Exploratory analysis on payment mechanisms to Community Mental Health Centers in Chile using mixed grounded theory. / Análisis exploratorio sobre los mecanismos de pago a centros de salud mental comunitaria en Chile usando teoría fundamentada mixta.

Introduction: Research on psychiatric deinstitutionalization has neglected that reforms in this field are nested in a health system that has undergone financial reforms. This subordination could introduce incentives that are misaligned with new mental health policies. According to Chile's National Mental Health Plan, this would be the case in the Community Mental Health Centers (CMHC). The goal is to understand how the CMHCpayment mechanism is a potential incentive for community mental health. Methods: A mixed quantitative-qualitative convergent study using grounded theory. We collected administrative production data between 2010 and 2020. Following the payment mechanism theory, we interviewed 25 payers, providers, and user experts. We integrated the results through selective coding. This article presents the relevant results of mixed selective integration. Results: Seven payment mechanisms implemented heterogeneously in the country's CMHC are recognized. They respond to three schemes subject to rate limits and prospective public budget. They differ in the payment unit. They are associated with implementing the community mental health model negatively affecting users, the services provided, the human resources available, and the governance adopted. Governance, management, and payment unit conditions favoring the community mental health model are identified. Conclusions: A disjointed set of heterogeneously implemented payment schemes negatively affects the community mental health model. Formulating an explicit financing policy for mental health that is complementary to existing policies is necessary and possible.

Introducción: La investigación sobre desinstitucionalización psiquiátrica ha descuidado el hecho que las reformas en este campo se anidan en un sistema de salud que se ha sometido a reformas financieras. Esta subordinación podría introducir incentivos desalineados con las nuevas políticas de salud mental. Según el Plan Nacional de Salud Mental de Chile, este sería el caso en los centros de salud mental comunitaria. El objetivo es comprender cómo el mecanismo de pago al centro de salud mental comunitaria es un potencial incentivo para la salud mental comunitaria. Métodos: Este es un estudio mixto cuantitativo-cualitativo convergente, que utiliza la teoría fundamentada. Recolectamos datos administrativos de producción entre 2010 y 2020. Siguiendo la teoría de mecanismo de pago, entrevistamos a 25 expertos de los ámbitos pagador, proveedor y usuario. Integramos los resultados a través de la codificación selectiva. Este artículo presenta los resultados relevantes de la integración selectiva mixta. Resultados: Reconocimos siete mecanismos de pago implementados heterogéneamente en los centros de salud mental comunitaria del país. Estos, responden a tres esquemas supeditados a límites de tarifa y presupuesto público prospectivo. Se diferencian en la unidad de pago. Se asocian con la implementación del modelo de salud mental comunitaria afectando negativamente a los usuarios, los servicios provistos, los recursos humanos disponibles, la gobernanza adoptada. Identificamos condiciones de gobernanza, gestión y unidad de pago que favorecerían el modelo de salud mental comunitaria. Conclusiones: Un conjunto desarticulado de esquemas de pago implementados heterogéneamente, tiene efectos negativos para el modelo de salud mental comunitaria. Es necesario y posible formular una política de financiación explícita para la salud mental complementaria a las políticas existentes.

Adverse sequelae of the COVID -19 pandemic on mental health services in Chile.

Objective: This study seeks to describe the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health services in Chile. Methods: This study is part of ongoing multicountry research known as the Mental Health Care - Adverse Sequelae of COVID-19 study (or the MASC study) that includes seven countries. Chile is the only one in Latin America. This study used a convergent mixed methods design. The quantitative component analyzed data about public mental health care collected between January 2019 and December 2021 from the open-access database at the Ministry of Health. The qualitative component analyzed data collected from focus groups of experts that included professionals in charge of mental health services, policy-makers, service users and caregivers. Finally, the data synthesis was performed by triangulation of both components. Results: By April 2020, mental health service provision had been reduced by 88% in primary care; moreover, secondary and tertiary levels had also reduced their mental health activities by, respectively, 66.3% and 71.3% of pre-COVID levels. Negative sequelae were described at the health systems level, and full recovery had not been achieved by the end of 2021. The pandemic affected the essential characteristics of community-based mental health services, with adverse impacts on the continuity and quality of care, reduced psychosocial and community support, and negative effects on health workers' mental health. Digital solutions were widely implemented to enable remote care, but challenges included the availability of equipment, its quality and the digital divide. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has had significant and enduring adverse effects on mental health care. Lessons learned can inform recommendations for good practices for the ongoing and future pandemics and health crises, and highlight the importance of prioritizing the strengthening of mental health services in response to emergencies.

