Total thyroidectomy in Basedow-Graves' disease treatment: our experience.

In the present study the authors, after a short historical description of the Basedow-Graves' disease, describe their case-study gathered over the last five years. They mention the most widely accepted hypothesis regarding disease's etiology, strongly linked to autoimmune disorders, and the role that some viral agents (Coksackie B and HTLV-II) may have in initiating autoantibody production and T cells activation in genetically predisposed individuals. Basic and clinical aspects of the diagnosis and disease treatment, highlighting the use of thyroidectomy, are addressed. They conclude that total thyroidectomy represents today the treatment of choice, which, after appropriate preparation to reach the euthyroidism condition, can ensure a successful cure.

Parathyroid carcinoma: case report.

The authors present a case of parathyroid carcinoma in a patient with primary hyperparathyroidism. Following a literature review, the clinical and diagnostic profile, treatment and prognosis of this rare disease are discussed.

Toxic multinodular goitre. Personal case histories and literature review.

The authors reviewed their own case histories of surgical thyreopathy over the last 20 years in order to establish how many multinodular goitre (MNG) patients developed hyperthyroidism during the follow-up period. In agreement with the findings reported in literature, the authors observed that 220 out of 1117 patients with MNG developed hyperthyroidism caused by the appearance of hyperfunctioning nodules after 6-18 years from the initial diagnosis of MNG.

Pancreatic pseudocyst: case report and short literature review.

We report a case of pancreatic pseudocyst secondary to acute necrotizing pancreatitis treated with open cystogastrostomy. Following a literature review, we stress the enormous benefits offered by modern diagnostic techniques, and especially imaging techniques, for the diagnosis and monitoring of this disease. Treatment should be delayed for at least six weeks, following which the drainage by open surgery offers the best results and lowest morbidity and mortality, followed by laparoscopy and endoscopy, indicated in particular cases and in patients where open surgery is contraindicated.

Liver trauma. Diagnosis and treatment.

The authors summarize the essential steps in liver surgery. Modern imaging techniques are of great help in establishing a circumstantiated diagnosis of post-traumatic lesions of the intra-abdominal parenchymatous organs, and especially the liver. Such diagnosis must always be based on the AAST (American Association for the Surgery of Trauma) classification, essential for a correct approach. Each therapeutic choice must be based on a careful clinical evaluation to establish whether emergency exploration of the abdomen or simple patient monitoring is indicated. Organ injuries and consequent hemoperitoneum must be found and quantified. In any case, diagnosis and treatment must only begin once all measures have been taken to ensure the maintenance of vital functions and the normalization of the main blood chemistry parameters.

Mucocele of the appendix. Two case reports.

The authors present two cases of mucocele of the appendix and discuss them in relation to the literature and the clinical features of this disease. They clarify the definition of mucocele as an intraluminal accumulation of mucus in the appendix, and concentrate on the observable pathological processes, agreeing on the higher frequency of mucinous cystadenoma and the possibility that mucocele can develop into peritoneal pseudomyxoma or degenerate into cystadenocarcinoma. They also note that most diagnoses are made intra-operatively during appendectomy, and that, in cases suspected preoperatively, thorough investigation with imaging techniques is very important in order to plan the best treatment.

[Acute typhlitis associated with taxane-based chemotherapy]. / Tiflite acuta dopo trattamento chemioterapico con taxani.

A rare case of acute typhlitis is reported. The patient had undergone chemotherapy for a breast cancer. Clinical and diagnostic tools as well as general and topical care are examined.

[Recanalizing entero-rectal fistula post-colostomy for inoperable rectal cancer]. / Fistola entero-rettale ricanalizzante dopo colostomia sinistra definitiva per tumore del retto inoperabile.

The Authors report a case of a spontaneous intestinal 'recanalization' after 1 year since the palliative surgery (definitive colostomy) for rectal cancer in a 79 years-old patient.

Amyand's hernia: case report and review of the literature.

The authors report a case of gangrenous acute appendicitis in the sac of an inguinal hernia (Amyand's hernia). After a review of the literature, they emphasise the extreme rarity of the case reported, they underline how the clinical picture is highly similar to that of a strangulated inguinal hernia. They affirm that appendicectomy and hernioplasty may be performed at the same time, since the repair of the hernia should be performed without prosthesis implantation due to the contamination of the operating field.

[Surgery of inguinal hernia in the elderly]. / La chirurgia dell'ernia inguinale nel paziente geriatrico.

The authors report their 14 years experiences with inguinal hernia repair in elderly. The result were compared with young (< 75 years old), and confirmed that there were no significant differences between the 2 groups. The study confirmed the safety and effectiveness of the "tension-free" technique under local anaesthesia, which is proposed as the treatment of choice in elderly.

[Indications for preventive tracheostomy in the surgical treatment of non-neoplastic thyroid disease]. / Indicazioni alla tracheostomia precauzionale nella chirurgia delle tireopatie non neoplastiche.

In thyroid surgery, an emergency tracheostomy is mandatory, as is well known, in acute pre- and postoperative asphyxia due to obstruction of the upper airways, especially in cases of malignant tumours. In particular conditions, in the presence of benign thyroid disease and when there is no reduction in the laryngo-tracheal lumen, tracheostomy has an important precautionary function following total thyroidectomy. The authors describe their experience with 6 patients treated by precautionary tracheostomy after total thyroidectomy for benign thyroid disease, analysing the indications and the advantages of this method.

Hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy: a clinical biological study and surgical considerations.

