RenaGel efficacy in severe secondary hyperparathyroidism.

BACKGROUND: Haemodialysis patients frequently have simultaneous hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, posing a therapeutic dilemma for the traditional calcium--and aluminum--based binders. RenaGel (sevelamer hydrochloride) is an effective phosphate binder without changes in serum calcium or aluminum levels. However being an expensive medication it is currently used mainly for patients with moderate to severe secondary hyperparathyroidism. However most of the previous studies have not included patients with severe secondary hyperparathyroidism. METHODS: Our purpose is to determine RenaGel binder efficacy in haemodialysis patients with severe secondary hyperparathyroidism. As a secondary purpose we have followed the variations of parathyroid hormone, serum calcium, serum lipids [low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and Lipoprotein(a)], uric acid and bicarbonate. All phosphate binders previously used were suspended one week before RenaGel prescription. Our study included 18 adult haemodialysis patients, with PTHi of 810 +/- 330 pg/ml after the "pre-treatment" washout. The binder was administered during 12 weeks, beginning with a mean dose of 2.4 +/- 0.4 g daily and adjusted to obtain serum phosphorus under 6.5 mg/dl (at the end of the study, the mean RenaGel dose was 2.8 +/- 0.6 g daily. RESULTS: The mean changes after RenaGel in serum phosphorus was -0.7 +/- 1.5. mg/dl (P < 0.05), in serum calcium was 0.5 +/- 1.0 mg/dl (P < 0.05) and in calcium x phosphate product of -4.0 +/- 12.4 mg/dl (P = NS). "Post-treatment" the PTHi levels remained stable (820 +/- 360 pg/ml vs 810 +/- 330) but serum alkaline phosphatase increased (14.3 +/- 14.4 U/l; P < 0.01). LDL cholesterol serum levels decreased by -35 +/- 10 mg/dl (P < 0.01), HDL cholesterol showed a trend to increase (3.0 +/- 8.1 U/l; P = NS), triglycerides decreased by 38 +/- 56 mg/dl (P < 0.05) and Lipoprotein(a) remained stable. Serum albumin increased by 0.1 +/- 0.2 g/L (P < 0.05), uric acid decreased -0.8 +/- 1.2 mg/dl (P < 0.05) and bicarbonate remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: RenaGel is an effective phosphate binder, even in haemodialysis patients with severe secondary hyperparathyroidism. The lipid profile improved with the treatment, with the exception of Lipoprotein(a) stabilization. Selection of patients with severe secondary hyperparathyroidism at the beginning of RenaGel disposal, for economic reasons is debatable, but could be correct.

Renagel® efficacy in severe secondary hyperparathyroidism

Histórico: Los pacientes en hemodiálisis desarrollan con frecuencia hipercalcemia e hiperfosfatemia poniendo problemas de tratamiento con los tradicionales quelantes que contienen calcio o aluminio. RenaGel® (sevelamer hydrochloride) es un quelante del fósforo que no produce alteraciones de los niveles de calcio y de aluminio. Todavía es un fármaco caro, por lo que se exige una selección de enfermos con hiperparatiroidismo secundario moderado a grave. Nos parece importante que en ninguno de los estudios ya efectuados con el RenaGel® se incluían pacientes con hiperparatiroidismo grave. Métodos: Nuestro estudio pretendió determinar la eficacia quelante de fósforo del RenaGel®, en pacientes en hemodiálisis con hiperparatiroidismo grave. Como objetivos secundarios determinamos las variaciones de la hormona paratiroidea, del calcio sérico, lípidos [colesterol de baja y alta densidad, triglicéridos y Lipoproteína(a)], albúmina, ácido úrico y bicarbonato. Todos los quelantes del fósforo se suspendieron una semana antes de la introducción del RenaGel®. Se incluyeron en nuestro estudio 18 pacientes de edad adulta en hemodiálisis, con PTHi de 810 ñ 330 pg/ml después del 'pre-treatment washout'. El nuevo quelante de fósforo ha sido administrado durante 12 semanas, iniciándose a una dosis media de 2,4 ñ 0,4 g por día y se siguió ajustando la dosis intentando alcanzar un nivel de fósforo por debajo de 6,5 mg/dl. Resultados: Después del RenaGel® la variación del fósforo fue de -0,7 ñ 1,5 mg/dl (P < 0,05), de 0,5 ñ 1,0 mg/dl (P < 0,05) del calcio y de -4,0 ñ 12,4 mg2/dl2 (P = NS) del producto fosfocálcico. La respuesta quelante al sevelamer se definió a las 4 semanas de tratamiento. En los 'respondedores' (n = 11) el fósforo descendió de 7,2 ñ 1,2 mg/dl para 6,7 ñ 1,0 mg/dl después de 4 semanas con RenaGel® (P = 0,04). La PTHi se estabilizó (820 ñ 360 pg/ml vs 810 ñ 330 pg/ml) pero la fosfatasa alcalina aumentó (14,3 ñ 14,4 U/l; P < 0,01). El LDL colesterol se redujo en -35 ñ 10 mg/dl (P < 0,01), el HDL colesterol tuvo una tendencia creciente (3,0 ñ 8,1 U/l; P = NS), los triglicéridos disminuyeron 38 ñ 56 mg/dl (P < 0,05) y la Lipoproteína(a) no cambió significativamente. La albúmina aumentó 0,1 ñ 0,2 g/l (P < 0,05), el ácido úrico disminuyó 0,8 ñ 1,2 mg/dl (P < 0,05) y el bicarbonate se mantuvo estable. Conclusiones. RenaGel® fue un quelante del fósforo eficaz en la mayor parte de nuestros pacientes en hemodiálisis con hiperparatiroidismo grave. La 'respuesta' quelante del fósforo de Sevelamer pudo ser prevista al final de las primeras 4 semanas de tratamiento pero no hemos identificado ningún factor predictivo de esa 'respuesta'. El perfil lipídico mejoró con la excepción de la estabilidad de la Lipoproteína(a). Una selección inicial de los pacientes con hiperparatiroidismo grave para la administración del RenaGel® nos parece correcta por el alto precio de este quelante en nuestro país (AU)