Adverse sequelae of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health services in Chile

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. This study seeks to describe the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health ser- vices in Chile. Methods. This study is part of ongoing multicountry research known as the Mental Health Care – Adverse Sequelae of COVID-19 study (or the MASC study) that includes seven countries. Chile is the only one in Latin America. This study used a convergent mixed methods design. The quantitative component analyzed data about public mental health care collected between January 2019 and December 2021 from the open-access database at the Ministry of Health. The qualitative component analyzed data collected from focus groups of experts that included professionals in charge of mental health services, policy-makers, service users and caregivers. Finally, the data synthesis was performed by triangulation of both components. Results. By April 2020, mental health service provision had been reduced by 88% in primary care; moreover, secondary and tertiary levels had also reduced their mental health activities by, respectively, 66.3% and 71.3% of pre-COVID levels. Negative sequelae were described at the health systems level, and full recovery had not been achieved by the end of 2021. The pandemic affected the essential characteristics of community-based mental health services, with adverse impacts on the continuity and quality of care, reduced psychosocial and community support, and negative effects on health workers’ mental health. Digital solutions were widely imple- mented to enable remote care, but challenges included the availability of equipment, its quality and the digital divide. Conclusions. The COVID-19 pandemic has had significant and enduring adverse effects on mental health care. Lessons learned can inform recommendations for good practices for the ongoing and future pandemics and health crises, and highlight the importance of prioritizing the strengthening of mental health services in response to emergencies.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Este estudio pretende describir los efectos adversos de la pandemia de COVID-19 en los servicios de salud mental en Chile. Métodos. El estudio forma parte de una investigación multinacional en curso denominada estudio Mental Health Care – Adverse Sequelae of COVID-19 (atención de salud mental: secuelas adversas de la COVID-19), o estudio MASC, en el que participan siete países. Chile es el único de América Latina. En este estudio se utilizó un diseño de métodos mixtos convergentes. En el componente cuantitativo se analizaron los datos de atención en salud mental del sector público obtenidos entre enero del 2019 y diciembre del 2021, provenien- tes de la base de datos de acceso libre del Ministerio de Salud. En el componente cualitativo se analizaron los datos obtenidos a partir de grupos focales de expertos entre los que había profesionales a cargo de servicios de salud mental, responsables de la formulación de políticas, personas usuarias de los servicios y personas prestadoras de cuidados. Por último, la síntesis de los datos se realizó mediante la triangulación de ambos componentes. Resultados. En abril del 2020, la prestación de servicios de salud mental en atención primaria había dis- minuido en un 88%; además, los niveles secundario y terciario también habían reducido sus intervenciones en salud mental en un 66,3% y un 71,3%, respectivamente, respecto a los niveles previos a la COVID-19. Se describieron secuelas negativas a nivel de los sistemas de salud, que a fines del 2021 aún no habían logrado su plena recuperación. La pandemia afectó las características esenciales de los servicios de salud mental prestados en la comunidad, con consecuencias adversas en la continuidad y la calidad de la atención, una reducción del apoyo psicosocial y comunitario, y efectos negativos en la salud mental del personal de salud. Se generalizó la adopción de soluciones digitales para posibilitar la atención a distancia, pero algunos de los principales problemas fueron la disponibilidad de equipos, su calidad y la brecha digital. Conclusiones. La pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido efectos adversos importantes y duraderos en la atención de salud mental. Las enseñanzas extraídas pueden servir de base para formular recomendaciones de buenas prácticas para las pandemias y crisis sanitarias presentes y futuras, a la vez que resaltan la importancia de dar prioridad al fortalecimiento de los servicios de salud mental en las situaciones de respuesta a emergencias.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Descrever os efeitos adversos da pandemia de COVID-19 nos serviços de saúde mental do Chile. Métodos. Este estudo é parte de uma pesquisa em andamento em vários países, denominada Mental Health Care - Adverse Sequelae of COVID-19 (Atenção à saúde mental: sequelas adversas da COVID-19, também conhecido como estudo MASC), que inclui sete países. O Chile é o único país da América Latina incluído. O estudo utilizou um delineamento convergente de métodos mistos. O componente quantitativo analisou dados da atenção pública à saúde mental coletados entre janeiro de 2019 e dezembro de 2021 do banco de dados de acesso livre do Ministério da Saúde. O componente qualitativo analisou dados coletados de grupos focais de especialistas que incluíam profissionais responsáveis por serviços de saúde mental, formuladores de políticas, usuários de serviços e cuidadores. Por último, os dados foram sintetizados por triangulação dos dois componentes. Resultados. Até abril de 2020, havia ocorrido uma redução de 88% na prestação de serviços de saúde mental na atenção primária; além disso, os níveis secundários e terciários também haviam reduzido suas atividades de saúde mental em 66,3% e 71,3% dos níveis pré-COVID, respectivamente. Sequelas negativas foram descritas no nível dos sistemas de saúde, e a recuperação total não havia sido alcançada até o final de 2021. A pandemia afetou as características essenciais dos serviços de saúde mental de base comunitária, com impactos adversos na continuidade e na qualidade do atendimento, redução do apoio psicossocial e comunitário e efeitos negativos na saúde mental dos profissionais de saúde. Soluções digitais foram ampla- mente implementadas para permitir o atendimento remoto, mas os desafios incluíam a disponibilidade de equipamentos, sua qualidade e a exclusão digital. Conclusões. A pandemia de COVID-19 tem tido efeitos adversos significativos e duradouros na atenção à saúde mental. As lições aprendidas podem contribuir para recomendações de boas práticas em pandemias e crises de saúde atuais e futuras. Além disso, destacam a importância de priorizar o fortalecimento dos serviços de saúde mental em resposta a emergências.

