CAM-cytarabine, aclarubicin plus macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia with trilineage dysplasia: usefulness of in vitro apoptosis in leukemic cells.

A 67-year-old woman was treated for acute myelogenous leukemia with trilineage dysplasia (AML-TLD) by combination chemotherapy with cytarabine, aclarubicin plus macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) (referred to as CAM therapy). Complete remission was achieved after two courses of CAM therapy. After coculture of her bone marrow mononuclear cells with M-CSF in vitro, differentiation of leukemic cells into macrophages with apoptotis was observed. This case confirms an earlier report that an effect of M-CSF inducible by differentiation with apoptotic phenomena, against human leukemic cells was shown both in vitro and in vivo when achieving complete remission.

Antitumor effect of beta2-microglobulin in leukemic cell-bearing mice via apoptosis-inducing activity: activation of caspase-3 and nuclear factor-kappaB.

We have reported previously that beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) induces apoptosis in leukemic cells in vitro, and that an interaction between beta2m and HLA class I antigen induces apoptosis. Here we examined whether beta2m can induce apoptosis in leukemic cells in vivo and whether it has an antitumor effect in tumor-bearing mice. Daily administration of 50 or 250 microg of beta2m induced apoptosis and an antitumor effect on K562 leukemia cell-bearing mice in the same manner as tumor necrosis factor-alpha. In tumor tissues in beta2m-treated mice, both caspase-3 and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) were stained more strongly than in control mice by anti-caspase-3 and anti-NF-kappaB p65/Rel A polyclonal antibodies. We also observed the in vivo immunological effects of beta2m on lymphoid and hematopoietic organs, such as thymus, bone marrow, Peyer's patches, liver, and spleen in normal mice. Using antibodies against caspase-3 and NF-kappaB, immunohistochemical staining showed that no specific tissues were damaged or stained in normal mice. We conclude that beta2m stimulates caspase-3 and NF-kappaB pathways to induce apoptosis, making it a useful approach to a new therapy for leukemia.

Elevated serum levels of macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with Kawasaki disease complicated by cardiac lesions.

OBJECTIVE: The main pathogenic characteristic of Kawasaki disease (KD) is the activation of mononuclear phagocytes. The cytokines produced by activated monocytes/macrophages elicit proinflammatory and prothrombotic responses in endothelial cells. Thus, we speculated that macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), derived from monocytes/macrophages or vascular endothelial cells, might play an important role in the pathogenesis of the acute phase of KD. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible role of M-CSF in the pathogenesis of KD and to elucidate the relationship between serum M-CSF levels and clinical features and cardiac lesions. METHODS: Using ELISA, we serially assayed M-CSF and several cytokines, including interleukin-6, interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma in the sera of 32 KD patients aged 2 months to 4 years. RESULTS: The serum M-CSF level during the first week of illness was significantly higher than during the second week or thereafter (first week, median 1710.0; second week, 1121.0; third week, 867.3; fourth week, 909.4 U/ml, p<0.001) in our KD patients. Serum M-CSF levels during the first week of illness were also higher in patients with mitral and/or aortic valvular insufficiency than in patients without cardiac complications. Furthermore, serum M-CSF levels in patients with persistent coronary dilatation were higher than in those with no cardiac complications. CONCLUSION: M-CSF plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of KD and can be used as an indicator for the risks of valvulitis and coronary arteritis.

A new apoptotic pathway for the complement factor B-derived fragment Bb.

