Discovery of TAK-925 as a Potent, Selective, and Brain-Penetrant Orexin 2 Receptor Agonist.

TAK-925, a potent, selective, and brain-penetrant orexin 2 receptor (OX2R) agonist, [methyl (2R,3S)-3-((methylsulfonyl)amino)-2-(((cis-4-phenylcyclohexyl)oxy)methyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate, 16], was identified through the optimization of compound 2, which was discovered by a high throughput screening (HTS) campaign. Subcutaneous administration of compound 16 produced wake-promoting effects in mice during the sleep phase. Compound 16 (TAK-925) is being developed for the treatment of narcolepsy and other related disorders.

Design and Synthesis of Conformationally Constrained RORγt Inverse Agonists.

Retinoic-acid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) inverse agonists could be used for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Previously, we reported a novel quinazolinedione 1 a with a flexible linear linker as a novel RORγt inverse agonist. A U-shaped conformation in the complex structure of 1 a with RORγt protein was confirmed. Further improvement of the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles was required because of the low drug exposure in mice upon oral administration (mouse AUC of 1 a: 27 ng ⋅ h ⋅ mL-1 at 1 mg ⋅ kg-1 , p.o.). To improve the PK profiles, conformationally constrained U-shaped scaffolds were investigated. As a result, morpholine analogues with improved PK profiles and high potency were successfully identified. The substituent at the N1 position of the quinazoline moiety was also modified, leading to an enhancement of reporter activity. Consequently, compound 43 (N2 -(3-chloro-4-cyanophenyl)-N4 -(3-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1-isopropyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-6-yl)morpholine-2,4-dicarboxamide) exhibited improved drug exposure (mouse AUC: 1289 ng ⋅ h ⋅ mL-1 at 1 mg ⋅ kg-1 , p.o.). In addition, suppression of IL-17A gene expression by IL-23 stimulation in a mouse pharmacodynamics model was observed for 43. The conformation of 43 with RORγt protein was also confirmed as U-shape by X-ray co-crystal structure analysis. The key interaction that boosts potency is also discussed.

Identification of novel quinazolinedione derivatives as RORγt inverse agonist.

Novel small molecules were synthesized and evaluated as retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor-gamma t (RORγt) inverse agonists for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. A hit compound, 1, was discovered by high-throughput screening of our compound library. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of compound 1 showed that the introduction of a chlorine group at the 3-position of 4-cyanophenyl moiety increased the potency and a 3-methylpentane-1,5-diamide linker is favorable for the activity. The carbazole moiety of 1 was also optimized; a quinazolinedione derivative 18i suppressed the increase of IL-17A mRNA level in the lymph node of a rat model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) upon oral administration. These results indicate that the novel quinazolinedione derivatives have great potential as orally available small-molecule RORγt inverse agonists for the treatment of Th17-driven autoimmune diseases. A U-shaped bioactive conformation of this chemotype with RORγt protein was also observed.

Discovery of orally efficacious RORγt inverse agonists. Part 2: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives.

A series of tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their potential as novel orally efficacious retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor-gamma t (RORγt) inverse agonists for the treatment of Th17-driven autoimmune diseases. We carried out cyclization of the phenylglycinamide core by structure-based drug design and successfully identified a tetrahydroisoquinoline carboxylic acid derivative 14 with good biochemical binding and cellular reporter activity. Interestingly, the combination of a carboxylic acid tether and a central fused bicyclic ring was crucial for optimizing PK properties, and the compound 14 showed significantly improved PK profile. Successive optimization of the carboxylate tether led to the discovery of compound 15 with increased inverse agonistic activity and an excellent PK profile. Oral treatment of mice with compound 15 robustly and dose-dependently inhibited IL-17A production in an IL23-induced gene expression assay.

Discovery of orally efficacious RORγt inverse agonists, part 1: Identification of novel phenylglycinamides as lead scaffolds.