Adverse sequelae of the COVID -19 pandemic on mental health services in Chile / Secuelas adversas de la pandemia de COVID-19 en los servicios de salud mental en Chile / Sequelas adversas da pandemia de COVID-19 nos serviços de saúde mental do Chile

ABSTRACT Objective. This study seeks to describe the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health services in Chile. Methods. This study is part of ongoing multicountry research known as the Mental Health Care - Adverse Sequelae of COVID-19 study (or the MASC study) that includes seven countries. Chile is the only one in Latin America. This study used a convergent mixed methods design. The quantitative component analyzed data about public mental health care collected between January 2019 and December 2021 from the open-access database at the Ministry of Health. The qualitative component analyzed data collected from focus groups of experts that included professionals in charge of mental health services, policy-makers, service users and caregivers. Finally, the data synthesis was performed by triangulation of both components. Results. By April 2020, mental health service provision had been reduced by 88% in primary care; moreover, secondary and tertiary levels had also reduced their mental health activities by, respectively, 66.3% and 71.3% of pre-COVID levels. Negative sequelae were described at the health systems level, and full recovery had not been achieved by the end of 2021. The pandemic affected the essential characteristics of community-based mental health services, with adverse impacts on the continuity and quality of care, reduced psychosocial and community support, and negative effects on health workers' mental health. Digital solutions were widely implemented to enable remote care, but challenges included the availability of equipment, its quality and the digital divide. Conclusions. The COVID-19 pandemic has had significant and enduring adverse effects on mental health care. Lessons learned can inform recommendations for good practices for the ongoing and future pandemics and health crises, and highlight the importance of prioritizing the strengthening of mental health services in response to emergencies.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Este estudio pretende describir los efectos adversos de la pandemia de COVID-19 en los servicios de salud mental en Chile. Métodos. El estudio forma parte de una investigación multinacional en curso denominada estudio Mental Health Care - Adverse Sequelae of COVID-19 (atención de salud mental: secuelas adversas de la COVID-19), o estudio MASC, en el que participan siete países. Chile es el único de América Latina. En este estudio se utilizó un diseño de métodos mixtos convergentes. En el componente cuantitativo se analizaron los datos de atención en salud mental del sector público obtenidos entre enero del 2019 y diciembre del 2021, provenientes de la base de datos de acceso libre del Ministerio de Salud. En el componente cualitativo se analizaron los datos obtenidos a partir de grupos focales de expertos entre los que había profesionales a cargo de servicios de salud mental, responsables de la formulación de políticas, personas usuarias de los servicios y personas prestadoras de cuidados. Por último, la síntesis de los datos se realizó mediante la triangulación de ambos componentes. Resultados. En abril del 2020, la prestación de servicios de salud mental en atención primaria había disminuido en un 88%; además, los niveles secundario y terciario también habían reducido sus intervenciones en salud mental en un 66,3% y un 71,3%, respectivamente, respecto a los niveles previos a la COVID-19. Se describieron secuelas negativas a nivel de los sistemas de salud, que a fines del 2021 aún no habían logrado su plena recuperación. La pandemia afectó las características esenciales de los servicios de salud mental prestados en la comunidad, con consecuencias adversas en la continuidad y la calidad de la atención, una reducción del apoyo psicosocial y comunitario, y efectos negativos en la salud mental del personal de salud. Se generalizó la adopción de soluciones digitales para posibilitar la atención a distancia, pero algunos de los principales problemas fueron la disponibilidad de equipos, su calidad y la brecha digital. Conclusiones. La pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido efectos adversos importantes y duraderos en la atención de salud mental. Las enseñanzas extraídas pueden servir de base para formular recomendaciones de buenas prácticas para las pandemias y crisis sanitarias presentes y futuras, a la vez que resaltan la importancia de dar prioridad al fortalecimiento de los servicios de salud mental en las situaciones de respuesta a emergencias.