Apoptosis is involved in both the cellular and humoral immune system destroying tumors. An apoptosis-inducing factor from HL-60 myeloid leukemia cells was obtained, purified, and sequenced. The protein found has been identified as a human complement factor B-derived fragment Bb, although it is known that factor B is able to induce apoptosis in several leukemia cell lines. Monoclonal antibodies against fragment Ba and Bb inhibited the apoptotic activity of factor B. When the purified fragment Bb was used for apoptosis induction, only the anti-Bb antibody inhibited Bb-induced apoptosis, and not the anti-Ba antibody. The apoptosis-inducing activity was found to be enhanced under conditions facilitating the formation of Bb. Blocking TNF/TNFR or FasL/Fas interactions did not interfere with the factor B-induced apoptosis. CD11c (iC3bR) acts as the main subunit of a heterodimer binding to fragment Bb in the apoptosis pathway, and the factor B-derived fragment Bb was found to possess the previously unknown function of inducing apoptosis in leukemic cells through a suicide mechanism of myeloid lineage cells during the differentiation stage.

Autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for adults with B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a pilot study.

We conducted a pilot study on autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) for 11 adults with B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in first complete remission (CR) or even in those with more advanced stages. All patients achieved CR by induction therapy, of whom 10 were treated with anthracycline, vincristine and prednisolone-based regimens. After consolidation therapy, all patients except one received high-dose cytarabine followed by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) administration to collect PBSCs. Ten patients received busulfan 4 mg/kg for 4 days, etoposide 20 mg/kg for 3 days and ranimustine 200 mg/m2 for 2 days as a conditioning regimen. One received a regimen consisting of etoposide, cyclophosphamide and total body irradiation. From day 1, G-CSF was given intravenously, and no additional chemotherapy was administered. At the median follow-up time of 30.8 months, four of six patients with standard-risk B-lineage ALL survived within the range of 19.7 to 85.4 months without relapse. In contrast, only one of five with high-risk B-lineage ALL survived for 36.3 months without relapse. Autologous PBSCT as post-remission therapy may prolong CR in adults with standard-risk B-lineage ALL.

NH2-terminal pentapeptide of endothelial interleukin 8 is responsible for the induction of apoptosis in leukemic cells and has an antitumor effect in vivo.

We have reported that endothelial interleukin 8 (IL-8) induces apoptosis in leukemic cells in vitro and in vivo, and that interaction between endothelial cells and leukemic cells causes induction of apoptosis through the release of endothelial IL-8 (Y. Terui et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 243: 407-411, 1998; Y. Terui et al., Blood, 92: 2672-2680, 1998). Here, we examined whether a pentapeptide corresponding to the NH2-terminal region of endothelial IL-8 can induce apoptosis in leukemic cells. The NH2-terminal pentapeptide Ala-Val-Leu-Pro-Arg (AVLPR) was found to significantly induce apoptosis in the leukemic cell lines K562, HL-60, Jurkat, and Daudi, as compared with the COOH-terminal pentapeptide Arg-Glu-Ala-Asn-Ser (REANS). Moreover, the NH2-terminal pentapeptide AVLPR significantly inhibited growth of i.p. and s.c. tumor masses of K562 cells and induced apoptosis in these cells in vivo. The active site of endothelial IL-8 is the NH2-terminal pentapeptide AVLPR, and this may serve as a new therapy for hematological malignancies.

[Moderate aplastic anemia associated with Crohn's disease during antithymocyte globulin treatment].

A 53-year-old woman with moderate aplastic anemia (AA) was treated with antithymocyte globulin (ATG). However, on the 4th day of treatment, ATG was discontinued because of bloody vomiting and melena. The patient improved with conservative treatment but complained of abdominal pain when the prednisolone (PSL) dose was decreased. Crohn's disease was finally diagnosed on the basis of upper and lower gastrointestinal X-ray studies. The patient responded well to ATG with hematologic improvement, and maintained remission with low-dose PSL and nutritional support. Drug-induced AA may occur during treatment for Crohn's diseases. The association of AA and Crohn's disease is rare, and to our knowledge, has not yet been reported in the literature. We discussed the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease during immunotherapy for AA.

Beta(2)-microglobulin identified as an apoptosis-inducing factor and its characterization.

