[Monitoring food consumption and nutritional status of Moscow schoolchildren in 1992-1994. 2. Anthropometric evaluation of nutritional status, effect of social factors on the character and status of nutrition]. / Monitoring potrebleniia pishchi i sostoianiia pitaniia detei-shkol'nikov Moskvy v 1992-1994 gg.

In this part of the study the nutritional status of Moscow's schoolchildren was assessed by height and weight. The anthropometric data were compared with the CDC/WHO international growth references standards by ANTHRO version 1.01 software. The prevalence of low weight-for-age (Z-score < -2) was more frequent in boys of 15 years of age. Low height-for-age was more prevalent in the group of boys of 15 and girls of 10 years of age. In the period under study there was a slight decrease in height and weight of schoolchildren, but this was within the limits of expected normal variation. A few selected socio-economic variables such as parental education, family size, participation in organized sports and use of school breakfast/lunch options were included. The size of the family or whether it is a one- or two-parent household does not seem to influence energy or nutrient intake, nor are the anthropometric variables significantly affected. The more size of family and the lower the father's education than lower the children's total fat intake and intake of energy from fat.

[Comparison of metabolism of water-soluble vitamins in healthy children and in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus depending upon the level of vitamins in the diet]. / Sravnenie obmena vodorastvorimykh vitaminov u zdorovykh i stradaiushchikh insulinzavisimym sakharnym diabetom detei v zavisimosti ot soderzhaniia vitaminov v ratsione.

Metabolism of vitamins C, B2, B6 and niacin in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was distinctly different from that of healthy persons of the same age as shown by studies of the correlation between content of vitamins or their coenzyme forms in blood, excretion of the vitamins with urine and content of the vitamins in a diet. These data corroborated once again that in estimation of the vitamins consumption suitable for ill children, the criteria of healthy children requirements for vitamins should not be taken into consideration. Dissimilar metabolism in healthy and impaired persons may also demonstrate some differences in consumption of these vitamins. Preliminary data showed that requirements of the impaired children for vitamin C were slightly increased, for vitamin B2--similar or slightly decreased as compared with healthy children. These results suggest that additional investigations are required for evaluation of vitamins consumption in children with diabetes mellitus of the I type.

[Monitoring of dietary intake and nutritional status of Moscow's school children, 1992-1994. 1. Methodology of the study. Energy and nutrient intakes]. / Monitoring potrebleniia pishchi i sostoianiia pitaniia detei-shkol'nikov Moskvy v 1992-1994 gg. 1. Metodologiia issledovaniia. Potreblenie énergii i pishchevykh veshchestv.

Surveys of dietary intakes and nutritional status of schoolchildren aged 10 and 15 years in Moscow were made during a period of rapid economic transformation, 1992-1994. It was part of multicentre study of schoolchildren dietary intake evaluation sponsored by WHO/UNICEF. Information on food intake was collected using two 24-hour recall interviews. The design of study was carefully elaborated by international group of nutritional epidemiologists. There was a slight change in food pattern with age, and some differences between boys and girls of 15 years old. Nutrient intakes in the groups studied did not change significantly during the period of study. Protein contributed about 12% and fat 29-32% of the dietary energy, and total energy intake was overall on a satisfactory level. 70% of the subjects had low intake levels of vitamin B2 and calcium compared with the chosen reference values. Milk and dairy products, fruits, juices and vegetables were consumed in small quantities and relatively infrequently. The consumption of bread and bread products, porridge, confectionery, meat and meat products were consumed more frequently and in larger quantities.

[Criteria of supply of vitamins B1, B2, and B6 in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus]. / Kriterii obespechennosti organizma detei, bol'nykh insulinzavisimym sakharnym diabetom, vitaminami B1, B2, i B6.

By mathematically analysing the curves of urinary excretion of vitamins, their plasma and erythrocytic concentrations or of TDP-effect, by constructing and mathematically interpreting the variation curves of distribution of a given plasma concentration of riboflavin and pyridoxal phosphate for 10-14-old-year children suffering from insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus after supplementation of vitamin, as a criterion of normal requirement for vitamin B2, the authors are prone to recommend the concentration of riboflavin over 10 micrograms/ml in plasma and over 96 micrograms/ml in erythrocytes, the hourly excretion of more than 27 micrograms. It has been ascertained that the criteria for the optimal body's requirements for vitamins in diabetes mellitus children do not differ from those in healthy age-matched children. Thus, the value of TDP-effect is less than 1.25, the concentration of pyridoxal phosphate is over 8.4 micrograms/ml plasma, the excretion values of thiamine and 4-pyridoxic acid are 13.5 and 64.0 micrograms/h, respectively.

