Fertility Trends and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Female Patients With Psoriasis in the UK.

Importance: Evidence regarding fertility trends and obstetric outcomes among patients with psoriasis is limited by studies of small sample sizes, noninclusion of comparators, and the lack of accurate pregnancy records. Objective: To investigate fertility rates and obstetric outcomes of pregnancies in female patients with psoriasis compared with age- and general practice-matched comparators without psoriasis. Design, Setting, and Participants: This population-based cohort study used data from 887 primary care practices that contributed to the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink GOLD database between 1998 and 2019, linked to a pregnancy register and Hospital Episode Statistics. There were 6 223 298 patients of common childbearing ages (15-44 years), and 63 681 patients with psoriasis had at least 1 year of follow-up data prior to the diagnosis of psoriasis. For each patient with psoriasis, 5 patients were matched by age from the same general practice. The median follow-up duration was 4.1 years. Data analysis was performed in 2021. Exposures: Patients with psoriasis were identified using clinical diagnostic codes from consultations. Main Outcomes and Measures: Fertility rates were calculated as the number of pregnancies per 100 patient-years. The outcomes of each pregnancy recorded in the pregnancy register or Hospital Episode Statistics were screened to identify obstetric outcomes. A negative binomial model was used to examine the association between psoriasis and the fertility rate. Logistic regression was applied to compare the association between psoriasis and obstetric outcomes. Results: A total of 63 681 patients with psoriasis and 318 405 matched comparators were included in the analysis (median [IQR] age, 30 [22-37] years). Lower fertility rates (rate ratio, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.69-0.83) were found in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis. Compared with matched comparators without psoriasis, pregnancies in patients with psoriasis had a higher risk of loss (odds ratio, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.03-1.10); however, there was no increase in the risks of antenatal hemorrhage, preeclampsia, or gestational diabetes. Conclusion and Relevance: In this cohort study, patients with moderate to severe psoriasis had a lower fertility rate, and the risk of pregnancy loss was higher than in matched comparators without psoriasis. Future research should identify the mechanism of increased risk of pregnancy loss among patients with psoriasis.

A successful antenatal outcome in a patient with refractory Takayasu's arteritis treated with tocilizumab throughout pregnancy-a case report.

Takayasu's arteritis (TA) is a rare form of large-vessel vasculitis for which tocilizumab (TCZ) may be administered in resistant or refractory disease. Current British Society of Rheumatology advice is to stop TCZ 3-months pre-conception. We report the case of a 33-year-old woman with extensive TA treated with TCZ, azathioprine and glucocorticoids in pregnancy. She was closely monitored with MDT input and TCZ was continued throughout pregnancy as the benefits were thought to outweigh the risks. Our case also highlights the importance of accurate blood pressure monitoring in an appropriate anatomical location, given the extent of her disease. Our patient's disease remained stable throughout the antenatal and post-partum period with a successful pregnancy outcome and no maternal or foetal complications. TCZ is suitable for select cases of refractory TA during pregnancy.

Digital screening for postnatal depression: mixed methods proof-of-concept study.

BACKGROUND: Depression during the postnatal year is prevalent in mothers (17%) and fathers (9%), and suicide is the leading cause of maternal death in this period. Lifelong costs and consequences of untreated postnatal depression (PND) are high due to impacts on infants as well as parents. We aimed to improve access to PND treatment using digital screening. We developed a smartphone app (ClinTouch DAWN-P) that allows parents to monitor their mood daily with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), uploading responses in real-time to a secure server. We evaluated the app's feasibility, acceptability, validity and safety in a proof-of-concept study. METHODS: Pregnant women (≥ 36 weeks gestation) and partners were recruited from antenatal services and invited to complete daily EPDS assessments via the ClinTouch DAWN-P app until 6 weeks postpartum. Participants completed standard paper-based EPDS at two time points for validity comparisons. We examined app acceptability and usability at 6 weeks postpartum with qualitative interviews, examined using framework analysis, and the abridged Mobile App Rating Scale (convergent mixed methods design). RESULTS: Most (96%) eligible pregnant women approached were keen to try the app. Participating mothers (n = 15) and partners/fathers (n = 8) found the app easy to use, and 91% continued to use it for the full study period. Overall, 67% of daily app-based assessments were completed, with a history of depression predicting lower app usage. Participants suggested modifications to the app and its deployment to improve usability (e.g., extending the response window and including feedback and parenting advice). The validity of app-based responses was confirmed by high agreement with standard EPDS. App-based and paper-based ratings showed perfect agreement in identifying cases of likely PND. There were no serious adverse events relating to app use. CONCLUSIONS: Digital PND screening appears feasible, acceptable, valid and safe. It also benefits from being remotely delivered: we enrolled all participants remotely during the first COVID-19 lockdown. Use of digital screening could address known shortcomings of conventional health visitor-delivered screening such as limited staff time, parental unwillingness to disclose difficulties to a professional, lack of partner/father screening, and language barriers. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was prospectively registered (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04279093 ).

