Painful cramps and giant myotonic discharges in a family with the Nav1.4-G1306A mutation.

INTRODUCTION: Two previously reported Norwegian patients with painful muscle cramps and giant myotonic discharges were genotyped and compared with those of members of 21 families harboring the same mutation. METHODS: Using primers specific for SCN4A and CLCN1, the DNA of the Norwegian family members was amplified and bidirectionally sequenced. Clinical and neurophysiological features of other families harboring the same mutation were studied. RESULTS: A G1306A mutation in the Nav1.4 voltage-gated sodium channel of skeletal muscle was identified. This mutation is known to cause myotonia fluctuans. No giant myotonic discharges or painful muscle cramps were found in the other G1306A families. CONCLUSIONS: Ephaptic transmission between neighboring muscle fibers may not only cause the unusual size of the myotonic discharges in this family, but also a more severe type of potassium-aggravated myotonia than myotonia fluctuans.

A de novo Mutation in the SCN4A Gene Causing Sodium Channel Myotonia.

We describe the case of a six year old boy with findings consistent with myotonia congenita: muscular hypertrophy, stiffness when commencing movements and typical warm-up signs. The most prominent symptom was myotonia of the eyelid muscles with apparent swelling around the eyes. Even though the pronounced warm-up phenomena in our patient suggested a chloride channel-associated myotonia congenita, the myotonia of his eyelid muscles indicated an involvement of sodium channels. Screening for mutations in the underlying CLCN1 gene was negative, however, in the SCN4A gene, we identified the missense mutation c.2108T>C; p.Leu703Pro for which there is strong evidence of pathogenicity because it arose de novo in the index patient.

Agrin mutations lead to a congenital myasthenic syndrome with distal muscle weakness and atrophy.

Congenital myasthenic syndromes are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of rare diseases resulting from impaired neuromuscular transmission. Their clinical hallmark is fatigable muscle weakness associated with a decremental muscle response to repetitive nerve stimulation and frequently related to postsynaptic defects. Distal myopathies form another clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of primary muscle disorders where weakness and atrophy are restricted to distal muscles, at least initially. In both congenital myasthenic syndromes and distal myopathies, a significant number of patients remain genetically undiagnosed. Here, we report five patients from three unrelated families with a strikingly homogenous clinical entity combining congenital myasthenia with distal muscle weakness and atrophy reminiscent of a distal myopathy. MRI and neurophysiological studies were compatible with mild myopathy restricted to distal limb muscles, but decrement (up to 72%) in response to 3 Hz repetitive nerve stimulation pointed towards a neuromuscular transmission defect. Post-exercise increment (up to 285%) was observed in the distal limb muscles in all cases suggesting presynaptic congenital myasthenic syndrome. Immunofluorescence and ultrastructural analyses of muscle end-plate regions showed synaptic remodelling with denervation-reinnervation events. We performed whole-exome sequencing in two kinships and Sanger sequencing in one isolated case and identified five new recessive mutations in the gene encoding agrin. This synaptic proteoglycan with critical function at the neuromuscular junction was previously found mutated in more typical forms of congenital myasthenic syndrome. In our patients, we found two missense mutations residing in the N-terminal agrin domain, which reduced acetylcholine receptors clustering activity of agrin in vitro. Our findings expand the spectrum of congenital myasthenic syndromes due to agrin mutations and show an unexpected correlation between the mutated gene and the associated phenotype. This provides a good rationale for examining patients with apparent distal myopathy for a neuromuscular transmission disorder and agrin mutations.

A novel late-onset axial myopathy associated with mutations in the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (RYR1) gene.

Mutations in the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (RYR1) gene are a common cause of inherited neuromuscular disorders and have been associated with a wide clinical spectrum, ranging from various congenital myopathies to the malignant hyperthermia susceptibility (MHS) trait without any associated weakness. RYR1-related myopathies are usually of early-childhood onset. Here we present 11 patients from 8 families with a late-onset axial myopathy associated with RYR1 variants. Patients presented between the third and seventh decade of life to neuromuscular centres in Norway, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom with predominant axial muscle involvement, comprising variable degrees of lumbar hyperlordosis, scapular winging and/or camptocormia. Marked myalgia was commonly associated. Serum creatine kinase levels were normal or moderately elevated. Muscle imaging showed consistent involvement of the lower paravertebral muscles and the posterior thigh. Muscle biopsy findings were often discrete, featuring variability in fibre size, increased internal nuclei and unevenness of oxidative enzyme staining, but only rarely overt cores. RYR1 sequencing revealed heterozygous missense variants, either previously associated with the MHS trait or localizing to known MHS mutational hotspots. These findings indicate that MHS-related RYR1 mutations may present later in life with prominent axial weakness but not always typical histopathological features. We propose a combined effect of RyR1 dysfunction, aging and particular vulnerability of axial muscle groups as a possible pathogenic mechanism. RYR1 is a candidate for cases with "idiopathic" camptocormia or bent spine syndrome (BSS).

[Electromyography (EMG) and neurography in patients with severe neuromuscular diseases]. / Elektromyografi og nevrografi ved alvorlig nevromuskulær sykdom.