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules play an important role in antigen presentation for induction of tumor as well as cellular and humoral immunities. Recent studies using anti-MHC antibodies demonstrated that antibodies specific for HLA class I molecules induced cellular activation and a type of apoptosis that may be distinct from Fas-dependent or TNFR (tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor)-dependent processes. We purified a previously untested apoptosis-inducing factor from HL-60 human leukemic cell-conditioned media to homogeneity and sequenced it. It was identified as beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)m), which has been previously known as thymotaxin and is a part of the HLA class I antigen complex. beta(2)m acts on both T-leukemic cells and myeloid leukemic cells to induce apoptosis, which then activates caspase 1 and 3. Cross-linking studies showed that biotinilated beta(2)m recognized an epitope distinct from those recognized by the anti-HLA class I antibody, as reported previously. We demonstrated that beta(2)m plays a previously unrecognized and important role in regulating the elimination of tumor cells, which occurs as a result of the action of beta(2)m as an apoptosis-inducing factor.

Portal vein thrombosis in paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria.

A 28-year-old man was hospitalized with nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and low-grade fever. He had a 6-month history of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH), and laboratory data showed anaemia and liver dysfunction. An abdominal ultrasonography showed ascites and portal vein thrombosis. After receiving antithrombotic treatment, the portal vein thrombosis did not extend. Portal vein thrombosis is very rare but should be considered when we encounter liver dysfunction associated with PNH as well as hepatic vein thrombosis. Ultrasonography is very useful in detecting portal vein thrombosis and facilitating early diagnosis. Warfarin is very effective in preventing exacerbation of portal vein thrombosis in PNH.

High serum levels of M-CSF and G-CSF in Kawasaki disease.

To examine any role of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), in the immune responses in Kawasaki disease (KD), we serially assayed M-CSF and several related cytokines using ELISA. In 10 paediatric patients with KD the level of M-CSF was significantly higher in the acute phase than in the convalescent phase (1476.1 +/- 443.6 v 805.0 +/- 184.7 U/ml). Higher levels of serum granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and interleukin-6 were also found in the acute phase. These results suggest that M-CSF, G-CSF and interleukin-6, derived from monocytes as monokines or derived from vascular endothelial cells, might play an important role in the acute phase of KD.

Apoptosis-gene expression in hematopoietic system: normal and pathological conditions (Review).

Gene expression involving apoptosis in the hematopoietic system is reviewed. In normal and hematological disorders, Fas-Fas ligand and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-receptor interaction play a major role in enhancing apoptosis. On the other hand, bcl-2 or certain novel proteins (including FADD, RIP, TRADD and sentrin) prevent apoptosis. Apoptosis is involved in myelodysplastic syndrome and pathogenesis of leukemia. Expression of Fas antigen plays a role in negative regulation of hematopoiesis in the bone marrow as does interferon-gamma.

CD95 predicts responsiveness to tretinoin in acute promyelocytic leukemia.

We describe a predictive marker (CD95) for the responsiveness to tretinoin (RA) in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Functional CD95 expression during RA treatment have been observed only in those patients who responded to RA. Expression of CD95 (Fas antigen), which plays a major role in apoptosis, was determined by fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis. APL cases in which no enhancement of CD95 expression was observed showed no response to RA and did not obtain complete remission. We propose that CD95 can predict the clinical response to RA probably due to differentiation.

Activated endothelial cells induce apoptosis in leukemic cells by endothelial interleukin-8.

Tumor cells are eradicated by several systems, including Fas ligand-Fas and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR). In the previous study, we purified an apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) to homogeneity from a medium conditioned by PDBu-treated HL-60 cells. N-terminal sequence analysis showed that AIF is identical to endothelial interleukin-8 (IL-8). A novel apoptosis system, in which endothelial cells participate via endothelial IL-8 release, is identified here. Human umbilical vein cells (VE cells) produce and secrete IL-8 by stimulation of IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha. Endothelial IL-8, which is secreted from VE cells by stimulation of IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha , induces apoptosis in myelogenous leukemia cell line K562 cells. Monocyte-derived IL-8 could not induce apoptosis in K562 cells. Moreover, interaction between VE cells and K562 cells induces the release of endothelial IL-8 from VE cells, and the attached K562 cells undergo apoptosis. Moreover, interactions between VE cell and other cell lines, such as HL-60, U937, Jurkat, and Daudi, induce the secretion of endothelial IL-8 and the induction of apoptosis in cell lines. Endothelial IL-8 significantly inhibits tumor growth of intraperitoneal and subcutaneous tumor mass of K562 cells and induces apoptosis in their cells in vivo. Endothelial IL-8 plays an important role in apoptosis involving endothelial cells, which may provide us with a new therapy for hematological malignancies.

