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1.
Clin Dermatol ; 42(1): 100-106, 2024.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37924996

ABSTRACT

Phrenology is the pseudoscience in which practitioners claim that they can discern one's character and personality traits by studying the structure of the skull. Long before "head bumps" were viewed as determinants of character, skin lines were analyzed to provide similar information and to divine one's future. Palmistry, also called chiromancy, is the interpretation of the lines of the palms and is one of the oldest forms of divination. A similar pseudoscience, metoposcopy, suggests that facial lines and marks, mainly forehead lines, can reveal one's personality and foretell events in one's future. Metoposcopy was first practiced by the ancient Chinese and was popularized during the Renaissance by Girolamo Cardano and later by Richard Saunders. Metoposcopy is a largely forgotten form of skin-based pseudoscience that is no longer practiced today, unlike palmistry.


Subject(s)
Personality , Skin , Humans
2.
Clin Pharmacol Ther ; 79(4): 291-302, 2006 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16580898

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The primary objective of this study was to determine whether variability in warfarin dose requirements is determined by common polymorphisms in genes whose products are involved in the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of warfarin, namely, the coagulation factors, vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1), and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9. METHODS: Patients (N = 350) receiving stable doses of warfarin at 3 consecutive visits were enrolled, and a deoxyribonucleic acid sample was collected. Samples were genotyped for polymorphisms in the factor II, factor VII, factor X, VKORC1, and CYP2C9 genes. A stepwise linear regression analysis was used to determine the independent effects of genetic and nongenetic factors on mean warfarin dose requirements. RESULTS: Variables associated with lower warfarin dose requirements were VKORC1 3673 AA genotype (P < .0001), VKORC1 3673 GA genotype (P < .0001), 1 variant CYP2C9 allele (P < .0001), 2 variant CYP2C9 alleles (P = .0004), increasing age (P = .0005), concomitant CYP2C9 inhibitors (P = .0005), and goal international normalized ratio (P = .01). Variables associated with higher warfarin dose requirements were weight (P < .0001), current smoker status (P = .0009), mean international normalized ratio (P = .001), concomitant CYP2C9 inducers (P = .006), factor X insertion/deletion genotype (P = .01), factor X insertion/insertion genotype (P = .04), factor VII deletion/deletion genotype (P = .04), and calculated vitamin K intake (P = .05). The linear regression model explained 51.4% of the variability in warfarin dose requirements. CONCLUSION: Polymorphisms in warfarin drug target and metabolizing enzyme genes, in addition to nongenetic factors, were important determinants of warfarin dose requirements.


Subject(s)
Anticoagulants/metabolism , Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/genetics , Blood Coagulation Factors/genetics , Mixed Function Oxygenases/genetics , Warfarin/metabolism , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Anticoagulants/administration & dosage , Anticoagulants/therapeutic use , Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 , DNA Primers , Factor VII/genetics , Factor X/genetics , Female , Genotype , Humans , International Normalized Ratio , Male , Middle Aged , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Polymorphism, Genetic , Prothrombin/genetics , Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases , Warfarin/administration & dosage , Warfarin/therapeutic use
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