Impact of Low-Head Dam Removal on River Morphology and Habitat Suitability in Mountainous Rivers.

Dam removal is considered an effective measure to solve the adverse ecological effects caused by dam construction and has started to be considered in China. The sediment migration and habitat restoration of river ecosystems after dam removal have been extensively studied abroad but are still in the exploratory stage in China. However, there are few studies on the ecological response of fishes at different growth stages. Considering the different habitat preferences of Schizothorax prenanti (S. prenanti) in the spawning and juvenile periods, this study coupled field survey data and a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model to explore the changes in river morphology at different scales and the impact of changes in hydrodynamic conditions on fish habitat suitability in the short term. The results show that after the dam is removed, in the upstream of the dam, the riverbed is eroded and cut down and the riverbed material coarsens. With the increase in flow velocity and the decrease in flow area, the weighted usable area (WUA) in the spawning and juvenile periods decreases by 5.52% and 16.36%, respectively. In the downstream of the dam, the riverbed is markedly silted and the bottom material becomes fine. With the increase in water depth and flow velocity, the WUA increases by 79.91% in the spawning period and decreases by 67.90% in the juvenile period, which is conducive to adult fish spawning but not to juvenile fish growth. The changes in physical habitat structure over a short time period caused by dam removal have different effects on different fish development periods, which are not all positive. The restoration of stream continuity increases adult fish spawning potential while limiting juvenile growth. Thus, although fish can spawn successfully, self-recruitment of fish stocks can still be affected if juvenile fish do not grow successfully. This study provides a research basis for habitat assessment after dam removal and a new perspective for the subsequent adaptive management strategy of the project.

Value of galactose-deficient IgA1 in the early diagnosis of Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis in children / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the value of galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) in the early diagnosis of Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis (HSPN) in children.@*METHODS@#A total of 67 hospitalized children who were definitely diagnosed with HSPN between January and April 2018 and 58 hospitalized children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) were enrolled in the study. Twenty children undergoing routine physical examinations served as controls. The levels of serum and urine Gd-IgA1 were determined using ELISA. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to analyze the value of serum Gd-IgA1 and urine Gd-IgA1/urine creatinine ratio in the diagnosis of HSPN.@*RESULTS@#The level of serum Gd-IgA1 and urine Gd-IgA1/urine creatinine ratio in children with HSP or HSPN were significantly higher than those in healthy control group (P<0.01), with a significantly greater increase observed in children with HSPN (P<0.01). Serum Gd-IgA1 ≥1 485.57 U/mL and/or urine Gd-IgA1/urine creatinine ratio ≥105.74 were of favorable value in the diagnosis of HSPN. During the six-month follow-up of the 49 children with HSP, the incidence of HSPN was 47% (23/49), which included a 100% incidence in children with serum Gd-IgA1 ≥1 485.57 U/mL and a 73% incidence in children with urine Gd-IgA1/urine creatinine ratio ≥105.74.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Serum and urine Gd-IgA1 is of favorable clinical value in the early diagnosis of HSPN.

Effect of a microRNA-132 antagonist on pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in young rats / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect of a microRNA-132 antagonist on lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) in young Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-five 3-week-old SD rats were randomly and equally divided into epilepticus model group, microRNA-132 antagonist group, and microRNA-132 antagonist negative control group. The young SD rat model of SE was established using lithium-pilocarpine. For the microRNA-132 antagonist group and the negative control group, pretreatment was performed 24 hours before the model establishment. Behavioral observation was performed to assess the latency of SE and success rate of induction of SE. The scale of Lado was used to evaluate the seizure severity. Electroencephalography (EEG) was used to assess the frequency and amplitude of epileptiform discharges. The mortality rate was calculated in each group.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There was no significant difference in the success rate of induction of SE between the three groups (P>0.05). Compared with the microRNA-132 negative control group and the epilepticus model group, the microRNA-132 antagonist group had significantly prolonged SE latency after model establishment (P<0.05), a significantly lower Lado score of seizure (P<0.05), significantly lower frequency and amplitude of epileptiform discharges on EEG (P<0.05), and a slightly reduced mortality rate.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The treatment with the microRNA-132 antagonist shows an inhibitory effect on the development and progression of lithium-pilocarpine-induced SE in young SD rats. The inhibition of microRNA-132 is likely to be a potential target or direction for drug treatment of SE.</p>