Pregnancy outcomes of a joint obstetric and rheumatology clinic in a tertiary centre: a 2-year retrospective study of 98 pregnancies.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to describe the maternal and fetal outcomes in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases attending a joint rheumatology and obstetric clinic in the UK. Methods: Electronic records of 98 patients attending the joint rheumatology and obstetric clinic between January 2018 and January 2020 were analysed. Data on patient demographics, characteristics (including age, ethnicity, diagnosis, and medications taken during pregnancy), pregnancy outcomes (miscarriage, stillbirth or live birth), maternal complications [infection, post-partum haemorrhage (PPH) or pre-eclampsia] and fetal complications (sepsis, congenital heart block, prematurity and low birth weight) were tabulated. Subgroups of patients based on maternal diagnosis, medications and Ro/La antibody status were described in a similar manner. Results: The cohort was found to be predominantly Caucasian women >30 years of age, diagnosed with a CTD. Of 98 pregnancies, 97% (n = 95) resulted in a live birth, with only 2% resulting in miscarriage (n = 2) and 1% in stillbirth (n = 1). The median duration of gestation was 38 (interquartile range 37-39) weeks, and the majority of patients had a normal vaginal delivery (35%, n = 34), whereas 30% had emergency Caesarean sections (n = 29). The median birth weight was 3120 (interquartile range 2690-3410) g. The most common maternal complications were PPH (56%, n = 54) and infection (22%, n = 21). The most common fetal complications were prematurity (23%, n = 22) and low birth weight (17%, n = 16). Conclusion: We report favourable outcomes from this service model, including a high live birth rate, a low miscarriage rate and a high median birth weight. With limited reported data of pregnancy outcomes from joint obstetric/rheumatology clinics, this service model might be beneficial in other centres.

Immunomodulatory Therapy Reduces the Severity of Placental Lesions in Chronic Histiocytic Intervillositis.

Chronic histiocytic intervillositis (CHI) is a rare, but highly recurrent inflammatory placental lesion wherein maternal macrophages infiltrate the intervillous space. Pregnancies with CHI are at high risk of fetal growth restriction, miscarriage or stillbirth. Presently, the diagnosis can only be made after histopathological examination of the placenta. Given its proposed immunological etiology, current treatments include aspirin, heparin, and immunomodulatory agents. However, the rationale for these medications is largely based upon small case series and reports as there is a lack of larger studies investigating treatment efficacy. Therefore, this study sought to determine whether inclusion of immunomodulatory medications was effective at reducing the severity of lesions and improving pregnancy outcomes in subsequent pregnancies. Thirty-three women with a history of CHI in at least one pregnancy (index case) were identified retrospectively through medical records. Twenty-eight participants presented with a first subsequent pregnancy and a further 11 with a second subsequent pregnancy at a specialist clinic for pregnancy after loss. Data on maternal demographics, medical history, medication, pregnancy outcome, and placental pathology was collected and compared between pregnancies. Twenty-seven (69%) subsequent pregnancies were treated with at least one or both of prednisolone and hydroxychloroquine. Inclusion of at least one immunomodulatory agent in treatment regimen resulted in an almost 25% increase in overall livebirth rate (61.5 vs. 86.2%). In women treated with immunomodulatory medication a greater proportion of placentas had reduced severity of lesions compared to those treated without (86.7 vs. 33.3%, respectively). A reduction in CHI severity was associated with a 62.3% improvement in livebirth rate compared to those where severity remained unchanged in relation to the index case. These data provide preliminary evidence that the use of immunomodulatory medication in the management of CHI improves histopathological lesions and the chance of livebirth in subsequent pregnancies. Due to CHI's rarity and ethical and feasibility issues, randomized controlled trials in affected women are challenging to conduct. As a result, collaboration between centers is required in future to increase study sample sizes and elucidate the mechanisms of hydroxychloroquine and prednisolone in reducing pathology.

Multidisciplinary management of pregnancy and labour in a patient with glycogen storage disease type 1a.

Glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD 1a) is a metabolic disorder caused by deficiency of an enzyme required for glycogen breakdown, causing hypoglycaemia and lactic acidosis. Metabolic derangements cause disease manifestations affecting the kidneys, liver and platelet function. Physiological changes in pregnancy worsen fasting intolerance and increase reliance on exogenous glucose to avoid lactic acidosis. Fetal macrosomia and declining respiratory function result in high rates of caesarean sections. We report the multidisciplinary team (MDT) management of a 25-year-old woman with GSD 1a in an unplanned pregnancy. Existing percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube feeding, alongside high-calorie drinks and intravenous dextrose during labour, managed the risks of hypoglycaemia and lactic acidosis. Metabolic parameters were regularly monitored and fortnightly growth scans were assessed for macrosomia. Allopurinol was continued throughout the pregnancy to reduce the risk of hyperuricaemia. MDT management optimised maternal and fetal care throughout pregnancy and labour, resulting in a successful vaginal delivery.

Delineating differential regulatory signatures of the human transcriptome in the choriodecidua and myometrium at term labor.

Preterm deliveries remain the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Current therapies target only myometrial contractions and are largely ineffective. As labor involves multiple coordinated events across maternal and fetal tissues, identifying fundamental regulatory pathways of normal term labor is vital to understanding successful parturition and consequently labor pathologies. We aimed to identify transcriptomic signatures of human normal term labor of two tissues: in the fetal-facing choriodecidua and the maternal myometrium. Microarray transcriptomic data from choriodecidua and myometrium following term labor were analyzed for functional hierarchical networks, using Cytoscape 2.8.3. Hierarchically high candidates were analyzed for their regulatory casual relationships using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Selected master regulators were then chemically inhibited and effects on downstream targets were assessed using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Unbiased network analysis identified upstream molecular components in choriodecidua including vimentin, TLR4, and TNFSF13B. In the myometrium, candidates included metallothionein 2 (MT2A), TLR2, and RELB. These master regulators had significant differential gene expression during labor, hierarchically high centrality in community cluster networks, interactions amongst the labor gene set, and strong causal relationships with multiple downstream effects. In vitro experiments highlighted MT2A as an effective regulator of labor-associated genes. We have identified unique potential regulators of the term labor transcriptome in uterine tissues using a robust sequence of unbiased mathematical and literature-based in silico analyses. These findings encourage further investigation into the efficacy of predicted master regulators in blocking multiple pathways of labor processes across maternal and fetal tissues, and their potential as therapeutic approaches.

Vitamin D status of White pregnant women and infants at birth and 4 months in North West England: A cohort study.

The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant white-skinned women (WSW) and their infants has not been investigated at northern latitudes in a developed county. A 2-year observational cohort study was undertaken in the North West of England to determine 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels in WSW and their infants during pregnancy and 4 months postdelivery and to explore factors associated with these levels. Nutritional and lifestyle questionnaires were completed and 25OHD levels measured at 28 weeks and 4 months postdelivery. Twenty-seven percent and 7% of WSW had insufficient and deficient levels of 25OHD during pregnancy and 48% and 11% four months postdelivery. WSW with Fitzpatrick skin-type I (FST I) have significantly lower 25OHD than other skin types after controlling for time spent outside and vitamin D intake. Twenty-four percent and 13% of infants had insufficient and deficient 25OHD levels at 4 months. Unsupplemented breast-fed infants have the highest level of insufficiency (67%) compared with formula-fed infants (2%). Factors associated with infant serum 25OHD levels at 4 months included breast feeding, supplementation, and time outside. WSW have a high prevalence of insufficiency and deficiency during pregnancy which doubles 4 months after birth. Breast-fed infants of WSW are rarely considered at risk of vitamin D insufficiency but have high rates compared with formula-fed infants. This is the first study to show the finding that FST I WSW have significantly lower levels of 25OHD than those with FST II-IV (difference adjusted for diet and time outside 14 (95%CI 7-21) nmol/L).

'To test or not to test', the arguments for and against thrombophilia testing in obstetrics.

Clinicians increasingly investigate women for thrombophilias due to their associations with venous thromboembolism and placenta-mediated pregnancy complication. These associations, however, are modest and based largely on retrospective data from studies with heterogeneous classifications and populations, leading to discordance between evidence and guidelines. Current evidence suggests a contributory rather than causative role for thrombophilia in placenta-mediated pregnancy complication and venous thromboembolism. With little evidence of benefit from antithrombotic therapy in placenta-mediated pregnancy complication, thrombophilia screening remains controversial. Given the low absolute risk of placenta-mediated pregnancy complication and gestational venous thromboembolism with heritable thrombophilia, universal screening is inappropriate. Selective screening for antiphospholipid syndrome is supported by robust evidence of benefit. Conversely, selective screening for heritable thrombophilia has not been shown to effectively manage placenta-mediated pregnancy complication. Therefore, at present heritable thrombophilia screening is not warranted for placenta-mediated pregnancy complication. Until we have better evidence from better stratified patient groups, caution should remain if we wish to practice evidence-based medicine.