RESUMO Objetivo. Descrever os efeitos adversos da pandemia de COVID-19 nos serviços de saúde mental do Chile. Métodos. Este estudo é parte de uma pesquisa em andamento em vários países, denominada Mental Health Care - Adverse Sequelae of COVID-19 (Atenção à saúde mental: sequelas adversas da COVID-19, também conhecido como estudo MASC), que inclui sete países. O Chile é o único país da América Latina incluído. O estudo utilizou um delineamento convergente de métodos mistos. O componente quantitativo analisou dados da atenção pública à saúde mental coletados entre janeiro de 2019 e dezembro de 2021 do banco de dados de acesso livre do Ministério da Saúde. O componente qualitativo analisou dados coletados de grupos focais de especialistas que incluíam profissionais responsáveis por serviços de saúde mental, formuladores de políticas, usuários de serviços e cuidadores. Por último, os dados foram sintetizados por triangulação dos dois componentes. Resultados. Até abril de 2020, havia ocorrido uma redução de 88% na prestação de serviços de saúde mental na atenção primária; além disso, os níveis secundários e terciários também haviam reduzido suas atividades de saúde mental em 66,3% e 71,3% dos níveis pré-COVID, respectivamente. Sequelas negativas foram descritas no nível dos sistemas de saúde, e a recuperação total não havia sido alcançada até o final de 2021. A pandemia afetou as características essenciais dos serviços de saúde mental de base comunitária, com impactos adversos na continuidade e na qualidade do atendimento, redução do apoio psicossocial e comunitário e efeitos negativos na saúde mental dos profissionais de saúde. Soluções digitais foram amplamente implementadas para permitir o atendimento remoto, mas os desafios incluíam a disponibilidade de equipamentos, sua qualidade e a exclusão digital. Conclusões. A pandemia de COVID-19 tem tido efeitos adversos significativos e duradouros na atenção à saúde mental. As lições aprendidas podem contribuir para recomendações de boas práticas em pandemias e crises de saúde atuais e futuras. Além disso, destacam a importância de priorizar o fortalecimento dos serviços de saúde mental em resposta a emergências.

COVID-19 pandemic and mental healthcare: Impact on health insurance with guaranteed universal access in Chile.

Background: Universal health coverage (UHC) is a goal of the member states of the United Nations. The negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, inequalities in access to care, and financing gaps set a problematic scenario for universal mental health coverage. In Latin America, depression and anxiety disorders have increased by more than 30%. Chile implemented a reform for UHC in 2005 generating a mandatory guaranteed plan for health insurance (GES) that covers schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorders, and Alzheimer's disease. We assume that the pandemic increased cases of mental illness in GES of public and private insurance. Objectives: This study aimed to explore the effects of the pandemic on the use of the GES mental health plan of public and private insurance. Methods: A descriptive analysis of secondary data from public and private insurance on the use and expenditure of the GES plan in mental illness between 2005 and 2020 was carried out. An aggregate analysis of the use of psychiatric consultations without a guaranteed plan and sick leave was performed. Results: Between 2005 and 2020, 18.5% of GES cases corresponded to four mental health illnesses (1,682,021 cases). Public insurance covered 80% of cases. In the pandemic, cases of mental illness fell by 10.5% in public insurance and 28.7% in private ones, reducing spending by 33 and 6.2%, respectively. Psychiatric consultations without using the GES plan doubled in 2020 in private insurance, and medical discharges due to mental illness also increased. Leave due to mental illness increased by 20% in both types of insurance. Conclusion: The results suggest that the demand for mental healthcare increased during the pandemic, but public and private health insurance reduced admissions to the GES universal plan for schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder. A universal guaranteed plan in an individual contribution system can have essential weaknesses for people when the principles of social security are not complied with, especially concerning the solidarity of the health insurance system.

