Cuidados respiratorios en pacientes con atrofia muscular espinal para evitar el fallo ventilatorio agudo y la traqueostomía: revisión literaria y recomendaciones consensuadas / Respiratory care in patients with spinal muscular atrophy to avoid acute ventilatory failure and tracheostomy: literature review and consensus recommendations

La atrofia muscular espinal (AME) 5q es una de las enfermedades neuromusculares de mayor incidencia en la infancia. Sin embargo, la prevalencia de AME tipo 1, su forma más severa de presentación, es menor debido a muertes prematuras evitables antes de los dos años por insuficiencia ventilatoria subtratada. La irrupción de nuevos tratamientos modificadores de la enfermedad pueden cambiar dramáticamente este pronóstico y es una oportunidad para actualizar el manejo respiratorio, a través de cuidados estandarizados básicos, preferentemente no invasivos, abordando la debilidad de los músculos respiratorios, la insuficiencia tusígena y ventilatoria, con un enfoque preventivo. La siguiente revisión literaria entrega estrategias para evitar la intubación y la traqueostomía usando soporte ventilatorio no invasivo (SVN), reclutamiento de volumen pulmonar (RVP) y facilitación de la tos. Se analizan en detalle los protocolos de extubación en niños con AME tipo 1.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) 5q is one of the neuromuscular diseases with the highest incidence in childhood. Nevertheless, the prevalence of its most severe form SMA1 is lower due to premature preventable deaths before two years of age related to ventilatory insufficiency undertreated. The emergence of new disease-modifying treatments can dramatically change this prognosis and is an opportunity to update respiratory management, through basic standardized care, mostly non-invasive, addressing respiratory muscles pump weakness, cough and ventilatory insufficiency with a preventive approach. This literature review provides consensus recommendations for strategies to avoid intubation and tracheostomy using noninvasive ventilatory support (NVS), lung volume recruitment (LVR), and cough facilitation. Extubation protocols in children with SMA type 1 are analyzed in detail.

Risk stratification of patients listed for heart transplantation while supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

OBJECTIVES: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is used to support patients in severe cardiogenic shock. In the absence of recovery, these patients may need to be listed for heart transplant (HT), which offers the best long-term prognosis. However, posttransplantation mortality is significantly elevated in patients who receive ECMO. The objective of the present study was to describe and risk-stratify different profiles of patients listed for HT supported by ECMO. METHODS: Patients listed for HT in the United Network for Organ Sharing database were analyzed. The primary outcome was 1-year survival and was assessed in patients bridged to transplant with ECMO (ECMOBTT) and patients who were previously supported on ECMO but had it removed before HT (ECMOREMOVED). RESULTS: Among 65,636 adult candidates listed for HT (between 2001 and 2017), 712 were supported on ECMO, 292 of whom (41%) underwent HT (ECMOBTT, n = 202; ECMOREMOVED, n = 90). Most of the patients with ECMOREMOVED were transplanted with a ventricular assist device. In ECMOBTT, recipient age (each 10-year increase), time on the waitlist (both defined as minor risk factors), need for dialysis, and need for mechanical ventilation (both defined as major risk factors) were independent predictors of mortality. ECMOREMOVED and ECMOBTT with no risk factors showed 1-year survival comparable to that in patients who were never supported on ECMO. Compared with patients who were never on ECMO, patients in ECMOBTT group with minor risk factors, 1 major risk factor, and 2 major risk factors had ~2-, ~5-, and >10-fold greater 1-year mortality, respectively (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The HT recipients in the ECMOREMOVED and ECMOBTT groups with no risk factors showed similar survival as the HT recipients who were never supported on ECMO. In the ECMOBTT group, posttransplantation mortality increased significantly with increasing risk factors.