[Vitamin metabolism in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Effect of length of illness, severity, and degree of disruption of substance metabolism]. / Obmen vitaminov u detei, bol'nykh insulinzavisimym sakharnym diabetom. Vliianie dlitel'nosti zabolevaniia, ego tiazhesti i stepeni narusheniia obmena veshchestv.

Correlation between the state of vitamin metabolism and the impairments in carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism was studied in 35 children of 9-13 years of age with diabetes mellitus of various severity standing for up to 7 years. Deterioration of riboflavin metabolism in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, expressed as an increase of the vitamin excretion with urine, was augmented with prolongation of the disease duration; the deterioration was sometimes related to the value of glycemia and glucosuria, being the indicative symptom of the disease. In spite of some limitations in validity of experiments related to insufficient number of children in some groups, a decrease in excretion of 1-methyl nicotinamide with urine was detected in all the children with the comatose state, in acidoketosis and glucosuria (above 20 g/day), whereas normal content of nicotinamide coenzymes was found in erythrocytes. Deficiency in vitamins B1, B6 and C was observed more often (5-100%) in children with elevated content of cholesterol as compared with 7-67% of children exhibiting normal level of cholesterol. Optimization of vitamins B and C consumption in children as well as use of any means for correction of these vitamins deficiency are discussed.

[Vitamin status of children with diabetes mellitus]. / Vitaminnyi status detei, stradaiushchikh sakharnym diabetom.

A vitamin status was studied in 32 children of both sexes at the age of 9-15 years with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus within 2-3 years. The adequate consumption of all the vitamins studied was found only in two children. Polyhypovitaminosis was detected in 19% of these children. Deterioration of riboflavin metabolism observed was manifest, as a decrease in the vitamin content in tissues in line with an increase in its excretion with urine. As a result of this impairment metabolism of vitamins B6 and PP was disturbed with development of these vitamins secondary deficiency of the non-alimentary type. Obligatory correction of the water soluble vitamin deficiency in the patients with diabetes mellitus is discussed.

[Effectiveness of the use of vitamin-enriched food premixes in the nutrition of children with insulin-dependent diabetes]. / Effektivnost' izpol'zovaniia obogashchennykh vitaminnymi premiksami gotovykh bliud v pitanii detei, bol'nykh insulinzhavisimym sakharnym diabetom.

Vitamin-deficient children suffering from diabetes mellitus received milk dishes and drinks enriched with vitamin-rich premixes produced in Austria (Roche) for 2 weeks. The diet efficacy was evaluated by the values of thiamine, riboflavin, 4-pyridoxic acid, 1-methylnicotinamide and xanthurenic acid urinary excretion, blood levels of free and total riboflavin, nicotinamide and pyridoxic coenzymes, transketolase activity measured before and after the diet treatment. The latter resulted in a marked improvement in the levels of vitamins B1, B2, B6, PP and C, prevented the spring fall in vitamin supply. In view of incomplete normalization of the children's vitamin status after the two-week diet it is recommended to use the vitamin-enriched food and drinks for longer time or under a continuous regimen.

[Consumption of basic foods, state of health and physical work capacity of middle school students]. / Potreblenie osnovnykh pishchevykh veshchestv, sostoianie zdorov'ia i fizicheskaia rabotosposobnost' uchashchikhsiia srednikh shkol.

Actual nutrition, health state and physical working capacity were studied in schoolchildren of three age groups after intake of the polyvitamin "Undevitum" during a month. The results of the investigation conducted have shown that prophylactic measures produced a positive effect on the schoolchildren aged from 11 to 13 and from 14 to 17 years who received 1 degree of "Undevitum" daily. No positive effect was recorded in schoolchildren aged 7-10 years who received 1 degree of "undevitum"/day, every other day.

[Exocrine function of the pancreas in children]. / Sostoianie vneshnesekretornoi funktsii podzheludochnoi zhelezy u detei.

