Copper(II) 2,2-Bis(Hydroxymethyl)Propionate Coordination Compounds with Hexamethylenetetramine: From Mononuclear Complex to One-Dimensional Coordination Polymer.

Three new copper coordination compounds derived from 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid (dmpa) and hexamethylenetetramine (hmta) were obtained and their crystal structures were determined. The stoichiometry of the reagents applied in the syntheses reflects the metal to ligand molar ratio in the formed solid products. Due to the multiple coordination modes of the used ligands, wide structural diversity was achieved among synthesized compounds, i.e., mononuclear [Cu(dmp)2(hmta)2(H2O)] (1), dinuclear [Cu2(dmp)4(hmta)2] (2), and 1D coordination polymer [Cu2(dmp)4(hmta)]n (3). Their supramolecular structures are governed by O-H•••O and O-H•••N hydrogen bonds. The compounds were characterized in terms of absorption (UV-Vis and IR) and thermal properties. The relationships between structural features and properties were discussed in detail. Owing to discrepancies in the coordination mode of a dmp ligand, bidentate chelating in 1, and bidentate bridging in 2 and 3, there is a noticeable change in the position of the bands corresponding to the stretching vibrations of the carboxylate group in the IR spectra. The differences in the structures of the compounds are also reflected in the nature and position of the UV-Vis absorption maxima, which are located at lower wavelengths for 1.

Dinuclear uranium(VI) salen coordination compound: an efficient visible-light-active catalyst for selective reduction of CO2 to methanol.

A new dinuclear uranyl salen coordination compound, [(UO2)2(L)2]·2MeCN [L = 6,6'-((1E,1'E)-((2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diyl)bis(azaneylylidene))-bis(methaneylylidene))bis(2-methoxyphenol)], was synthesized using a multifunctional salen ligand to harvest visible light for the selective photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to MeOH. The assembling of the two U centers into one coordination moiety via a chelating-bridging doubly deprotonated tetradentate ligand allowed the formation of U centers with distorted pentagonal bipyramid geometry. Such construction of compounds leads to excellent activity for the photocatalytic reduction of CO2, permitting a production rate of 1.29 mmol g-1 h-1 of MeOH with an apparent quantum yield of 18%. Triethanolamine (TEOA) was used as a sacrificial electron donor to carry out the photocatalytic reduction of CO2. The selective methanol formation was purely a photocatalytic phenomenon and confirmed using isotopically labeled 13CO2 and product analysis by 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The spectroscopic studies also confirmed the interaction of CO2 with the molecule of the title complex. The results of these efforts made it possible to understand the reaction mechanism using ESI-mass spectrometry.

Structural and Theoretical Investigations, Hirshfeld Surface Analyses, and Cytotoxicity of a Naphthalene-Based Chiral Compound.

A novel Schiff base compound derived from the condensation of 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde with (1S,2S)-(-)-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine in 2:1 M ratio was reported and investigated by elemental analyses, Fourier transform infrared and NMR spectroscopic studies, and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Hirshfeld surface analyses were also carried out to measure the various intermolecular contacts controlling the supramolecular topology, suggesting the H···O (7.6%) contacts to be the most significant interactions, whereas the H···H (48.9%) and C···H (40.2%) interactions are less-significant. The data obtained from the energy calculations revealed the structure observed experimentally to be the most stable isomer and its energy being lower by 18.0441 kcal/mol than the less stable one. Density functional theory calculations were also carried out to analyze the natural charges, reactivity descriptors, and different intramolecular charge transfer interactions. The in vitro anticancer activity of the compound was evaluated by MTT assays against human colorectal cancer cells, HT-29 and SW620. The results showed that the compound has potential anticancer activity against these cells lines.

Interplay between Polymorphism and Isostructurality in the 2-Fur- and 2-Thenaldehyde Semi- and Thiosemicarbazones.

