-D68 children included corticosteroids, epinephrine, and heliox; 44% of EV-D68-positive children required non-invasive ventilatory support. CONCLUSIONS: EV-D68 causes severe disease in the pediatric population, particularly in children with asthma and recurrent wheeze; children may require multiple adjunctive respiratory therapies.


Subject(s)
Critical Care , Enterovirus D, Human/classification , Enterovirus D, Human/genetics , Enterovirus Infections/diagnosis , Enterovirus Infections/virology , Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis , Respiratory Tract Infections/virology , Age Factors , Biomarkers , Child , Child, Preschool , Disease Management , Enterovirus Infections/therapy , Female , Hospitalization , Humans , Infant , Male , Respiratory Tract Infections/therapy , Retrospective Studies , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness Index , Treatment Outcome
4.
Pediatr Crit Care Med ; 15(9): 861-9, 2014 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25251516

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Describe aspects of one center's experience extubating infants and children during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. DESIGN: Retrospective review of medical records. SETTING: Seventy-one-bed critical care service (PICU and cardiovascular ICU) in a large urban tertiary children's hospital. PATIENTS: Pediatric and neonatal patients supported on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation between 1996 and 2013 who were either not intubated or extubated greater than 24 hours during their extracorporeal membrane oxygenation course. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Sixteen of 511 patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were extubated for at least 24 hours during their extracorporeal membrane oxygenation courses. Fourteen had respiratory failure and two had cardiac disease. Five patients died while on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, but the cause of death was not related to complications associated with extubation. Extubated patients were supported a median of 19.7 days on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, with a median extubation latency (time between cannulation and first extubation) of 6.2 days and a median extubation duration of 5.5 days. Mean time extubated was 43% of the total time on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Two patients were reintubated briefly or had a laryngeal mask airway placed for decannulation (n = 1). The remaining patients were extubated within 5 days of decannulation, weeks afterward (n = 2), transferred to outside facilities (n = 2), or died during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support (n = 5). We also observed no complications directly attributable to extubation and spontaneous reaeration of consolidated lungs in acute respiratory distress syndrome in extubated patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. CONCLUSION: Extubation and discontinuation of mechanical ventilation appear feasible in patients requiring long-term extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Emergency procedure planning may need to be modified in extubated patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.


Subject(s)
Airway Extubation/methods , Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation/methods , Intensive Care Units, Pediatric , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Retrospective Studies , Tertiary Care Centers
5.
Indian J Crit Care Med ; 16(4): 204-6, 2012 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23559727

ABSTRACT

Calcium channel blocker (CCB) toxicity is associated with refractory hypotension and can be fatal. A 13 year old young woman presented to the emergency department(ED) six hours after an intentional overdose of amlodipine, barbiturates, and alcohol. She remained extremely hypotensive despite the administration of normal saline and calcium chloride and despite infusions of norepinephrine, epinephrine, insulin, and dextrose. Due to increasing evidence of end organ dysfunction, Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS) was initiated 9 hours after presentation to the ED. The patient's blood pressure and end organ function immediately improved after cannulation. She was successfully decannulated after 57 hours of ECLS and was neurologically intact. Patients with calcium channel blocker overdose who are resistant to medical interventions may respond favorably to early ECLS.

6.
Pediatr Crit Care Med ; 12(5): 504-11, 2011 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21076361

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy of a low-dose methadone tapering schedule to a high-dose methadone tapering schedule in pediatric intensive care unit patients exposed to infusions of fentanyl, with or without infusions of midazolam, for ≥ 5 days. DESIGN: Prospective, double-blind, randomized trial. SETTING: Pediatric intensive care unit in a tertiary care children's hospital. PATIENTS: Seventy-eight patients, 74 of whom had been receiving infusions of both fentanyl and midazolam, were randomized. Forty-one patients were randomized to the low-dose methadone group and 37 were randomized to the high-dose methadone group. Sixty patients successfully completed the trial, 34 were in the low-dose methadone group, and 26 were in the high-dose methadone group. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomized to receive methadone either at a starting dose of 0.1 mg/kg/dose (low-dose methadone group) or at a starting dose based on both the patient's weight and the most recent fentanyl infusion rate (high-dose methadone group). In each group, methadone was administered every 6 hrs for the first 24 hrs and then every 12 hrs for the second 24 hrs. The methadone was then decreased to once daily and tapered off over the next 10 days. Patients were monitored for withdrawal symptoms using the Modified Narcotic Withdrawal Score. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The percentage of patients who successfully completed the 10-day methadone taper was the same in the low-dose methadone group as in the high-dose methadone group (56% vs. 62%; p = .79). Patients that failed to complete the assigned methadone taper had a greater total fentanyl dose and longer pediatric intensive care unit length of stay compared to patients who completed the assigned methadone taper. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who received infusions of fentanyl for at least 5 days were just as likely to complete a low-dose methadone taper as a high-dose methadone taper. Because of the risks of both withdrawal and oversedation with any fixed methadone schedule, the methadone dose must be adjusted according to each patient's response.


Subject(s)
Fentanyl/therapeutic use , Hypnotics and Sedatives/therapeutic use , Intensive Care Units, Pediatric , Methadone/administration & dosage , Midazolam/therapeutic use , Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/prevention & control , Child, Preschool , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Double-Blind Method , Drug Administration Schedule , Female , Fentanyl/administration & dosage , Humans , Hypnotics and Sedatives/administration & dosage , Infant , Male , Midazolam/administration & dosage , Prospective Studies , United States
7.
Pediatr Crit Care Med ; 11(3): 362-71, 2010 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19924027

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Describe the use of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation as rescue therapy in pediatric patients who experience cardiopulmonary arrest refractory to conventional resuscitation. We report on outcomes and factors associated with survival in children treated with extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation during cardiopulmonary arrest from the American Heart Association National Registry of CardioPulmonary Resuscitation. DESIGN: Multicentered, national registry of in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. SETTING: Two hundred eighty-five hospitals reporting to the registry from January 2000 to December 2007. PATIENTS: Pediatric patients <18 yrs of age who received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation for in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND OUTCOMES: Prearrest and arrest variables were collected. The primary outcome variable was survival to hospital discharge. The secondary outcome was neurologic status after extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation at hospital discharge. Favorable neurologic outcome was defined as Pediatric Cerebral Performance Categories 1, 2, 3, or no change from admission Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category. RESULTS: Of 6288 pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest events reported, 199 (3.2%) index extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation events were identified; 87 (43.7%) survived to hospital discharge. Fifty-nine survivors had Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category outcomes recorded, and of those, 56 (94.9%) had favorable outcomes. In a multivariable model, the prearrest factor of renal insufficiency and arrest factors of metabolic or electrolyte abnormality and the pharmacologic intervention of sodium bicarbonate/tromethamine were associated with decreased survival. After adjusting for confounding factors, cardiac illness category was associated with an increased survival to hospital discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Forty-four percent of pediatric patients who failed conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation from in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest and who were reported to the National Registry of CardioPulmonary Resuscitation database as treated with extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation survived to hospital discharge. The majority of survivors with recorded neurologic outcomes were favorable. Patients with cardiac illness category were more likely to survive to hospital discharge after treatment with extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be considered for select pediatric patients refractory to conventional in-hospital resuscitation measures.


Subject(s)
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/methods , Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation , Heart Arrest/therapy , Inpatients , Outcome Assessment, Health Care , Registries , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Survival Analysis
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