Comparison of therapeutic effects of prednisone combined with mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclosporin A in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the therapeutic effects of prednisone combined with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) versus cyclosporin A (CsA) in children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinical data of 164 SRNS children who were treated with prednisone combined with MMF or CsA between January 2004 and December 2013 were collected, and the clinical effect of prednisone combined with MMF (MMF group, 112 children) or CsA (CsA group, 52 children) was analyzed retrospectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>At 1 month after treatment, the CsA group had a significantly higher remission rate than the MMF group (67.3% vs 42.9%; P<0.05). At 3 months after treatment, the CsA group also had a significantly higher remission rate than the MMF group (78.8% vs 63.3%; P<0.05). The 24-hour urinary protein excretion in both groups changed significantly with time (P<0.05) and differed significantly between the two groups (P<0.05). There were no serious adverse events in the two groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Prednisone combined with MMF or CsA is effective and safe for the treatment of SRNS in children, and within 3 months of treatment, CsA has a better effect than MMF.</p>

Complete mitochodrial genome of the redlip loach Leptobotia rubrilaris (Teleostei, Cypriniformes: Cobitidae).

In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the Leptobotia rubrilaris has been obtained. The genome includes 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes and a non-coding control region with the total length of 16,585 bp. The gene arrangement and composition were identical to other vertebrate. Most of the genes are encoded on heavy strand, except for eight tRNA and ND6 genes. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of L. rubrilaris would contribute to better understand population genetics and protect its genetic diversity.

Significance of trace deposition of immunoglobulin M in glomerular mesangium in children with minimal change nephrotic syndrome / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the significance of trace immunoglobulin M (IgM) deposits in glomerular mesangium in children with minimal change primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and six children who were clinically diagnosed with PNS and pathologically diagnosed with minimal change disease (MCD) and trace deposition of IgM in renal tissues were enrolled as subjects. Eighty-one PNS children with MCD but no deposition of immune complexes were used as the control group. The clinical characteristics and efficacies of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants were retrospectively analyzed in the two groups. All patients were given full-dose prednisone by oral administration, and patients with glucocorticoid resistance or frequent relapses were additionally given immunosuppressants.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The incidence of glucocorticoid resistance in the IgM deposit group was significantly higher than that in the control group (27.2% vs 12.3%; P<0.05). The incidence of frequent relapses in the IgM deposit group was also significantly higher than that in the control group (48.1% vs 10.4%; P<0.05). The complete remission rate for glucocorticoid-resistant patients treated with prednisone combined with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) was 68% and 62% respectively in the IgM deposit and control groups (P>0.05). The relapse frequency in patients with frequent relapses was significantly reduced in both groups after treatment with prednisone and MMF in combination (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Trace deposition of IgM in renal tissues may be an important factor for glucocorticoid resistance and frequent relapses in PNS children with MCD. Prednisone combined with MMF may be a better choice in the treatment of patients with glucocorticoid resistance or frequent relapses.</p>

Clinical characteristics of children with an initial onset of IgA nephropathy with nephrotic syndrome / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the clinical characteristics of children with an initial onset of IgA nephropathy with nephrotic syndrome and compare them with children with primary nephrotic syndrome, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the differential diagnosis of the two diseases.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifty children diagnosed with an initial onset of IgA nephropathy with nephrotic syndrome were included in this study. Seventy-two children diagnosed with an initial onset of primary nephrotic syndrome served as the control group. The clinical and laboratory examination characteristics were compared between the two groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The IgA nephropathy group had significantly higher incidence rates of gross haematuria, microscopic haematuria, hypertension, acute kidney injury, low serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, anemia, low serum complement C4, steroid resistance, and nephritis-type nephrotic syndrome and a significantly lower incidence of elevated serum IgE compared with the control group (P<0.05). There were significant differences in serum creatinine, serum uric acid, serum total cholesterol, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, serum IgE, serum complement C4, and hemoglobin levels between the IgA nephropathy and the control groups (P<0.05). The thresholds of serum IgE (<131.2 IU/mL) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (<1.35 mmol/L) were reference parameters in the differential diagnosis of IgA nephropathy with nephrotic syndrome and primary nephrotic syndrome.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Children with IgA nephropathy presenting nephrotic syndrome manifest mainly as nephritis type and steroid-resistant type in the clinical classification. Cinical manifestations accompanied by serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and IgE are helpful for differential diagnosis of IgA nephropathy presenting nephrotic syndrome and primary nephrotic syndrome.</p>

[Effects of surgically implanted dummy ultrasonic transmitters on grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella].