A series of novel phenylglycinamides as retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor-gamma t (RORγt) inverse agonists were discovered through optimization of a high-throughput screen hit 1. (R)-N-(2-((3,5-Difluoro-4-(trimethylsilyl)phenyl) amino)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl)-3-hydroxy-N-methylisoxazole-5-carboxamide (22) was identified as one of the best of these compounds. It displayed higher subtype selectivity and specificity over other nuclear receptors and demonstrated in vivo potency to suppress the transcriptional activity of RORγt in a mouse PD (pharmacodynamic) model upon oral administration.

Practical application of 3-substituted-2,6-difluoropyridines in drug discovery: Facile synthesis of novel protein kinase C theta inhibitors.

We previously reported a facile preparation method of 3-substituted-2,6-difluoropyridines, which were easily converted to 2,3,6-trisubstituted pyridines by nucleophilic aromatic substitution with good regioselectivity and yield. In this study, we demonstrate the synthetic utility of 3-substituted-2,6-difluoropyridines in drug discovery via their application in the synthesis of various 2,3,6-trisubstituted pyridines, including macrocyclic derivatives, as novel protein kinase C theta inhibitors in a moderate to good yield. This synthetic approach is useful for the preparation of 2,3,6-trisubstituted pyridines, which are a popular scaffold for drug candidates and biologically attractive compounds.

Parallel fluorescent probe synthesis based on the large-scale preparation of BODIPY FL propionic acid.

We describe a methodology for quick development of fluorescent probes with the desired potency for the target of interest by using a method of parallel synthesis, termed as Parallel Fluorescent Probe Synthesis (Parallel-FPS). BODIPY FL propionic acid 1 is a widely used fluorophore, but it is difficult to prepare a large amount of 1, which hinders its use in parallel synthesis. Optimization of a synthetic scheme enabled us to obtain 50g of 1 in one batch. With this large quantity of 1 in hand, we performed Parallel-FPS of BODIPY FL-labeled ligands for estrogen related receptor-α (ERRα). An initial trial of the parallel synthesis with various linkers provided a potent ligand for ERRα (Reporter IC50=80nM), demonstrating the usefulness of Parallel-FPS.

Discovery of novel 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine derivatives as γ-secretase modulators.

Novel 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as γ-secretase modulators (GSMs). An optimization study of this series resulted in the identification of (R)-11j, which showed a potent Aß42-lowering effect, high bioavailability and good blood-brain barrier permeability in mice. Oral administration of (R)-11j significantly reduced brain Aß42 in mice at a dose of 10 mg/kg.

Discovery of spiropiperidine-based potent and selective Orexin-2 receptor antagonists.

To generate novel human Orexin-2 Receptor (OX2R) antagonists, a spiropiperidine based scaffold was designed and a SAR study was carried out. Compound 4f possessed the highest OX2R antagonistic activity with an IC(50) value of 3nM with 450-fold selectivity against Orexin-1 Receptor (OX1R).

Discovery of potent, selective, orally active benzoxazepine-based Orexin-2 receptor antagonists.

During our efforts to identify a series of potent, selective, orally active human Orexin-2 Receptor (OX2R) antagonists, we elucidated structure-activity relationship (SAR) on the 7-position of a benzoxazepine scaffold by utilizing Hammett σ(p) and Hansch-Fujita π value as aromatic substituent constants. The attempts led to the discovery of compound 1m, possessing good in vitro potency with over 100-fold selectivity against OX1R, good metabolic stability in human and rat liver microsome, good oral bioavailability in rats, and in vivo antagonistic activity in rats by oral administration.

Total synthesis of solanoeclepin A.

Cyst nematodes are troublesome parasites that live on, and destroy, a range of important host vegetable plants. Damage caused by the potato cyst nematode has now been reported in over 50 countries. One approach to eliminating the problem is to stimulate early hatching of the nematodes, but key hatching stimuli are not naturally available in sufficient quantities to do so. Here, we report the first chemical synthesis of solanoeclepin A, the key hatch-stimulating substance for potato cyst nematode. The crucial steps in our synthesis are an intramolecular cyclization reaction for construction of the highly strained tricyclo[5.2.1.0¹'6]decane skeleton (DEF ring system) and an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of a furan derivative for the synthesis of the ABC carbon framework. The present synthesis has the potential to contribute to addressing one of the critical food issues of the twenty-first century.