Continuity of Care Challenges for Professional Nursing Practice / Desafíos en la continuidad de cuidados para la práctica profesional de enfermería / Desafios na continuidade de cuidados para a prática profissional de enfermagem

The transformation of health systems to meet the needs of chronic and multi-pathological patients has turned continuity of care into one of the mainstays of care programs and the design of new resources to care for these patients and their families. In this context, nurses' professional practice poses challenges for the three dimensions of continuity of care: relational, informational, and managerial. Faced with these challenges, nursing research is essential for the profession and necessary to promote innovative quality care.

La transformación de los sistemas sanitarios para dar respuesta a las necesidades del paciente crónico y pluripatológico ha situado la continuidad de cuidados como uno de los pilares en los que se basan los programas de atención y el diseño de nuevos recursos para atender a estos pacientes y a sus familias. En este contexto, la práctica profesional de las enfermeras presenta retos y desafíos en las tres dimensiones de la continuidad de cuidados: relacional, informativa y de gestión. Ante estos desafíos, la investigación en enfermería es fundamental para la profesión y necesaria para promover unos cuidados innovadores y de calidad.

A transformação dos sistemas sanitários para atender às necessidades do paciente crônico e pluripatológico situa a continuidade de cuidados como um dos pilares nos quais os programas de atenção e a criação de recursos para assistir esses pacientes e suas famílias estão baseados. Nesse contexto, a prática profissional dos enfermeiros apresenta desafios e obstáculos nas três dimensões da continuidade de cuidados: relacional, informativa e de gestão. Diante desses desafios, a pesquisa em enfermagem é fundamental para a profissão e necessária para promover cuidados inovadores e de qualidade.

Vida, luta e Movimento pela Saúde dos Povos no Brasil: entrevista com Irmã Anne Whibey / Life, struggle and People's Health Movement in Brazil: interview with Sister Anne Whibey

RESUMO Este texto foi escrito a partir de uma entrevista com a ativista do Movimento pela Saúde dos Povos (MSP), Anne Caroline Wihbey, Irmã da Congregação Notre Dame de Namur, norte-americana de ascendência libanesa, com reconhecida trajetória no desenvolvimento social no estado do Maranhão. Aos 95 anos, camarada e amante de todas as lutas por dignidade e justiça, mantém-se ativamente firme, com o 'pé na estrada'. Entre viagens rodoviárias Belém/São Luís/Belém, atualmente, está empenhada em organizar o seu arquivo pessoal sobre a história do MSP, em geral, e do Maranhão, em particular. Depois disso, costuma dizer 'que pode desaparecer'. Sempre envolvida no trabalho de educação popular, sobre os malefícios resultantes dos megaprojetos junto à vida da população, reitera afirmativamente que saúde e meio ambiente não são mercadorias. Avante na ação mobilizadora, a Irmã segue ciente de sua idade avançada, congregando esforço em aceitar seus limites com alegria e determinação. Este artigo é baseado em conversas com Irmã Anne, que abordaram sua história, sua vinda dos Estados Unidos para o Brasil e a sua vinculação ao MSP desde os primórdios, além de relatar o seu trabalho para cultivar o MSP no Brasil, passando pela experiência de formação de grupos em Nina Rodrigues e em São Luís, no Maranhão, e de incentivo à construção do MSP em Belém do Pará.

ABSTRACT This text was written from the interview with People's Health Movement (PHM) activist Anne Caroline Wihbey, Sister of the Notre Dame de Namur Congregation, an American woman of Lebanese ancestry, with a recognized trajectory in social development in the state of Maranhão, in northeastern Brazil. At the age of 95, a comrade and lover of all struggles for dignity and justice, she stands firmly on the road. Between road trips Belém/São Luís and São Luís/Belém, currently, she is committed to organizing her personal archive on the history of PHM, in general, and in Maranhão, in particular. After doing that, she often says she 'can disappear'. Always involved in the work of popular education, approaching the harms resulting from megaprojects in the life of the population, she reaffirms that health and environment are not commodities. Moving forward in the mobilizing action, Sister Anne continues to be aware of her advanced age, gathering effort to accept her limits with joy and determination. This article is based on conversations with Sister Anne, building a story about her history, her coming from the United States to Brazil and her connection to the PHM from the earliest days, as well as reporting her work to cultivate the PHM in Brazil, through the experience of forming groups in Nina Rodrigues and São Luís, in the state Maranhão, and encouraging the construction of the PHM in Belém, Pará.