[Cerebrospinal fluid in 50 AIDS patients]. / Líquido cefalorraqueano em 50 pacientes com AIDS.

Fifty AIDS patients were studied. All patients had anti-HIV antibodies (ELISA) present and met OPAS/Caracas punctuation criteria for AIDS cases in adults. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis included pressure, cytology (number of cytomorphological aspects), total protein and electrophoresis, glucose and chloride concentration. Bacteriological and mycological investigations were performed as well as agglutination tests for Cryptococcus. Complement fixation, indirect immunoflorescence, passive hemagglutination and/or ELISA tests were performed for syphilis, toxoplasmosis, viral and fungal infections. All CSF analysis were made in the same laboratory following the same methodology. CSF was altered in 45 cases (90.0%) of the 50 patients studied. The most important alterations observed were: gammaglobulin (55.5%) and total protein (51.1%) increase, hypercytosis (48.9%) and decrease of chloride concentration (40.0%). HIV antibodies were detected in 42 patients (93.3%). Toxomoplamosis, isolated or associated to other agents, was the most frequent opportunistic infection (57.7%). Cerebrospinal fluid should always be examined in AIDS patients with or without neurological symptoms.

[Cerebral malaria and AIDS: case report]. / Malária cerebral e AIDS relato de caso.

Although it has not been definitely proven that the severity of malaria is associated to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) we know that infection through Plasmodium falciparum can favor a rapid evolution of the HIV infection. Besides, association of malaria with HIV/AIDS from a clinical point of view can be clinically severe in the face of the occurrence of other microorganisms or neoplasias, which worsens the evolution and prognosis of the affected patients. The concurrence of HIV with Plasmodium in malaria endemic zones is a possibility which should always be taken into consideration, since transmission is related to risk factors caused by people's behavior which are not always promptly revealed and/or identified. The authors report one case of brain malaria infection by Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum in a patient with AIDS. They describe the clinical evolution and therapy.

Líquido cefalorraqueano em 50 pacientes com AIDS / Cerebrospinal fluid in 50 AIDS patients