Public Policy Responses to Address the Mental Health Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence From Chile.

Objectives: This paper reviews the mental health policies that have been implemented in Chile in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the international context of countries' responses. Even before the start of the pandemic, there were significant barriers to access mental health services in Chile, coupled with a scenario of nationwide social unrest and protests that questioned the legitimacy of public institutions; now the rapidly worsening outbreaks of COVID-19 are exacerbating the pre-existing mental health crisis. Methods: We conducted a bibliometric and content analysis of the Chilean mental health public policies implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic and then compared these policies with international experiences and emerging scientific evidence on the mental health impact of pandemics. Results: Our analysis of the policies identifies five crucial points of action developed in Chile: (i) an established framework to address mental health in emergency and disaster situations; (ii) a timely COVID-19 Mental Health Action Plan; (iii) inclusion of mental health in the public health agenda; (iv) development of a presidential strategy during the pandemic for comprehensive mental health and well-being; and (v) emerging research assessing the mental health implications of COVID-19. Conclusions: In Chile, the public policy responses to address the mental health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic has been characterized by the coordinated implementation of mental health plans, ranging from a health sectoral initiative to inter-agency and intersectoral efforts. However, it is imperative that increased funding is allocated to mental health, and efforts should be made to promote the participation of people with lived experiences and communities in the design and implementation of the proposed actions. This aspect could be of key importance to social peace and community recovery after the pandemic.

Gobierno de redes asistenciales: evaluación de los Consejos Integradores de la Red Asistencial (CIRA) en el contexto de la reforma del sector salud en Chile / Governance of health care networks: assessment of the health care integrating councils in the context of the health sector reform in Chile

Objetivo. Este artículo busca evaluar la contribución de los Consejos Integradores de la Red Asistencial (CIRA) en mejorar la gobernanza en salud en Chile. Material y métodos. Se realizó una revisión de los documentos oficiales asociados con el proceso de constitución y desarrollo de los CIRA; se aplicó un cuestionario ad hoc a los 29 CIRA del país y se realizaron 35 entrevistas semiestructuradas en profundidad a participantes de una muestra de seis CIRA. Resultados. Los CIRA se han constituido en una herramienta de integración funcional y un espacio valorado de diálogo, cooperación y aprendizaje por parte de los actores de las redes asistenciales públicas chilenas. Conclusiones. Se concluye que hay un espacio de mejora con respecto a su rol en la gobernanza de la red en la medida en que desarrollan facultades relacionadas con las inversiones en infraestructura, tecnología y recursos humanos, así como con las decisiones que corresponden a las asignaciones presupuestarias en la red.

Objective. This paper aims at assessing the contribution of Chile's Health Care Integrating Councils (CIRA, Spanish acronym) to strengthening governance in health. Materials and methods. A literature review on the official documents related to the process of creation and development of CIRA was carried out; an ad hoc questionnaire was applied to all 29 health services of the country; finally, 35 semi-structure in-depth interviews were carried on a sample of six CIRA. Results. The CIRAs have become a tool for functional integration and a valuable space for dialogue, cooperation and learning for all of the actors of the Chilean public health network. Conclusions. In this study, we conclude that there is room for improvements of CIRA's role regarding governance of the health care network as long as CIRA is authorized to deal with strategic topics, such as investment in infrastructure, technology and human resources, and budgeting.

[Governance of health care networks: assessment of the health care integrating councils in the context of the health sector reform in Chile]. / Gobierno de redes asistenciales: evaluación de los Consejos Integradores de la Red Asistencial (CIRA) en el contexto de la reforma del sector salud en Chile.

OBJECTIVE: . This paper aims at assessing the contribution of Chile's Health Care Integrating Councils (CIRA, Spanish acronym) to strengthening governance in health. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature review on the official documents related to the process of creation and development of CIRA was carried out; an ad hoc questionnaire was applied to all 29 health services of the country; finally, 35 semi-structure in-depth interviews were carried on a sample of six CIRA. RESULTS: The CIRAs have become a tool for functional integration and a valuable space for dialogue, cooperation and learning for all of the actors of the Chilean public health network. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we conclude that there is room for improvements of CIRA's role regarding governance of the health care network as long as CIRA is authorized to deal with strategic topics, such as investment in infrastructure, technology and human resources, and budgeting.