Thrombopoietin supports in vitro erythroid differentiation via its specific receptor c-Mpl in a human leukemia cell line.

Thrombopoietin (TPO) acts on megakaryopoiesis and erythropoiesis in vitro and in vivo. We isolated a novel subline, UT-7/GMT, from the human leukemia cell line UT-7/GM (N. Komatsu, et al., Blood, 89: 4021-4033, 1997). A small population of UT-7/GM cells positively stained for hemoglobin (Hb) after a 7-day exposure to TPO. More than 50% of TPO-treated UT-7/GMT cells positively stained for Hb. Using UT-7/GMT cells, we examined how TPO promotes hemoglobinization. TPO induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the TPO receptor but not the erythropoietin (EPO) receptor. There was no competition between TPO and EPO for binding to EPO receptor. These findings suggest that TPO has a direct effect on hemoglobinization via a specific receptor on UT-7/GMT cells. Isoelectric focusing demonstrated that TPO induced fetal and adult Hb synthesis, whereas EPO induced embryonic, fetal, and adult Hb synthesis. Thus, our data suggest that TPO has a distinct action on erythropoiesis.

[Retrospective analysis of elderly patients > or = 60 years of age with acute leukemia].

A retrospective analysis was performed on 76 consecutive elderly patients with acute leukemia aged 60 years or more (48 men, 28 women). Forty patients were 60-69 years old, 28 were 70-79 years old and 8 were > or = 80 years old. There were 55 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), 13 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 8 AML from myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS/AML). Patients were treated with the JALSG protocol, CAG regimen, or low-dose Ara-C regimen for AML, and DVP/M-CHOP protocol for ALL. The complete remission (CR) rates were 52.7% (29 of 55) in AML, 61.5% (8 of 13) in ALL, and 0% in MDS/AML. The median CR durations were 226, 85, 0 days, and the median survivals were 204, 177, 99 days, respectively. CR rates were 65.3% for the JALSG protocol, 62.5% for the CAG regimen and 25.0% for low-dose Ara-C regimen. According to age, CR was obtained 62.5% in patients aged 60-69 years and 33.3% in patients over 70 years old. Our results indicated that patients aged 60-69 years should be treated with intensive chemotherapy.

Identification of a novel apoptosis-inducing factor derived from leukemic cells: endothelial interleukin-8, but not monocyte-derived, induces apoptosis in leukemic cells.

The human myelogenous leukemia cell line HL-60, treated with phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate (PDBu), produces apoptosis-inducing factors (AIFs) in leukemic cells. We have purified AIF against leukemic cell line K562 as target cells, and N-terminal amino acid sequencing analysis revealed that this purified protein is identical to endothelial cell-derived interleukin-8 ([(Ala)-IL-8]77). In Western blot analysis of supernatants of PDBu-treated HL-60 cells, only [(Ala)-IL-8]77 was detected. Moreover, recombinant human [(Ala)-IL-8]77 induced apoptosis in leukemic cell lines such as K562, HL-60, KG-1, U937, THP-1 and Jurkat, but monocyte-derived IL-8 ([(Ser)-IL-8]72) did not. Therefore [(Ala)-IL-8]77 plays an important role in inducing apoptosis against leukemic cells and may lead to a new therapy for leukemia.

Rare but important adverse effects of all-trans retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia and their management.