Foram estudados 50 pacientes com AIDS, todos estes pacientes apresentavam anticorpos ant-HIV1 (ELISA) e preenchiam os critérios de pontuaçao OPAS/Caracas de definiçao de casos de AIDS em adultos. A análise do liquido cefalorraqueano (LCR) incluiu: pressao; citologia (número de células e aspectos citomorfológicos); proteína total e eletroforese; concentraçoes de glicose, cloretos e testes imunológicos para sífilis, toxoplasmose e infecçoes virais (citomegalovírus, varicela-zoster, Herpes simplex, e HIV1). Investigaçoes bacteriológicas e micológicas (pesquisa direta e cultura), além de teste de aglutinaçao (látex) paracryptococcus foram também realizados. Os testes imunológicos usados foram fixaçao do complemento, imunofluorescência indireta, hemaglutinaçao passiva e/ou ELISA. Todos os LCR foram analisados no mesmo laboratório seguindo sempre a mesma metodologia. O LCR esteve alterado em 45 pacientes (90,0 por cento) dos 50 pacientes estudados. As principais alteraçoes encontradas no LCR foram: aumento de gamaglobulina em 25 casos (55,5 por cento); aumento da proteína total em 23 (51,1 por cento); hipercitose em 22 (48,9 por cento) e diminuiçao dos cloretos em 18(40,0 por cento). A detecçao de anticorpos anti- HIV1 estiveram presentes em 42 pacientes (93,3 por cento). Toxoplasmose isolada ou associada a outros agentes foi a infecçao oportunista mais frequente, detectada em 26 casos (57,7 por cento). O LCR deverá ser sempre analisado em todos os pacientes com AIDS, com ou sem sintomas neurológicos.

Malária cerebral e AIDS: relato de caso / Cerebral malaria and AIDS: case report

Embora nao esteja definitivamente comprovada que a severidade da malária esteja associada com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), sabe-se que a infecçao pelo Plasmodium falciparum pode favorece uma rápida evoluçao da infecçao pelo HIV. Além disso a associaçao da malária com HIV/AIDS, do ponto de vista clínico, pode ser extremamente grave face a ocorrência de outros microorganismos e/ou neoplasias, o que piora a evoluçao e prognóstico dos pacientes. A concomitância do vírus HIV com o Plasmodium em zonas endêmicas de malária, é uma possibilidade que deve ser sempre pensada, visto que a sua transmissao está relacionada a fatores de risco ligados aos comportamentos das pessoas, que nem sempre sao logo revelados e/ou identificados. Os autores descrevem um caso de malária cerebral Plasmodium vivax e Plasmodium falciparum em um paciente com AIDS. Descrevem sua evoluçao clínica e terapêutica.

[Involvement of the nervous system in leptospirosis. I. Evaluation of neurologic aspects]. / Comprometimento do sistema nervoso na leptospirose: I. Avaliação dos aspectos neurológicos.

From January 1st up to September 30th 1990, 77 patients with leptospirosis confirmed by laboratory studies were admitted at the Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Service of the Hospital das Clínicas of the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Clinical manifestations had sudden onset with presence of fever, headache, chills and muscle pains. Plurisystemic involvement was observed both in the icteric and in the non-icteric patients. The neurological exam was abnormal in 70 of the patients (90.91%). Neurological findings were essentially variable. Though in a transitory form, they allowed the observation of the following clinical forms: meningoencephalitis and polyneuritis in association, meningoencephalitis, polyneuritis, and subarachnoid hemorrhage.

[Involvement of the nervous system in leptospirosis. II. Cerebrospinal fluid evaluation]. / Comprometimento do sistema nervoso na leptospirose. II. Avaliação do líquido cefalorraqueano.

From January 1st up to September 30th 1990, 77 patients with leptospirosis diagnosis confirmed by laboratory studies were admitted at the Infectious and Parasitic Disease Service of the Hospital das Clínicas of the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. The neurological exam was abnormal in 70 of the patients (90.91%). The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination was carried out on 67 (87%) of the patients; it was abnormal in 64 (95.52%) yielding hypercytosis in the majority of cases. There was no difference in the CSF behavior in report to the several neurological forms nor in relation to the icteric or non-icteric forms of the disease. Significant were the results for the microscopic agglutination tests for leptospirosis in the CSF.

[Involvement of the nervous system in leptospirosis. III. Immunologic reactions in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid]. / Comprometimento do sistema nervoso na leptospirose. III. Reações imunológicas no sangue e líquido cefalorraqueano.

From January 1st up to September 30th 1990, 77 patients with leptospirosis were admitted at the Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Service of the Hospital das Clínicas of the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. The majority (64) were male patients, and average age was 28 years old. Serovars icterohaemorrhagic and canicola were the most frequent. CSF examination was performed in 67 (87.0%) patients and it was abnormal in 64 (95.52%). Micro-agglutination test for leptospirosis with live antigens was performed in CSF, as well as immunological tests for syphilis, cysticercosis and schistosomiasis for differential diagnosis. Concerning the serovar identification, results of microagglutination test for leptospirosis in CSF were significant considering the similitude of responses when compared to those found for blood samples.