Management of inherited thrombophilia in pregnancy.

Adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as pregnancy loss and pre-eclampsia, are associated with thrombotic mechanisms and thrombophilia. Antithrombotic interventions, particularly low-molecular-weight heparin, have been investigated in women identified by previous pregnancy outcome; however, the results have been inconsistent. This may reflect heterogeneity of both the study groups and the disease processes resulting in inadequate stratification to guide antithrombotic interventions. Furthermore, the variation in gestation at initiation of low-molecular-weight heparin treatment might be important. Despite limited evidence of efficacy, low-molecular-weight heparin is often used in an attempt to prevent these complications, owing to the lack of other effective treatments and its perceived safety in pregnancy. Research is required to better understand the disease processes, identify possible biomarkers and thereby more homogeneous groups for targeted treatment.

Thrombophilia and Pregnancy Complications.

There is a paucity of strong evidence associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and thrombophilia in pregnancy. These problems include both early (recurrent miscarriage) and late placental vascular-mediated problems (fetal loss, pre-eclampsia, placental abruption and intra-uterine growth restriction). Due to poor quality case-control and cohort study designs, there is often an increase in the relative risk of these complications associated with thrombophilia, particularly recurrent early pregnancy loss, late fetal loss and pre-eclampsia, but the absolute risk remains very small. It appears that low-molecular weight heparin has other benefits on the placental vascular system besides its anticoagulant properties. Its use is in the context of antiphospholipid syndrome and recurrent pregnancy loss and also in women with implantation failure to improve live birth rates. There is currently no role for low-molecular weight heparin to prevent late placental-mediated complications in patients with inherited thrombophilia and this may be due to small patient numbers in the studies involved in summarising the evidence. There is potential for low-molecular weight heparin to improve pregnancy outcomes in women with prior severe vascular complications of pregnancy such as early-onset intra-uterine growth restriction and pre-eclampsia but further high quality randomised controlled trials are required to answer this question.

Transcriptomic profiling of human choriodecidua during term labor: inflammation as a key driver of labor.

PROBLEM: Inflammation is a driver of labor in myometrium and cervix; however, the involvement of decidua is poorly defined. We have reported decidual leukocyte infiltration prior to and during labor; the regulators of these inflammatory processes are unknown. METHOD OF STUDY: Choriodecidua RNA obtained after term labor or elective cesarean delivery was applied to Affymetrix GeneChips. Pathway analysis and gene validation were performed. RESULTS: Extensive inflammatory activation was identified in choriodecidua following labor, predominantly upregulation of genes regulating leukocyte trafficking and cytokine signalling. Genes governing cell fate, tissue remodelling, and translation were also altered. Upregulation of candidate genes (ICAM1, CXCR4, CD44, TLR4, SOCS3, BCL2A, and IDO) was confirmed. NFκB, STAT1&3, HMGB1, and miRNA-21, miRNA-46, miRNA-141, and miRNA-200 were predicted upstream regulators. CONCLUSION: This study confirms inflammatory processes are major players in labor events in choriodecidua, as in other gestational tissues. Suppressing uterine inflammation is likely to be critical for arresting premature labor.

Pulmonary thrombo-embolism in pregnancy: diagnosis and management.

KEY POINTS: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in pregnancy remains a leading cause of direct maternal mortality in the developed world and identifiable risk factors are increasing in incidence.VTE is approximately 10-times more common in the pregnant population (compared with non-pregnant women) with an incidence of 1 in 1000 and the highest risk in the postnatal period.If pulmonary imaging is required, ventilation perfusion scanning is usually the preferred initial test to detect pulmonary embolism within pregnancy. Treatment should be commenced on clinical suspicion and not be withheld until an objective diagnosis is obtained.The mainstay of treatment for pulmonary thromboembolism in pregnancy is anticoagulation with low molecular weight heparin for a minimum of 3 months in total duration and until at least 6 weeks postnatal. Low molecular weight heparin is safe, effective and has a low associated bleeding risk. EDUCATIONAL AIMS: To inform readers about the current guidance for diagnosis and management of pulmonary thromboembolism in pregnancy.To highlight the risks of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy.To introduce the issues surrounding management of pulmonary thromboembolism around labour and delivery.