Several adverse effects have been reported to occur after clinical application of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Except for severe side effects including retinoic acid syndrome, the mechanism of action of RA on adverse effects remains unclear. Here we describe some rare adverse effects and their management. We reviewed the English literature, and we added our cases of endocrine and metabolic adverse effects, such as hypercalcemia, male infertility, bone marrow necrosis, fibrosis and acute pancreatitis. We also described our cases of thromboembolic events, RA-dependent growth of pathologic cells including Sweet's syndrome, erythema nodosum, hyperhistaminemia, granulomatous proliferation, and mild cases of pulmonary complications. In addition, we reviewed the efficacy of RA administration for other types of leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. RA and chemotherapeutic agents might induce complete remission, but we obtained a response in only one case of M2 in the third relapse. During RA administration the patient should be monitored for these adverse effects, and early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are important.

Expression of Src-like adapter protein mRNA is induced by all-trans retinoic acid.

By using a differential display method, specific bands were selected from ladder PCR products derived from ATRA-dependent differentiated U937 cells, in comparison with those of untreated U937. By screening the cDNA library of ATRA-dependent differentiated U937 cells with one of the PCR products, we cloned the src-like adapter protein (SLAP). Northern blot analysis of U937 cells with or without ATRA treatment indicated that the SLAP mRNA was clearly induced by ATRA. The induction was inhibited by the addition of cycloheximide, indicating that ATRA acted indirectly through synthesis of other proteins. The SLAP mRNA was induced in HL60 and NB-4 but not in K562 or THP-1. Interestingly, these cells in which SLAP mRNA was induced by ATRA all showed ATRA-dependent cell differentiation. The relationship between SLAP and cell differentiation is unclear, but SLAP may transduce a signal for cell differentiation.

The expression of ST2 gene in helper T cells and the binding of ST2 protein to myeloma-derived RPMI8226 cells.

The ST2 gene, which is specifically induced by growth stimulation, encodes interleukin-1 receptor-related proteins. Using the RT-PCR method, we found that the ST2 gene was broadly expressed in hematopoietic cell lines. It was also expressed specifically in helper T cell lines among lymphocytic cell lines. We analyzed the expression of ST2 in mouse helper T cell subsets with Northern blotting analysis. Mouse Th1 cell lines so far studied did not express ST2 mRNAs. On the other hand, one of the Th2 cell lines, D10, expressed ST2L (transmembrane form) without stimulation, while co-stimulation by PMA and A23187 induced ST2 (soluble form) mRNA. These results suggest that the ST2 gene is involved in the regulation of the immune system. IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and receptor antagonist did not bind to ST2L protein, which prompted us to search for the specific ligand of ST2. The recombinant human ST2 protein was purified and labeled with FITC. The labeled human ST2 protein bound with myeloma-derived RPMI8226 cells among the various B-cell lines, indicating possible involvement of ST2 in T-cell/B-cell interaction.

Clonal involvement of eosinophils in therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome with eosinophilia, translocation t(1;7) and lung cancer.

We report a therapy-related MDS (RAEB) patient with eosinophilia, unbalanced translocation der(7)t(1;7) (q12;q22) and lung cancer. We observed no increase in cytokine levels in serum or in the conditioned medium (CM) of peripheral T cells cultured with or without IL-2. When bone marrow (BM) cells were cultured with GM-CSF, IL-3 and SCF in a semisolid system, the colonies were exclusively eosinophilic. Cytogenetic analysis of the colony cells identified the same chromosome abnormality in all metaphases to that of BM cells. Suspension and clonogenic colony assay of BM cells cultured with various cytokines showed predominant eosinophilic growth and differentiation with GM-CSF, but not with the other cytokines examined. These findings, together with mild morphological abnormalities of eosinophils, indicate clonal involvement of eosinophils in the myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) clone, and that the eosinophilia was derived from the neoplastic clone with the translocation and was not associated with the patient's lung cancer.