The four compounds, namely: 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (1); 5-nitro-2-thiophene thiosemicarbazone (2); 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde semicarbazone (3); and 5-nitro-2-thiophene semicarbazone (4) were synthesized and crystallized. The three new crystal structures of 1, 2, and 4 were determined and compared to three already known crystal structures of 3. Additionally, two new polymorphic forms of 1 solvate were synthesized and studied. The influence of the exchange of 2-thiophene to 2-furaldehyde as well as thiosemicarbazone and semicarbazone on the self-assembly of supramolecular nets was elucidated and discussed in terms of the formed synthons and assemblies accompanied by Full Interaction Maps analysis. Changes in the strength of IR oscillators caused by the molecular and crystal packing effects are described and explained in terms of changes of electron density.

A (salicylaldiminato)Pt(II) complex with dimethylpropylene linkage: Synthesis, structural characterization and antineoplastic activity.

A novel (salicylaldiminato)Pt(II) complex with two different molecular structures, one solventless ((salicylaldiminato)Pt(II)) 1 and another one solvated ((salicylaldiminato)Pt(II). C2H5OH), 1·C2H5OH, has been obtained by the reaction of a salen ligand with [PtCl2(DMSO)2] in ethanol at room temperature. The asymmetric unit of solventless 1 contains 9 such complex molecules whereas 1·C2H5OH contains 2 complex molecules and one ethanol molecule. To get insights into the structure and bonding, DFT and TDFT calculation have been carried out. The electronic transition band at 408.0nm (calc. 424.3nm) is assigned to HOMO→LUMO (96%) excitation. The calculated NMR chemical shifts are interrelated with the experimental results, and a very slight effect of solvent was noticed on NMR chemical shifts. A MTT assay and the real-time cell monitoring xCELLigence system revealed that the 1 has significant potential to suppress cell viability and cell proliferation in human HT-29 and SW620 colorectal cancer cell lines.

Structural elucidation and physicochemical properties of mononuclear Uranyl(VI) complexes incorporating dianionic units.

Two derivatives of organouranyl mononuclear complexes [UO2(L)THF] (1) and [UO2(L)Alc] (2), where L = (2,2'-(1E,1'E)-(2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-dyl)bis(azanylylidene, THF = Tetrahydrofuran, Alc = Alcohol), have been prepared. These complexes have been determined by elemental analyses, single crystal X-ray crystallography and various spectroscopic studies. Moreover, the structure of these complexes have also been studied by DFT and time dependent DFT measurements showing that both the complexes have distorted pentagonal bipyramidal environment around uranyl ion. TD-DFT results indicate that the complex 1 displays an intense band at 458.7 nm which is mainly associated to the uranyl centered LMCT, where complex 2 shows a band at 461.8 nm that have significant LMCT character. The bonding has been further analyzed by EDA and NBO. The photocatalytic activity of complexes 1 and 2 for the degradation of rhodamine-B (RhB) and methylene blue (MB) under the irradiation of 500W Xe lamp has been explored, and found more efficient in presence of complex 1 than complex 2 for both dyes. In addition, dye adsorption and photoluminescence properties have also been discussed for both complexes.

Unique mononuclear Mn(II) complexes of an end-off compartmental Schiff base ligand: experimental and theoretical studies on their bio-relevant catalytic promiscuity.

Three new mononuclear manganese(ii) complexes, namely [Mn(HL)2]·2ClO4 (1), [Mn(HL)(N(CN)2)(H2O)2]·ClO4 (2) and [Mn(HL)(SCN)2] (3) [LH = 4-tert-butyl-2,6-bis-[(2-pyridin-2-yl-ethylimino)-methyl]-phenol], have been synthesized and structurally characterized. An "end-off" compartmental ligand (LH) possesses two symmetrical compartments with N2O binding sites but accommodates only one manganese atom instead of two due to the protonation of the imine nitrogen of one compartment. Although all three complexes are mononuclear, complex 1 is unique as it has a 1 : 2 metal to ligand stoichiometry. The catalytic promiscuity of complexes 1-3 in terms of two different bio-relevant catalytic activities namely catecholase and phenoxazinone synthase has been thoroughly investigated. EPR and cyclic voltametric studies reveal that radical formation rather than metal centered redox participation is responsible for their catecholase-like and phenoxazinone synthase-like catalytic activity. A computational approach suggests that imine bond bound radical generation rather than phenoxo radical formation is most likely responsible for the oxidizing properties of the complexes.