In order to study the effects of surgically implanted dummy ultrasonic transmitters on grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella, two experiments were conducted from October 2010 to December 2010 and November 2010 to October 2011. The results showed that surgical implantation of dummy ultrasonic transmitters had a significant negative influence on the growth of grass carp within 30 days following the surgery. However, the negative influence after 30 days faded away. One and two fish died during the 60-day and 360-day experiments, equivalent to the mortalities of 4.2% and 6.7%, respectively. All fish incisions were completely healed in 30 days after surgery, and all sutures were lost in 360 days after surgery. Two and one fish expelled the transmitters through the unclosed wound during the 60 days and 360 days, and the discharges were 8.7% and 3.3%, respectively. All the remaining transmitters were encapsulated in fibrous capsules and adhered to body wall, intestinal tract or viscera multiply. The result suggested that surgical implantation of ultrasonic transmitters could be applied to the ultrasonic telemetry research on grass carp. Nevertheless, the grass carp should be given for at least 30 days with the purpose of incision healing and growth recovery from the surgical procedure.

The mitogenome of Leptobotia microphthalma (Teleostei, Cypriniformes: Cobitidae).

The Leptobotia microphthalma belongs to family Cobitidae, which is endemic to the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in China. In this studying, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of L. microphthalma has been obtained with PCR, which contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes and a non-coding control region with the total length of 16,512 bp. The gene arrangement and composition are similar to that of other vertebrates. Most of the genes are encoded on heavy strand, except for eight tRNA and ND6 genes. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of L. microphthalma would contribute to better understand population genetics and protect its genetic diversity.

The mitogenome of Liobagrus marginatoides (Teleostei, Siluriformes:Amblycipitidae).

Liobagrus marginatoides is endemic to southwest China (Ding, 1994), according to morphological taxonomy, and it is very similar to Liobagrus nigricauda, but its population is much smaller. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of L. Marginatoides has been obtained with polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and a non-coding control region with the total length of 16,498 bp. The gene arrangement and composition are similar to that of other vertebrates. Most of the genes are encoded on heavy strand, except for eight tRNA and ND6 genes. Just like most other vertebrates, the against bias of G has a universality in different statistics results. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of L. Marginatoides would contribute to better understand population genetics and protect its genetic diversity.

The mitogenome of Liobagrus nigricauda (Teleostei, Siluriformes: Amblycipitidae).

Liobagrus nigricauda is endemic to the Yangtze River system (Ding 1994, The fishes of Sichuan province. pp. 470-78) and listed as an endangered species (IUCN 2012, Red list of threatened species. http://www.iucnredlist.org ). In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of L. nigricauda has been obtained with polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and a noncoding control region with the total length of 16,512 bp. The gene arrangement and composition are similar to that of other vertebrates. Most of the genes are encoded on heavy strand, except for eight tRNA and ND6 genes. Just like most other vertebrates, the bias against G has a universality in different statistics results. The mitogenome sequence of L. nigricauda would contribute to better understand population genetics and to protect its genetic diversity.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Liobagrus kingi (Teleostei, Siluriformes: Amblycipitidae).

Liobagrus kingi is endemic to southwest China and listed as endangered species (IUCN 2012). Genetic diversity is necessary for conservation issue. In studying this, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of L. kingi has been obtained with PCR, which contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and a non-coding control region with the total length of 16,483 bp. The gene arrangement and composition are similar to that of other vertebrates. Most of the genes are encoded on heavy strand, except for eight tRNA and ND6 genes. Just like most other vertebrates, the against bias of G has a universality in different statistical results. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of L. kingi would contribute to better understand population genetics and protect its genetic diversity.