Vida, luta e Movimento pela Saúde dos Povos no Brasil: entrevista com Irmã Anne Whibey / Life, struggle and Peoples Health Movement in Brazil: interview with Sister Anne Whibey

RESUMO Este texto foi escrito a partir de uma entrevista com a ativista do Movimento pela Saúde dos Povos (MSP), Anne Caroline Wihbey, Irmã da Congregação Notre Dame de Namur, norte-americana de ascendência libanesa, com reconhecida trajetória no desenvolvimento social no estado do Maranhão. Aos 95 anos, camarada e amante de todas as lutas por dignidade e justiça, mantém-se ativamente firme, com o 'pé na estrada'. Entre viagens rodoviárias Belém/São Luís/Belém, atualmente, está empenhada em organizar o seu arquivo pessoal sobre a história do MSP, em geral, e do Maranhão, em particular. Depois disso, costuma dizer 'que pode desaparecer'. Sempre envolvida no trabalho de educação popular, sobre os malefícios resultantes dos megaprojetos junto à vida da população, reitera afirmativamente que saúde e meio ambiente não são mercadorias. Avante na ação mobilizadora, a Irmã segue ciente de sua idade avançada, congregando esforço em aceitar seus limites com alegria e determinação. Este artigo é baseado em conversas com Irmã Anne, que abordaram sua história, sua vinda dos Estados Unidos para o Brasil e a sua vinculação ao MSP desde os primórdios, além de relatar o seu trabalho para cultivar o MSP no Brasil, passando pela experiência de formação de grupos em Nina Rodrigues e em São Luís, no Maranhão, e de incentivo à construção do MSP em Belém do Pará.

ABSTRACT This text was written from the interview with People's Health Movement (PHM) activist Anne Caroline Wihbey, Sister of the Notre Dame de Namur Congregation, an American woman of Lebanese ancestry, with a recognized trajectory in social development in the state of Maranhão, in northeastern Brazil. At the age of 95, a comrade and lover of all struggles for dignity and justice, she stands firmly on the road. Between road trips Belém/São Luís and São Luís/Belém, currently, she is committed to organizing her personal archive on the history of PHM, in general, and in Maranhão, in particular. After doing that, she often says she 'can disappear'. Always involved in the work of popular education, approaching the harms resulting from megaprojects in the life of the population, she reaffirms that health and environment are not commodities. Moving forward in the mobilizing action, Sister Anne continues to be aware of her advanced age, gathering effort to accept her limits with joy and determination. This article is based on conversations with Sister Anne, building a story about her history, her coming from the United States to Brazil and her connection to the PHM from the earliest days, as well as reporting her work to cultivate the PHM in Brazil, through the experience of forming groups in Nina Rodrigues and São Luís, in the state Maranhão, and encouraging the construction of the PHM in Belém, Pará.

Predictors of Improvement in Renal Function After Heart Transplant.

OBJECTIVES: Moderate chronic renal insufficiency is often found in patients evaluated for heart transplant. Recovery of cardiac output after heart transplant might lead to improvement of renal function. In this study, our aim was to identify predictors of improvement of renal function after heart transplant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our study included a cohort of heart transplant patients treated from 2011 to 2016 whose main outcome was improved renal function, defined as glomerular filtration rate at 6 months after heart transplant of ≥ 10% compared with baseline (before transplant). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors. RESULTS: Our study included 83 patients, with 29% having improvement in renal function. Multivariate analyses identified baseline glomerular filtration rate (odds ratio of 0.95; 95% confidence interval, 0.93-0.98; P = .005), absence of hypertension (odds ratio of 4.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.37-17.8; P = .015), and elective heart transplant (odds ratio of 13.71; 95% confidence interval, 1.33-141; P = .028) as independent predictors. A scale developed with independent predictors showed good accuracy (area under the curve of 0.76). The probability for improvement in renal function was 7%, 23%, and 58% in patients with low, medium, and high scores, respectively (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with heart transplant, baseline glomerular filtration rate, absence of hypertension, and elective heart transplant were independent predictors of improvement in renal function after heart transplant.