Synthesis and characterization of 2-substituted benzimidazoles and their evaluation as anticancer agent.

In this work, we report a series of benzimidazole derivatives synthesized from benzene-1,2-diamine and aryl-aldehydes at room temperature. The synthesized compounds have been characterized on the basis of elemental analysis and various spectroscopic studies viz., IR, (1)H- and (13)C-NMR, ESI-MS as well by X-ray single X-ray crystallographic study. Interaction of these compounds with CT-DNA has been examined with fluorescence experiments and showed significant binding ability. All the synthesized compounds have been screened for their antitumor activities against various human cancer cell lines viz., Human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7), Human leukemia cell line (THP-1), Human prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3) and adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cell lines (A-549). Interestingly, all the compounds showed significant anticancer activity.

Pd(II) complexes based on quinoline derivative: structural characterization and their role as a catalyst for hydrogenation of (E)-1-methyl-4-(2-nitrovinyl)benzene.

A series of two new Pd(II) complexes with ligand, HL, (z)-2-((quinolin-3-ylimino)methyl)phenol, derived from 3-aminoquinoline and 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde was reported. The structure of ligand, HL was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The ligand, HL crystallizes in the space group P21/n of the monoclinic system with unit cell dimensions a=8.8733(8), b=6.3318(5), c=11.5145(9). The reaction of ligand, HL with PdX2 [X=Cl(-), OAc] in 2:1molar ratio yielded complexes of the type [Pd(HL)2X2] [X=Cl(-), OAc]. The ligand, HL and its Pd(II) complexes were characterized by various physico-chemical techniques; elemental analyses, ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), UV/Vis, FT-IR, (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. UV/Vis absorption studies showed a square planar geometry around Pd (II) ion. The selective hydrogenation of (E)-1-methyl-4-(2-nitrovinyl)benzene in ethanol using synthesized Pd(II) complexes as catalysts was investigated at room temperature. The Pd(II) complexes catalyzed the hydrogenation of (E)-1-methyl-4-(2-nitrovinyl)benzene to (E)-1-methyl-4-(2-aminovinyl) benzene. Furthermore, the catalytic activity increased with increasing the quantity of Pd(II) complexes as catalysts.

Novel Pd(II)-salen complexes showing high in vitro anti-proliferative effects against human hepatoma cancer by modulating specific regulatory genes.

We have reported the synthesis of a novel salen ligand and its mononuclear Pd-salen complexes derived from 2-{[2-hydroxy-3-{[(E)-(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]amino}propyl)imino]methyl}phenol. The newly synthesized and isolated Pd(II) complexes have been identified and fully characterized by various physico-chemical studies viz., elemental analyses, IR, UV-Vis, (1)H, (13)C NMR spectroscopy, electron spray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and TGA/DTA studies. The molecular structure of the salen ligand has been ascertained by single-crystal XRD and it is coordinated to Pd(II) ion through two nitrogen and two oxygen atoms. The UV-Vis data clearly suggest a square-planar environment around both the Pd(II) ions. The DNA binding studies of the synthesized compounds has been investigated by electron spectroscopy and fluorescence measurements. The results suggest that Pd(II) complexes bind to DNA strongly as compared to the free ligand. The free salen ligand and its Pd(II) complexes have also been tested against human hepatoma cancer cell line (Huh7) and results manifested exceptional anti-proliferative effects of the Pd(II) complexes. The anti-proliferative activity of Pd(II) complexes has been modulated by specific regulatory genes.

New benzimidazole derivatives with potential cytotoxic activity--study of their stability by RP-HPLC.