BACKGROUND: Post-operative hypocalcemia is a common and most often transient event afterextensive thyroid surgery. It may be due to iatrogenic injury to the parathyroid glands. AIMS: We carried out a study aimed to evaluate the incidence of hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism following extracapsular total thyroidectomy. METHODS: The study was carried out in 312 patients (273 females and 39 males, whose age was between 23 and 76 years, median age 48.61 +/- 14.1) who had undergone total thyroidectomy (TT) in our department from 1995 to 1998 and in 100 patients (72 females and 28 males, whose age was between 24 and 75 years, median age 51.66 +/- 13.4) who had undergone other (non-thyroid) surgery. RESULTS: Post-operative hypocalcemia was observed in 62 patients of the control group (62%) and the decrease of the serum calcium level lasted about 3 days, and went back to normal within the 5th day. In 2 patients undergoing total thyroidectomy, hypocalcemia was considered severe (confirmed for more than 7 days, symptomatic), these had been operated for large multinodular goitre with mediastinal extension. In these patients the symptoms arose acutely about 5 h after the operation. In both cases the clinical and biological aspects went back to normal within 10 days, after a treatment with calcium and vitamin D. Transient asymptomatic hypocalcemia was observed in 234 thyroidectomized patients (75%) and thus did not need any treatment for it. CONCLUSION: The results obtained confirm that transient hypocalcemia can be observed after any operation; and particularly responsible is the decrease of the calcium concerning the proteins. We found that post-operative hypoparathyroidism is due to injury to the parathyroid glands (parathyroid ischaemia or surgical ablation of one or more glands). Here we see the delayed serum calcium level < or = 7.5 mg/dl or the delayed serum phosphorous level > 7.4 mg/dl. The results of our study, with 2 patients presenting transient post-operative hypoparathyroidism, contribute in confirming that the extracapsular total thyroidectomy aimed to reduce any injury to the parathyroid and to the recurrent nerves, represent the better operation also for the extended benignant thyroidopathies.

The recurrent laryngeal nerve related to thyroid surgery.

BACKGROUND: Iatrogenic injury of inferior laryngeal nerve is one of the most serious concerns in thyroid surgery. Paralysis of vocal cords is a common sequela of thyroidectomy. It represents a serious complication inducing, when bilateral, serious functional sequelae such as phonatory, respiratory and psychological problems that limit working capacities and social relationships of patients. We carried out an intraoperative study aimed to define anatomical relationships between the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the adjacent structures (the inferior thyroid artery in particular), intraoperative identification of which may allow prevention of iatrogenic injuries of the laryngeal nerve. METHODS: One hundred ninety-two patients (165 females, 27 males whose age was between 18 and 90 years, median age 55) who had undergone thyroidectomy in our department in the last 3 years. Among them, 179 patients underwent total extracapsular thyroidectomy, and of the 13 remaining, 12 were completions of thyroidectomy in patients who had previously undergone a first thyroid surgical intervention and underwent istmo-lobectomy. RESULTS: Despite a systematic intraoperative search, we identified the recurrent laryngeal nerve in 158 of 192 patients (82.3%), while in the remaining 34 (17.7%), the recurrent laryngeal nerve was not identified. In 122 out of the 158 patients (77.2%) in whom the recurrent laryngeal nerve had been detected, the nerve was identified bilaterally: in 19 of 158 (12%) only on the right side; in 17 of 158 (10.7%) only on the left. Concerning the postoperative results we noticed only one case (0.5%) of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury for neoplastic infiltration of its own branch, one case (0.5%) of monolateral cordal hypomotility, and two cases (1.04%) of bilateral cordal hypomotility with temporary disphonia, which regressed in 6 months of time. CONCLUSION: The results of our study may confirm that iatrogenic injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve, or to its branches, might be better avoided by searching, identifying, and exposing the nerve itself and by following its course with care. In our view, total extracapsular thyroidectomy, with systematic search for the nerve, is the best approach. We believe that deep knowledge of the thyroid region's surgical anatomy and the awareness of the extremely varying course of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the inferior thyroid artery and their relations should be taken into account by surgeons.

[Current status of the overlapping suture in the treatment of aponeurotic and incisional hernias]. / Actualité de la plastie en paletot dans le traitement des hernies de la ligne blanche et de laparocèles.

The authors report their results in a series of 213 patients affected by ventral hernia and operated with the overlapping suture technique, between 1970 and 1991. After having reported on the patients features and the circumstances of the treatment, they describe the different reconstructive times in their overlapping suture technique of the abdominal wall and the personal modifications brought about during their twenty years experience. According to the quality of the obtained results (< 5% of recurrence rate), the authors underline the efficiency of the technique that today in the time of the mesh prosthesis use, seems to guarantee good results even in the therapy of certain large eventrations.

[Intestinal recanalization 16 years after Hartmann's operation]. / Ricanalizzazione intestinale dopo 16 anni dall'intervento secondo Hartmann.

The authors report a case of a surgical intestinal recanalization after 16 years since a Hartmann's intervention. After some considerations on the results they obtained in similar cases, the Authors call attention on this specific clinical case. They come to the conclusion that a successful surgical recanalization--although the difficult availability of the remaining rectal stump--is possible even if a long period has passed since a Hartmann's intervention was performed. In fact the rectal stump and the sphincter apparatus, even if excluded from the fecal transit for a long while, retain largely their specific functional activities and show a marked ability for an effective sensitive-motor restoration.