Predictors of renal replacement therapy after heart transplantation and its impact on long-term survival.

BACKGROUND: Renal replacement therapy (RRT) after heart transplant (HT) is associated with worse prognosis. We aimed to identify predictors of RRT and the impact of this complication on long-term survival. METHODS: Cohort study of HT patients. Univariate and multivariate competing-risk regression was performed to identify independent predictors of RRT. The cumulative incidence function was plotted for RRT. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare long-term survival. RESULTS: We included 103 patients. At multivariate analysis, only the emergency status of HT (short-term mechanical circulatory support as a bridge to transplant), chronic kidney disease, and low oxygen delivery were independent predictors of RRT (subhazard ratio [SHR] 4.11, 95% CI 1.84-9.14; SHR 3.17, 95% CI 1.29-7.77; SHR 2.86, 95% CI 1.14-7.19, respectively). Elective HT patients that required RRT showed a significantly reduced survival comparable to patients with emergency HT and RRT (75% ± 13% vs. 67% ± 16%). The absence of RRT implied an excellent survival in patients with an emergency status of HT and elective HT (100% vs. 93% ± 4%). CONCLUSION: The emergency status of HT, chronic kidney disease, and low oxygen delivery were independent predictors of RRT. The occurrence of RRT increases the risk of death in elective HT as much as in patients with an emergency status.

Métodos de tiroglobulina de primera y segunda generación: su utilidad en pacientes con cáncer diferenciado de tiroides / First and second generation thyroglobulin measurement methods: Their usefulness in patients with thyroid cancer

El cáncer diferenciado de tiroides (CDT) es el cáncer endocrinológico más frecuente y en las últimas décadas su incidencia ha aumentado. El seguimiento de la enfermedad se efectúa con la medición de tiroglobulina (Tg) sérica, ecografía cervical y barrido corporal total diagnóstico. Los métodos de Tg han evolucionado a través del tiempo. Actualmente, los ensayos inmunométricos de Tg se clasifican en 1.ª y 2.ª generación (1.ª G y 2.ª G). Comprobamos que los ensayos de 2.ª G alcanzan una precisión adecuada para medir valores del orden de 0,1 ng/ml y los de 1.ª G de 1 ng/ml. La bibliografía señala que en el caso de los pacientes de bajo riesgo, una Tg bajo levotiroxina indetectable por un método de 2.ª G puede evitar la realización de Tg estimulada, sea por la suspensión de la terapia hormonal como por el empleo de la TSH recombinante humana, debido a su mayor sensibilidad. Sin embargo, por su menor especificidad, un valor detectable no asegura la presencia de enfermedad, y debería confirmarse. Para optimizar la utilidad clínica de dicha medición se podrían emplear valores de cortes de acuerdo con la población y el método en lugar de la sensibilidad funcional o límite de cuantificación del mismo. Se señalan también otros aspectos críticos en la medición de Tg como son la discordancia entre distintas metodologías y las interferencias en su medición, principalmente por anticuerpos antitiroglobulina. En presencia de interferencias pierden utilidad los ensayos de Tg de 1.ª y 2.ª G. El seguimiento de los pacientes con Tg interferida tiene limitaciones todavía no resueltas. Es importante consensuar entre médicos y bioquímicos las dificultades técnicas y los criterios de interpretación de los valores de Tg en el seguimiento de los pacientes con CDT.

Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is the most common endocrine cancer (tumour) and its incidence has risen in the past decades. Its follow-up includes measuring serum thyroglobulin (Tg), performing neck ultrasound and a diagnostic whole-body scan. Tg assays have evolved with time. At present immunoassays for Tg are classified as 1 st and 2 nd generation assays (1 st G and 2 nd G). 2 nd G assays show an adequate (good) precision at levels close to 0.1 ng/ml and 1 st G assays at levels close to 1 ng/ml. The literature shows that for low risk patients on levothyroxine treatment, who undetectable levels by 2 aG assays can avoid the stimulation test performed by thyroid hormone withdrawal or after recombinant human TSH, due to better sensitivity. However, due to lower specificity, detectable levels do not confirm the presence of disease (tumour), and should be confirmed. To optimise the clinical usefulness of the test, cut-off values specific for population and method should be used, instead of functional sensitivity or quantification limit. Critical issues for measuring Tg are discussed, such as non-harmonisation of methods, and interferences, mainly by antithyroglobulin antibodies (ATg). 1 st and 2 nd G assays are less useful in presence of ATg, and follow up of such patients is limited. Consensus between physicians and the laboratory on technical issues and interpretation criteria of Tg values is of outmost importance in the follow-up of DTC patients.

Between Scylla and Charibdis: eIF2α kinases as targets for cancer chemotherapy.

The eIF2α kinases integrate translation initiation rates with nutrient availability, thus allowing cells to adapt to nutrient scarcity. Recent evidence has uncovered new functions of these kinases in tumour cell biology, ranging from regulation of cell cycle progression, maintenance of genome stability, control of apoptosis, and cell survival under nutrient stress and hypoxia. Accordingly, active eIF2α kinases modulate the antineoplasic activity of several antitumour drugs, either by exacerbating their cytotoxic effect or by promoting chemoresistance. Understanding of eIF2α kinases molecular roles may provide mechanistic insights into how tumour cells sense and adapt to nutrient restriction, thus helping to implement more effective approaches for cancer chemotherapy.

Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Latin America and its association with sub-clinical carotid atherosclerosis: the CARMELA cross sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome increases cardiovascular risk. Limited information on its prevalence in Latin America is available. The Cardiovascular Risk Factor Multiple Evaluation in Latin America (CARMELA) study included assessment of metabolic syndrome in 7 urban Latin American populations. METHODS: CARMELA was a cross-sectional, population-based, observational study conducted in Barquisimeto, Venezuela; Bogota, Colombia; Buenos Aires, Argentina; Lima, Peru; Mexico City, Mexico; Quito, Ecuador; and Santiago, Chile. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome, defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III), and associated carotid atherosclerosis were investigated in 11,502 participants aged 25 to 64 years. RESULTS: Across CARMELA cities, metabolic syndrome was most prevalent in Mexico City (27%) and Barquisimeto (26%), followed by Santiago (21%), Bogota (20%), Lima (18%), Buenos Aires (17%), and Quito (14%). In nondiabetic participants, prevalence was slightly lower but followed a comparable ranking. Overall, 59%, 59%, and 73% of women with high triglycerides, hypertension, or glucose abnormalities, respectively, and 64%, 48% and 71% of men with abdominal obesity, hypertension, or glucose abnormalities, respectively, had the full metabolic syndrome. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome increased with age, markedly so in women. Mean common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCAIMT) and prevalence of carotid plaque increased steeply with increasing numbers of metabolic syndrome components; mean CCAIMT was higher and plaque more prevalent in participants with metabolic syndrome than without. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components by NCEP ATP III criteria was substantial across cities, ranging from 14% to 27%. CARMELA findings, including evidence of the association of metabolic syndrome and carotid atherosclerosis, should inform appropriate clinical and public health interventions.

Suppression of ovulation by a synthetic progestin in the capuchin monkey.