Clinical characteristics of pancreatic gland damage in children with Henoch-Sch(o)nlein purpura / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics of pancreatic gland damage in children with Henoch-Sch(o)nlein purpura(HSP).Methods The serum and urine analysis of 95 examples were detected by the automatic biochemical analyzer,which were diagnosed as HSP from Aug.2009 to Jun.2010 in Department of Nephrology,Hunan Children's Hospital,and the clinical characteristics of them were analyzed.All children were treated with anti-infection and anti-allergic drugs.The pancreatic morphology of patients was observed by B ultrasonic,and the clinical features of skin,joints,digestive tract,and kidney damage were observed.And the relationship between damage of pancreas and damage of other systems was analyzed.Results There were 64 cases suffering from pancreatic gland damage in 95 HSP children:34 cases were male(53.1％),30 cases were female(46.9％),and there was no significant difference (x2 =0.56,P ＞ 0.05).The incidence of pancreatic gland damage of the patients with allergic purpura combined with abdominalgia was 82.8％ (53 cases),which was obviously higher than that in the patients without abdominalgia (11 cases,17.2％)(x2 =14.24,P ＜0.05).The incidence of pancreatic gland damage in mixed type of allergic purpura(61 cases,95.3％) was obviously higher than that in the patients which only possess the skin rash(3 cases,4.7％) (x2 =18.18,P ＜0.05).The pancreatic glands of the total 64 patients were detected by type B ultrasonic.None of them had been detected with pancreatic gland edema and deformation of structure.The mean hospital stay of the HSP patients with pancreatic gland damage was (10.80 ± 6.39) days (5-39 days),while mean hospital stay without pancreatic gland damage was (8.42 ± 3.51) days (4-13 days),and there was no significant difference between them (t =5.68,P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions HSP children usually were accompanied with pancreatic gland damage,and if they get abdominalgia and multi-system damage they are more likely to be accompanied with pancreatic gland damage,which should be paid attention to.

Clinical and pathological features of children with acute kidney injurys in 7 years in China Hunan / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To analyze the clinical and pathological characteristics of children in different stages and to investigate the clinical significance based on clinical diagnosis and staging criteria of acute kidney injury(AKI).Methods Based on the clinical diagnosis and staging criteria of AKI,165 AKI children admitted to the Department of Nephrology of Hunan Children's Hospital,between Oct.2004 and Oct.2011 were divided into 3 groups:stage 1,stage 2 and stage 3.Clinical characteristics,age,etiology,pathology and prognosis were compared among 3 groups of children with AKI.Results (1) A total of 165 patients(109 males and 56 females) were included in this study,average age of (6.26 ± 4.43) years,including 69 patients in stage 1,19 patients in stage 2,and 77 patients in stage 3.(2) The 3 groups of patients had an average age of(9.09 ± 3.69) years,(4.34 ± 3.90) years,and (4.22 ± 3.78) years,respectively,which showed significant differences (P ＜ 0.01).(3)Three most frequent causes of AKI were drugs (24.8％),acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) (22.4％) and septicemia (15.2 ％),which showed significant differences (P ＜ 0.01).(4) Renal histopathological examination was performed on 140 AKI children,3 most main types of pathology were acute tubular interstitial nephritis 56 cases (40.0％),endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis 33 cases (23.6％) and mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis 18 cases(12.9％).In the stage 1 patients,glomerular disease was predominant(84.4％).In the stage 2 patients,glomerular disease(38.5％) and tubulointerstitial lesions(38.5％) were the major pathological types.In the stage 3 patients,tubulointerstitial damage (73.0％) was the major pathological type (P ＜0.01).The patients in 3 different groups showed significant differences in the ratio of tubulointerstitial disease and glomerular disease(P ＜0.01).(5)The median recovery time of serum creatinine to the baseline was 9 days(3-41 days) for stage 1 patients,11 days(3-25 days) for stage 2 patients,and 16 days(3-∝ days) for stage 3 patients,which showed a significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).(6)Of the 165 A KI patients,124 cases had hematuria,126 cases had varying degrees of proteinuria.There were significant differences in the hematuria incidence and the duration among the 3 groups(P ＜ 0.01).There was no difference in the proteinuria incidence among the 3 groups (P ＞ 0.05),while the stage 1 patients showed significant differences from the other 2 groups (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions The patients are mostly seen in stage 1 and stage 3.The stage 1 AKI children are largely school-age children and acute glomerulone phritis is the main etiology.The stage 3 AKI children are mainly infants and the etiology of AKI is mainly drugs and septicemia,the pathological type is mainly acute tubulointerstitial nephritis,and the renal functional recovery is slow.