Thirty-three children were followed up. There were 14 girls and 7 boys with constitutional-exogenous obesity and 12 normal children. To study proteolytic function of the pancreas, the activity of trypsin was determined by the Erlanger method modified by V.A. Shaternikov and that of its inhibitor in the blood serum by the Haverback et al. method modified by V.A. Shaternikov . Activation of trypsin and its inhibitor, depending on the degree of obesity was discovered. Activation of trypsin inhibitor points to the preservation of the compensatory possibilities of the pancreas in children with constitutional-exogenous obesity. Therefore, it is desirable that a complex of different measures should include wise dietetics promoting the normalization of disturbed processes in pathology under consideration.

[Diet therapy principles for children with obesity]. / Printsipy dietoterapii detei, bol'nykh ozhireniem.

A total of 250 children with constitutional-exogenous obesity were followed up. The stage treatment was carried out on an outpatient and inpatient basis and at sanatoria for 1-3 years. The diets were given depending on the degree of the excess body weight, with different fat/carbohydrate ratios per unit of protein. The authors developed the principles of dietetic management of obese children, the requirements of basic food and energy for different age groups of children, depending on the degree of obesity, and the daily diets providing for the requirements mentioned. Analysis of the follow up study has shown a significantly positive time course of the test clinical, physiological and biochemical characteristics of the children's health status in the course of the management. It is recommended that the principles of the dietetic management of obese children be introduced in wide medical practice.

[Nature of the changes in the indices of lipid metabolism and of the fatty acid makeup of the blood plasma and erythrocyte stroma under the influence of diet therapy on obese children]. / Kharakter izmenenii pokazatelei lipidnogo obmena i zhirnokislotnogo sostava plazmy krovi i stromy éritrotsitov pod vliianiem dietoterapii u tuchnykh detei.

In treating 40 obese children aged 8--15 years with the I--III degree of constitutional-exogenous adiposity a hypocaloric diet with a reduced content of fats and carbohydrates was applied. The effect of the treatment was evaluated by determining the body mass, the characteristics of the lipids metabolism, e.g. by measuring the total lipids, tryglycerides, cholesterol, the blood plasma lipoproteins, as well as the fatty acids blood plasma composition and of the erythrocytes stroma before and after the treatment. The coefficient of the food fatty acids metabolization effectiveness into polyunsaturated fatty acids (CEM), e.g. the proportion of the arachidonic acid in the sum-total of other polyunsaturated fatty acids with 20 and 22 carbon atoms, was calculated. The CEM magnitude with the applied treatment was found to change variously, i.e. either rising or falling or remaining unchanged. It is presumed that the unequal orientation of the CEM changes in treating obese changes reflects a different degree of the profoundness of changes of the food fatty acids metabolism occurring in them. The value of the CEM application for prognosis of adiposity and evaluating the effect of the treatment in each individual case is stressed.

[Utilization of clinical biochemical examination methods with obese children for establishing the use and assessment of the effectiveness of comprehensive therapy]. / Ispol'zovanie kliniko-biokhimicheskikh metodov obsledovaniia tuchnykh detei dlia obosnovaniia primeneniia i otsenki éffektivnosti kompleksnoi terapii.

A broadened procedure to be used in examining abese children are described. These include an analysis of the history data according to specially worked out schemes, the determination of the basal metabolism and energy expenditures of the naturt of fat deposition, characteristics of the lipids metabolism and the coefficient of the effectiveness of the alimentary fatty acids metabolization.

[Some lipid metabolic indises in schoolchildren whose nutrition utilizes new products of increased biological value]. / Nekotorye pokazateli lipidnogo obmena u shkol'nikov pri ispol'zovanii v pitanii novykh produktov povyshennoi biologicheskoi tsennosti

Issues concerned with a more rational nutrition of schoolchildren working under an elevated mental stress are discussed. The fat and acid composition of the rations was corrected by inclusion of new fatty, dairy and sour milk products enriched with vegetable oil. Some characteristics of the lipids metabolism in the blood serum of practically healthy children of different age categories were studied. In children of senior school age lipids metabolism was analyzed in dynamics against the background of a successive application of food rations differing in the fat and acid composition. A different dependance of these characteristics on nutritional factors was ascertained.