ABSTRACT
In pyloric metaplasia, mature gastric chief cells reprogram via an evolutionarily conserved process termed paligenosis to re-enter the cell cycle and become spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) cells. Here, we use single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) following injury to the murine stomach to analyze mechanisms governing paligenosis at high resolution. Injury causes induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) with coordinated changes in mitochondrial activity and cellular metabolism, requiring the transcriptional mitochondrial regulator Ppargc1a (Pgc1α) and ROS regulator Nf2el2 (Nrf2). Loss of the ROS and mitochondrial control in Ppargc1a-/- mice causes the death of paligenotic cells through ferroptosis. Blocking the cystine transporter SLC7A11(xCT), which is critical in lipid radical detoxification through glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), also increases ferroptosis. Finally, we show that PGC1α-mediated ROS and mitochondrial changes also underlie the paligenosis of pancreatic acinar cells. Altogether, the results detail how metabolic and mitochondrial changes are necessary for injury response, regeneration, and metaplasia in the stomach.
Subject(s)
Amino Acid Transport System y+ , Ferroptosis , Metaplasia , Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha , Reactive Oxygen Species , Regeneration , Stomach , Animals , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Mice , Ferroptosis/physiology , Stomach/pathology , Regeneration/physiology , Amino Acid Transport System y+/metabolism , Amino Acid Transport System y+/genetics , Metaplasia/metabolism , Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha/metabolism , Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha/genetics , Mitochondria/metabolism , NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism , NF-E2-Related Factor 2/genetics , Gastric Mucosa/metabolism , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Chief Cells, Gastric/metabolism , Acinar Cells/metabolism , Mice, Knockout , Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutathione Peroxidase , Intercellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsABSTRACT
Most gastric cancers arise in the setting of chronic inflammation which alters gland organization, such that acid-pumping parietal cells are lost, and remaining cells undergo metaplastic change in differentiation patterns. From a basic science perspective, recent progress has been made in understanding how atrophy and initial pyloric metaplasia occur. However, pathologists and cancer biologists have long been focused on the development of intestinal metaplasia patterns in this setting. Arguably, much less progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms that lead to the intestinalization seen in chronic atrophic gastritis and pyloric metaplasia. One plausible explanation for this disparity lies in the notable absence of reliable and reproducible small animal models within the field, which would facilitate the investigation of the mechanisms underlying the development of gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM). This review offers an in-depth exploration of the current state of research in GIM, shedding light on its pivotal role in tumorigenesis. We delve into the histological subtypes of GIM and explore their respective associations with tumor formation. We present the current repertoire of biomarkers utilized to delineate the origins and progression of GIM and provide a comprehensive survey of the available, albeit limited, mouse lines employed for modeling GIM and engage in a discussion regarding potential cell lineages that serve as the origins of GIM. Finally, we expound upon the myriad signaling pathways recognized for their activity in GIM and posit on their potential overlap and interactions that contribute to the ultimate manifestation of the disease phenotype. Through our exhaustive review of the progression from gastric disease to GIM, we aim to establish the groundwork for future research endeavors dedicated to elucidating the etiology of GIM and developing strategies for its prevention and treatment, considering its potential precancerous nature.
