ABSTRACT
The 12 cranial nerves (CNs) all have important functions. All, except the accessory nerve, arise solely within the cranial vault. We will discuss each CN function along with its entire CN course. The modality of choice for evaluation of the CN itself is typically MRI, however, CT is very important to access the bony foramina and CN boundaries..
Subject(s)
Accessory Nerve , Cranial Nerves , Accessory Nerve/anatomy & histology , Cranial Nerves/anatomy & histology , Cranial Nerves/diagnostic imaging , Humans , Magnetic Resonance ImagingABSTRACT
Neuroimaging plays a vital role in the diagnosis and post-treatment assessment of brain tumors, aiding in treatment optimization, prognostication, and patient management. New clinical treatments have resulted in increased complexity of imaging interpretation, thus integrating complementary information from multiple imaging modalities (computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and nuclear medicine) contributes to a thorough and more accurate evaluation. In review, we discuss current strategies of brain tumor imaging, specifically detailing the role of nuclear medicine single-photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography with utilization of both common and uncommon radiotracers in tumor grading, diagnosis, and treatment response.
Subject(s)
Brain Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Positron-Emission Tomography/methods , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon/methods , Brain/diagnostic imaging , HumansABSTRACT
Over the past several years, there has been an increase in the discovery of thyroid cancers, likely because of the marked increased utilization of computed tomography (CT) and MR imaging. Despite the increase in number of thyroid cancers, the overall mortality remains unchanged because most of these cancers are the differentiated type and have a more indolent behavior. CT and MR imaging are important in the preoperative evaluation of thyroid goiters and thyroid cancer. This article discusses the imaging characteristics of benign and malignant thyroid diseases, and the important information that needs to be relayed to the surgeon.
Subject(s)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Thyroid Nodule/diagnostic imaging , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods , Biopsy, Needle , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Incidence , Male , Risk Assessment , Thyroid Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Thyroid Diseases/pathology , Thyroid Neoplasms/epidemiology , Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology , Thyroid Neoplasms/surgery , Thyroid Nodule/epidemiology , Thyroid Nodule/pathology , Thyroid Nodule/surgery , Thyroidectomy/methods , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Acute onset of neurological signs and symptoms referable to the spine including difficulty walking, bowel and bladder dysfunction, and paresthesias in the extremities may be manifestations of pediatric spine emergency. Trauma is the most common etiology for a pediatric spinal emergency. Because a history of trauma is often available, the role of imaging involves detection of spinal injuries. Other pathologies such as infection, inflammation, vascular, and neoplasms may lead to pediatric spinal emergencies that also require imaging for assistance in determining the etiology and appropriate management.