BACKGROUND: From the limited research in New World monkeys it is not clear whether they are as sensitive to the antiovulatory effects of synthetic progestins as noted in human beings. We examined whether levonorgestrel prevented ovulation in the capuchin monkey. METHODS: Cebus apella monkeys were treated orally with two doses of 2 mg of levonorgestrel, 8-9 hours apart, in four periovulatory stages assessed by laparoscopy. RESULTS: Levonorgestrel-induced luteinization of the follicle prevented oocyte release up to 8 hours before ovulation. Unhealthy oocytes were recovered from 46% of unruptured follicles. Luteal progesterone was reduced by 55%, 35%, and 25% according to when levonorgestrel was given -2, -1, and 0 day from estradiol peak respectively. CONCLUSION: The capuchin monkey, a neotropical primate in which progesterone circulates at levels much higher than in Old World primates and human beings, is sensitive to the antiovulatory effects of synthetic progestins.

[Metabolic syndrome in employees in Argentina]. / Síndrome metabólico en empleados en la Argentina.

The detection of metabolic syndrome (MS) is use ful for identifying individuals at risk for type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. The objectives of the study were to describe the prevalence of MS in employees 40-65 years old, utilizing different definitions and to analyze the relation with educational level and gender by means of cross-sectional and multicenter study of different regions of Argentina. Compared MS definitions were: International Diabetes Federation, American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and National Cholesterol Education Program - Adults Treatment Panel III. Fulfilled the protocol 2806 cases. It was observed a prevalence of 0.31, 0.30 and 0.26 respectively, more frequent in men (p = 0.0000). There was no significant difference between sexes in the group 60 to 65 years old. After adjusting to age, sex, physical activity, family history of diabetes and menopause, the women with low educational level (<12 years) had more risk than men, OR = 1.95 (CI 95% 1.49-2.55) p = 0.000 compared with OR = 1.36 (CI 95% 1.10-1.69) p = 0.005, respectively. The low educational level in women, adjusted for confounders, was a predictor of four components of MS: central obesity, low C-HDL, glucose > or =100 mg/dl and hypertriglyceridemia; in men was only a hard predictor of hypertriglyceridemia. The results alert about the need of education of the population for the control of risk factors and adoption of healthy habits.

Síndrome metabólico en empleados en la Argentina / Metabolic syndrome in employees in Argentina

La detección del síndrome metabólico (SM) es útil para identificar individuos en riesgo para la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y la enfermedad coronaria. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron describir la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico (SM) en empleados de 40 a 65 años utilizando diferentes definiciones y analizar la relación con el nivel de educación y el sexo, mediante una investigación observacional, transversal y multicéntrica en diferentes regiones de Argentina. Se compararon las definiciones de la Federación Internacional de Diabetes, la Asociación Americana de Cardiología/Instituto Nacional del Corazón, Pulmones y Sangre de EE.UU. y el Tercer Panel de Expertos del Programa Nacional de Educación para el Colesterol de EE.UU. Cumplimentaron el protocolo 2806 casos. La prevalencia fue: 0.31, 0.30 y 0.26 respectivamente y mayor en varones (p=0.0000). No se observaron diferencias significativas entre sexos en el grupo de 60 a 65 años de edad. Luego de ajustar por edad, sexo, actividad física, historia familiar de diabetes y menopausia, las mujeres con bajo nivel educativo (< 12 años) tenían mayor riesgo de SM que los varones, OR = 1.95 (IC 95% 1.49-2.55) p = 0.000, comparado con OR = 1.36 (IC 95% 1.10-1.69), p = 0.005 respectivamente. El bajo nivel educativo en las mujeres, ajustado por covariables, fue predictor de cuatro componentes de SM: obesidad central, colesterol HDL bajo, glucosa ≥100 mg/dl e hipertrigliceridemia; en los varones sólo fue fuerte predictor de hipertrigliceridemia. Los resultados alertan sobre la necesidad de educar a la población para el control de los factores de riesgo y la práctica de hábitos saludables.