Obtained benzimidazole derivatives, our next synthesized heterocyclic compounds, belong to a new group of chemical bondings with potential anticancer properties (Blaszczak-Swiatkiewicz & Mikiciuk-Olasik, 2006, J Liguid Chrom Rel Tech 29: 2367-2385; Blaszczak-Swiatkiewicz & Mikiciuk-Olasik, 2008, Wiad Chem 62: 11-12, in Polish; Blaszczak-Swiatkiewicz & Mikiciuk-Olasik, 2011, J Liguid Chrom Rel Tech 34: 1901-1912). We used HPLC analysis to determine stability of these compounds in 0.2% DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide). Optimisation of the chromatographic system and validation of the established analytical method were performed. Reversed phases (RP-18) and a 1:1 mixture of acetate buffer (pH 4.5) and acetonitrile as a mobile phase were used for all the analysed compounds at a flow rate 1.0 mL/min. The eluted compounds were monitored using a UV detector, the wavelength was specific for compounds 6 and 9 and compounds 7 and 10. The retention time was specific for all four compounds. The used method was found to have linearity in the concentration range of (0.1 mg/mL-0.1 µg/mL) with a correlation coefficient not less than r(2)=0.9995. Statistical validation of the method proved it to be a simple, highly precise and accurate way to determine the stability of benzimidazole derivatives in 0.2% DMSO. The recoveries of all four compounds examined were in the range 99.24-100.00%. The developed HPLC analysis revealed that the compounds studied remain homogeneous in 0.2% DMSO for up to 96 h and that the analysed N-oxide benzimidazole derivatives do not disintegrate into their analogues - benzimidazole derivatives. Compounds 8, 6 and 9 exhibit the best cytotoxic properties under normoxic conditions when tested against cells of human malignant melanoma WM 115.

Halogen, hydrogen and electrostatic interactions in 2-amino-5-chloro-1,3-benzoxazol-3-ium nitrate and 2-amino-5-chloro-1,3-benzoxazol-3-ium perchlorate.

In the title compounds, C(7)H(6)ClN(2)O(+).NO(3)(-) and C(7)H(6)ClN(2)O(+).ClO(4)(-), the ions are connected by N-H...O hydrogen bonds and halogen interactions. Additionally, in the first compound, co-operative pi-pi stacking and halogen...pi interactions are observed. The energies of the observed interactions range from a value typical for very weak interactions (1.80 kJ mol(-1)) to one typical for mildly strong interactions (53.01 kJ mol(-1)). The iminium cations exist in an equilibrium form intermediate between exo- and endocyclic. This study provides structural insights relevant to the biochemical activity of 2-amino-5-chloro-1,3-benzoxazole compounds.

2,3-Dihydro-1,3-benzothiazol-2-iminium monohydrogen sulfate and 2-iminio-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzothiazole-6-sulfonate: a combined structural and theoretical study.

The 2-aminobenzothiazole sulfonation intermediate 2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzothiazol-2-iminium monohydrogen sulfate, C(7)H(7)N(2)S(+).HSO(4)(-), (I), and the final product 2-iminio-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzothiazole-6-sulfonate, C(7)H(6)N(2)O(3)S(2), (II), both have the endocyclic N atom protonated; compound (I) exists as an ion pair and (II) forms a zwitterion. Intermolecular N-H...O and O-H...O hydrogen bonds are seen in both structures, with bonding energy (calculated on the basis of density functional theory) ranging from 1.06 to 14.15 kcal mol(-1). Hydrogen bonding in (I) and (II) creates DDDD and C(8)C(9)C(9) first-level graph sets, respectively. Face-to-face stacking interactions are observed in both (I) and (II), but they are extremely weak.

2,3-Dihydro-1,3-benzothiazol-2-iminium hydrogen oxydiacetate: a combined structural and theoretical study.

In the title compound, C(7)H(7)N(2)S(+).C(4)H(5)O(5)(-), the ions are connected by N-H...O hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen oxydiacetate residues are linked together by O-H...O hydrogen bonds disordered about centres of inversion into hydrogen-bonded ribbon layers crosslinked by weak C-H...O and stacking interactions. The cation exists mainly in the 2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzothiazol-2-iminium form, with a small participation of the 2-aminobenzothiazolium form, based on the structural data and quantum mechanical calculations. This study provides structural insights relevant to the biochemical activity of benzothiazole molecules.