BACKGROUND: Many neuromuscular diseases are potentially severe, and EMG and neurography are methods used in the assessment of these conditions. METHOD: The article is based on the authors' knowledge and experience, with special emphasis on the use of these methods in the assessment of severe diseases affecting striated muscle and peripheral nerves. A PubMed search was performed with the cut-off fifteen years back in time, and in addition a discretionary selection was made of articles known to the authors. RESULTS: EMG is the most valuable method for assessing myopathy, and neurography provides most information about neuropathy, but the methods are complementary. These examinations are the most sensitive for diagnosing some conditions (for example myasthaenia) A high level of expertise is necessary for diagnosing these conditions. INTERPRETATION: EMG and neurography are important and often necessary means of assessing patients with severe neuromuscular disease.

Prevalence, mutation spectrum and phenotypic variability in Norwegian patients with Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy 2I.

Mutations in the FKRP (Fukutin Related Protein) gene produce a range of phenotypes including Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Type 2I (LGMD2I). In order to investigate the prevalence, the mutation spectrum and possible genotype-phenotype correlation, we studied a cohort of Norwegian patients with LGMD2I, ascertained in a 4-year period. In this retrospective study of genetically tested patients, we identified 88 patients from 69 families, who were either homozygous or compound heterozygous for FKRP mutations. This gives a minimum prevalence of 1/54,000 and a corresponding carrier frequency of 1/116 in the Norwegian population. Seven different FKRP mutations, including three novel changes, were detected. Seventy-six patients were homozygous for the common c.826C>A mutation. These patients had later disease onset than patients who were compound heterozygous - 14.0 vs. 6.1 years. We detected substantial variability in disease severity among homozygous patients.

[Intravenous IgG for treatment of neuromuscular diseases]. / Intravenøs IgG-behandling av nevromuskulaere sykdommer.

BACKGROUND: Highly purified IgG administered intravenously (IVIG) is used to treat many neurological diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This review is based on articles identified through a search in PubMed and the authors' knowledge and experience within the field. RESULTS: The effect of IVIG has been best documented in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, multifocal motor neuropathy and acute exacerbation of myasthenia gravis. Some smaller studies support explorative IVIG treatment in other neurological diseases such as Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, paraproteinemic neuropathy, neuropathy caused by vasculitis, inflammatory myopathies and stiff-person syndrome. INTERPRETATION: IVIG affects the immune system in different ways. Documentation for the effect of such treatment in most neurological diseases remains sparse.

Homozygous mutations in caveolin-3 cause a severe form of rippling muscle disease.

Heterozygous missense mutations in the caveolin-3 gene (CAV3) cause different muscle disorders. Most patients with CAV3 alterations present with rippling muscle disease (RMD) characterized by signs of increased muscle irritability without muscle weakness. In some patients, CAV3 mutations underlie the progressive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1C (LGMD1C). Here, we report two unrelated patients with novel homozygous mutations (L86P and A92T) in CAV3. Both presented with a more severe clinical phenotype than usually seen in RMD. Immunohistochemical and immunoblot analyses of muscle biopsies showed a strong reduction of caveolin-3 in both homozygous RMD patients similar to the findings in heterozygous RMD. Electron microscopy studies showed a nearly complete absence of caveolae in the sarcolemma in all RMD patients analyzed. Additional plasma membrane irregularities (small plasmalemmal discontinuities, subsarcolemmal vacuoles, abnormal papillary projections) were more pronounced in homozygous than in heterozygous RMD patients. A stronger activation of nitric oxide synthase was observed in both homozygous patients compared with heterozygous RMD. Like in LGMD1C, dysferlin immunoreactivity is reduced in RMD but more pronounced in homozygous as compared with heterozygous RMD. Thus, we further extend the phenotypic variability of muscle caveolinopathies by identification of a severe form of RMD associated with homozygous CAV3 mutations.

The myotonia congenita mutation A331T confers a novel hyperpolarization-activated gate to the muscle chloride channel ClC-1.

Mutations in the muscle chloride channel gene CLCN1 cause myotonia congenita, an inherited disorder of skeletal muscle excitability leading to a delayed relaxation after muscle contraction. Here, we examine the functional consequences of a novel disease-causing mutation that predicts the substitution of alanine by threonine at position 331 (A331T) by whole-cell patch-clamp recording of recombinant mutant channels. A331T hClC-1 channels exhibit a novel slow gate that activates during membrane hyperpolarization and closes at positive potentials. This novel gate acts in series with fast opening and closing transitions that are common to wild-type (WT) and mutant channels. Under conditions at which this novel gate is not activated, i.e., a holding potential of 0 mV, the typical depolarization-induced activation gating of WT hClC-1 was only slightly affected by the mutation. In contrast, A331T hClC-1 channels with an open slow gate display an altered voltage dependence of open probability. These novel gating features of mutant channels produce a decreased open probability at -85 mV, the normal muscle resting potential, leading to a reduced resting chloride conductance of affected muscle fibers. The A331T mutation causes an unprecedented alteration of ClC-1 gating and reveals novel processes defining transitions between open and closed states in ClC chloride channels.

Rippling muscle disease: a review.

Rippling muscle disease (RMD) is a benign myopathy with symptoms and signs of muscular hyperexcitability. The typical finding is electrically silent muscle contractions provoked by mechanical stimuli and stretch. After the first description in 1975, there have been several publications on this disorder. Although RMD most often is reported with autosomal dominant inheritance, some sporadic cases are found, and an association with other diseases such as myasthenia gravis has also been reported. The pathophysiological mechanism is still not clarified. Abnormalities in calcium homeostasis in the sarcoplasmic reticulum have been proposed as the most probable causes. However, recent genetic studies make a primary channelopathy unlikely. In this article, a review of this curious disease is presented.