The detection of metabolic syndrome (MS) is use ful for identifying individuals at risk for type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. The objectives of the study were to describe the prevalence of MS in employees 40-65 years old, utilizing different definitions and to analyze the relation with educational level and gender by means of cross-sectional and multicenter study of different regions of Argentina. Compared MS definitions were: International Diabetes Federation, American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and National Cholesterol Education Program - Adults Treatment Panel III. Fulfilled the protocol 2806 cases. It was observed a prevalence of 0.31, 0.30 and 0.26 respectively, more frequent in men (p = 0.0000). There was no significant difference between sexes in the group 60 to 65 years old. After adjusting to age, sex, physical activity, family history of diabetes and menopause, the women with low educational level (<12 years) had more risk than men, OR = 1.95 (CI 95% 1.49-2.55) p = 0.000 compared with OR = 1.36 (CI 95% 1.10-1.69) p = 0.005, respectively. The low educational level in women, adjusted for confounders, was a predictor of four components of MS: central obesity, low C-HDL, glucose ≥100 mg/dl and hypertriglyceridemia; in men was only a hard predictor of hypertriglyceridemia. The results alert about the need of education of the population for the control of risk factors and adoption of healthy habits.

Estrategia de diagnóstico y proceder terapéutico en consulta de regulación menstrual / Strategy for diagnosis and therapeutic procedure of menstrual regulation in consultation

Se realizó una investigación interventiva con el objetivo de evaluar la propuesta de un flujograma de trabajo diseñado para las consultas de regulación menstrual, con el uso de la tira HeberFastLine Embarazo® en las pacientes del municipio Sancti-Spíritus en el período del 1 de julio 2006 al 31 de enero 2007. El universo fueron 1869 pacientes que asistieron a consulta. Las variables: edad, resultado del diagnosticador, antecedentes de enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica, interrupciones previas, conducta según resultado del diagnosticador, diagnóstico, complicaciones inmediatas, efectos indeseados. Los datos se obtuvieron de una planilla confeccionada por los autores. El 43,7 porciento de los casos resultaron negativos evitándoseles el proceder obstétrico. El 31,7 porciento fueron adolescentes, librándose del proceder más de la mitad. Se vieron carentes de instrumentación el 58,9 porciento de las mujeres con antecedentes de inflamación pélvica. El 66,6 porciento refirieron interrupciones de embarazo previas, con tira negativa el 39,4 porciento. A 10 casos con tira negativa se les diagnosticó quiste de ovario, fibroma uterino u otra enfermedad ginecológica, se detectaron 4 embarazos ectópicos, en pacientes con tira positiva. La complicación más frecuente fue la lesión del cérvix y el efecto indeseado fue el dolor. Se evaluó de buena la propuesta de flujograma(AU)

One interventional research was conducted in order to evaluate a proposed flowchart of work designed to menstrual regulation consultations, using the HeberFastLine Pregnancy ® strip in patients from Sancti Spíritus municipality from July 1st, 2006 to January 31st, 2007. The universe was 1869 patients attending consultation. Variables: age, diagnostician result, history of pelvic inflammatory disease, previous interruptions, behavior according to diagnostician result, diagnosis, immediate complications, side effects. The data was obtained from a spreadsheet compiled by the authors. 43.7 percent of cases were negative for pregnancy avoiding obstetric procedures. 31.7 percent were teenagers, getting rid of procedures more than half. 58.9 percent of women with a history of pelvic inflammation were lack of instrumentation. 66.6 percent of these women reported previous pregnancy interruptions, with 39.4 percent negative strip. In 10 cases with negative strip was diagnosed with ovarian cyst, uterine fibroid or other gynecologic disease, 4 ectopic pregnancies were detected in patients with positive strip. The most common complication was injury to the cervix and the side effect was pain. The proposed good flowchart was evaluated(AU)

Desarrollo y evaluación de una muestra para control de calidad en Microbiología / Development and assessment of a sample for quality control in Microbiology