Comprometimento do sistema nervoso na leptospirose: I. Avaliaçäo dos aspectos neurológicos / Involvement of the nervous system in leptospirosis: I. Neurologic aspects evaluation

Entre 1-janeiro e 30-setembro-1990 foram estudados 77 pacientes com diagnóstico de leptospirose confirmada, laboratorialmente. Apresentaram início súbito dos sintomas 69 (89,61 por cento) pacientes, com febre, cefaléia, calafrios e mialgias. Observou-se envolvimento plurissistêmico quer nos pacientes ictéricos, quer nos anictéricos. O exame neurológico foi anormal em 70(90,91 por cento) pacientes, com achados variáveis e que, embora de caráter transitório, permitiram caracterizar as formas clínicas seguintes: meningoencefalite e polineurite associadas, meningoencefalite, polineurite e hemorragia subaracnóidea

Comprometimento do sistema nervoso na leptospirose: II. Avaliaçäo do líquido cefalorraqueano / Involvement of the nervous system in leptospirosis: II. Cerebrospinal fluid evaluation

Entre 1-janeiro e 30-setembro-1990 foram estudados 77 pacientes com diagnóstico de leptospirose, admitidos no SDIP/UFPE. O exame neurológico foi anormal em 70 (90,91 por cento) dos pacientes. O exame do LCR, foi realizado em 67 (87 por cento) dos pacientes, foi anormal em 64 (95,52 por cento), tendo como achado mais frequente a pleocitose. Näo houve diferença significativa no comportamento do LCR nas diversas formas clínicas neurológicas observadas, nem quando comparadas as formas ictéricas com as näo ictéricas. Bastante significativos foram os resultados da reaçäo de microaglutinaçäo para leptospirose no LCR

Comprometimento do sistema nervoso na leptospirose: III. Reaçöes imunológicas no sangue e líquido cefalorraqueano / Involvement of the nervous system in leptospirosis: III. Immunologic reactions in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid

Entre 1-janeiro e 30-setembro-1990 foram estudados 77 pacientes com diagnóstico de leptospirose: 64 (83,11 por cento) eram do sexo masculino e a média de idade, 28 anos. Os sorovars icterohemorrhagiae e canicola foram os mais frequentes. O exame do LCR, realizado em 67 (87,0 por cento) dos pacientes, foi anormal em 64 (95,52//). A reaçäo de microaglutinaçäo para leptospirose com antígenos vivos foi realizada no LCR, bem como reaçöes imunológicas para sífilis, cisticercose e esquistossomose para diagnóstico diferencial. Bastante signficativa foram os resultados da reaçäo de microaglutinaçäo para leptospirose no LCR, pela semelhança das respostas àquelas encontradas no sangue quanto à identificaçäo do sorovar

[Lateral cervical puncture as a new method for collecting cerebrospinal fluid. Experience in Recife and its metropolitan area]. / Punção cervical lateral como novo método de coleta do líquido cefalorraqueano. Experiência no Recife e sua área metropolitana.

200 cervical lateral punctions (CLP) were performed in comatose patients without psychomotor trouble proving this new system to be an alternative for suboccipital punction. This procedure was successful in 90% of the cases. Low importance venous accidents happened but they did not bring any injury or serious consequences to the patients or to cerebrospinal fluid examination results. Vertebral artery injury was not observed. Punctions in corpses showed us that this artery is one cm far from the needle trajectory during the realization of the CLP.

[Electroencephalography and cerebrospinal fluid glutamine in portal-systemic encephalopathies]. / Aspectos eletrencefalográficos e da glutaminorraquia nas encefalopatias pôrto-sistemicas.

A group of patients with portal-systemic encephalopathy were studied. The conscious disturbances, eletroencephalographic findings and the spinal fluid glutamine levels were analyzed. Based on the results the authors concluded that the eletrencephalogram can be utilized for determination of the degree of hepatic coma and also for its prognostic valuation. In addition they found that monitorization of spinal fluid glutamine levels is the most important test for characterization of the degree of hepatic encephalopathy.

Aspectos eletrencefalograficos e da glutaminorraquia nas encefalopatias porto-sistemicas. / Electroencephalographic and CSF glutamine aspects in portal-systemic encephalopathies

Foi estudado um grupo de pacientes com encefalopatia porto-hepatica, tendo sido realizada uma analise dos disturbios da consciencia, dos achados eletrencefalograficos e dos niveis liquoricos da glutamina.Baseados nos resultados encontrados, os autores verificaram que o eletrencefalograma pode ser um exame util na determinacao do grau do coma hepatico e pode fornecer dados para a avaliacao do prognostico. Concluiram tambem que a dosagem liquorica da glutamina e o exame mais importante na caracterizacao do grau de encefalopatia hepatica