Clinical features of the nephrotic syndrome associated with ichthyosis vulgaris and analysis of related gene mutation / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study clinical features of 3 children who presented with nephrotic syndrome (NS) associated with ichthyosis vulgaris (IV), and to detect relationship between NS associated with IV in patients and FLG gene or NPHS2 gene.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Clinical and kidney pathological data of the 3 patients were analyzed and progress of pathologic damage in the patient kidney was observed through repeated percutaneous renal biopsy. Using polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism and DNA sequencing, the diversity of the expression of NPHS2 gene in the 3 patients were analyzed, and FLG gene in the 3 patients and parts of their family members with IV was detected.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>(1) The age of the 3 patients (patient 1 was a girl and patients 2 and 3 were boys) suffering from NS was 3 years and 8 months, 2 years and 6 months, and 5 years and 3 months, respectively. The age of onset of IV was 1 year and 6 months, 10 months, and 2 years and 6 months, respectively. All the 3 patients were resistant to steroid therapy. Despite multi-immunosuppressive therapy, no clinical response was achieved. The patients were followed up for 1.5 to 4.0 years. The patients displayed continuous proteinuria, renal function was normal, but their heights were lower than other children at the same age. (2) The older brother of patient 1 died of uremia. The other patients' family members did not have kidney disease. (3) Renal histopathology showed that the patients 1 and 2 had mild mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (MsPGN) and the patient 3 had minimal change disease (MCD). One and a half years after the first renal biopsy, the patients 1 and 2 underwent repeated renal biopsy. Renal histopathology showed that the 2 patients' disease developed to medium MsPGN. (4) None of the 3 patients had NPHS2 gene mutation. All the three patients had R501X and 2282del4 which are the common gene mutation type of the FLG, and all the patients were heterozygote. With the detection of the FLG gene of the part of the patients of the three families, the second patient's grandfather had the R501X homozygote mutation and the others were the R501X heterozygote mutation and 2282del4 heterozygote mutation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The 3 cases of NS associated with IV had no response to steroid and multi-immunosuppressive therapy, the renal damage observed by histopathology progressed fast. The children with NS associated with IV displayed R501X heterozygote mutation and 2282del4 heterozygote mutation of FLG gene, which suggested that the absence of response to steroid and multi-immunosuppressive therapy may be related to the FLG gene.</p>

Relationship of Proteinuria,Immunopathogenesis and Humoral Immunity in Children with Henoch-Schonlein Purpura Nephritis / 实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To explore the relationship of proteinuria,immunopathogenesis and humoral immunity in children with Henoch-schonlein purpura nephritis(HSPN).Methods Serum IgG,IgA,IgM,C3 and C4 levels were detected with complete-automatic biochemistry analyzer in 47 children with HSPN and 18 heathy children,and the differences in the findings were compared among groups.The levels of IgG,IgA,IgM,C3 and C4 were compared among groups according to the count of proteinuria.The renal tissues were adopteded with immunity in the children with HSPN were taken for biospy examination,and the differences in immunopathalogy were compared among groups with immunof-luorescence assay.Results The IgG,IgA levels in children with HSPN were higher than those of heathy children,on the contrary,the IgM,C3 and C4 levels were lower than those of heathy children(Pa0.05),but the IgM level of the nephritic syndrome group were higher than that of other groups(Pa0.05).Conclusions There is severe disturbance of immunologic function in children with HSPN.There is no connections among serum IgG,IgA,IgM,C3 and C4 levels,proteinuria and renal immunopathlogy.

Angiotensin Ⅱ Stimulate the Expression of Integrin-Linked Kinase in Rat Glomerular Mesangial Cell / 实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of angiotensin Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ)on the expression of integrin-linked kinase(ILK)in rat glomerular mesangial cells.Methods SD rat glomerular mesangial cells were separated and cultured.They were treated with 10-7 mol/L Ang Ⅱ in various time-point(0,12,24,48,72 h),and then cultured rat glomerular mesangial cells were treated 48 h with Ang Ⅱ in various concentration(0,10-11,10-9,10-7,10-5 mol/L).Then total protein expression in rat glomerular mesangial cells stimulated by Ang Ⅱ at every time-point and every concentration-point was extracted.The expression of ILK protein was measured by Western blot.Results 1.Expression of ILK protein in rat glomerular cells stimulated by Ang Ⅱ in various time-point,or various concentration was significantly increased.In group of 10-7 mol/L Ang Ⅱstimulated cells,the protein semiquantity of ILK at 0,12,24,48,72 h respectively was 0.18?0.02,0.37?0.07,0.90?0.10,1.73?0.12,and 1.72?0.13(F=166.78 P