El laboratorio de microbiología clínica requiere, en cada una de las etapas del procesamiento de las muestras, un adecuado control de calidad. Debido a que no se encuentran disponibles localmente esquemas interlaboratorio que evalúen etapas iniciales del análisis microbiológico, el objetivo del trabajo fue desarrollar y evaluar mediante una "prueba piloto" la utilización de una muestra liofilizada como material de control de aislamiento e identificación de microorganismos. Para la elaboración de la muestra se utilizó un líquido de diálisis peritoneal inoculado con bacilos gram negativos (BGN) y cocos gram positivos (CGP) aislados de muestras clínicas. Las muestras se fraccionaron por 2 mL y se liofilizaron según el protocolo provisto por el ProgBA. Treinta y cuatro laboratorios recibieron un vial de la muestra y una planilla con las instrucciones para su manejo e informe del resultado. La tasa de respuesta fue del 44%. El porcentaje de aciertos en la evaluación microscópica fue 100% y 79% para BGN y CGP respectivamente. El 70% de los laboratorios recuperó e identificó correctamente ambos microorganismos, el 100% recuperó los BGN. Considerando un valor mayor del 80% de concordancia en la recuperación de microorganismos, los resultados obtenidos fueron aceptables para BGN. Este protocolo podría ser utilizado para la preparación de un esquema interlaboratorio a mayor escala.

The microbiology laboratory requires an appropriate quality control in each stage of the sample procedure. To date, interlaboratory studies that evaluate the initial stages of microbiologic analysis procedures have not been reported. The development of a lyophilized sample for isolation control and identification of microorganisms (mo) was performed with that purpose. For the sample's elaboration a peritoneal dialysis liquid was inoculated with gram negative bacilli (GNB) and gram positive cocci (GPC). The samples were divided into 2 mL vials and lyophilized according to the protocol provided by ProgBA. Thirty four laboratories received the sample with instructions for its handling and results report. The rate of response was of 44%. The percentage of success in microscopic evaluation was 100% and 79% for BGN and CGP respectively. Seventy per cent of the laboratories succeeded in isolating and identifying both microorganisms correctly; 100% of them identified the GNB. Considering an 80% of agreement in mo recovery a validity criterion, the results obtained were acceptable for GNB. This protocol could be used for the preparation of an interlaboratory quality control scheme on a greater scale.

Transfer pathways between the ovaries and the uterus in the cebus monkeys (Cebus apella).

The aim of this work was to study, in the Cebus apella monkey, the developmental changes in the microanatomy of the utero-ovarian ligament (UOL) and whether their vascular and neural elements might be involved in the transfer of signals between the ovaries and uterus. Sections including uterus, UOL, and ovary obtained from two foetuses, two prepubertal, and four cycling monkeys, two of them treated with a neuron-axonal tracer, diamidino yellow (DY) into the corpus luteum (CL) and the remaining two into the endometrium, were analyzed for the expression of neurofilament protein (NFP) and tracer distribution. Eight regularly cycling females were used to investigate the transfer to the CL of pulses of prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) (n=4) or its vehicle (n=4) given intra-uterus. A convoluted artery, in conjunction with various vein channels, passed over the UOL allowing for a direct communication between uterus and ovaries. The artery acquired prominence during adulthood, in a manner well suited with the ovarian status. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that NFP expression by the oocyte and by the endometrial epithelial cells was a highly conserved feature during development, whereas the appearance of NFP fibers in the ovaries, UOL, and uterus was a late event in the ontogenesis, likely regulated by the hormonal environment. Neurons, as an obvious source for these NFP fibers, were not recognized at any developmental stage, although some neuron-like cells were observed within the CL. The pattern displayed by the tracer DY, further suggested a reciprocal axonal transport among endometrial cells and follicular and luteal cells of both ovaries and between the ovaries themselves. The functionality of the utero-ovarian connection was assessed after injecting PGF(2alpha) intra-uterus. A short exposition to PGF(2alpha) pulses was required for lowering ovarian and peripheral progesterone concentrations causing luteolysis, indicating that transport mechanism operating between uterus and ovary must be very efficient. The results suggest that the vessels and axons contained in the UOL of the Capuchin monkeys might be two combined key pathways underlying the reciprocal transfer of signals controlling utero-ovarian homeostasis.