ABSTRACT
Infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) can induce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cause acute encephalitis in humans. ß-oxidation breaks down fatty acids for ATP production in mitochondria, and impaired ß-oxidation can induce pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. To address the role of fatty-acid ß-oxidation in JEV infection, we measured the oxygen consumption rate of mock- and JEV-infected cells cultured with or without long chain fatty acid (LCFA) palmitate. Cells with JEV infection showed impaired LCFA ß-oxidation and increased interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) expression. JEV nonstructural protein 5 (NS5) interacted with hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase α and ß subunits, two components of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein (MTP) involved in LCFA ß-oxidation, and NS5 proteins were detected in mitochondria and co-localized with MTP. LCFA ß-oxidation was impaired and higher cytokines were induced in cells overexpressing NS5 protein as compared with control cells. Deletion and mutation studies showed that the N-terminus of NS5 was involved in the MTP association, and a single point mutation of NS5 residue 19 from methionine to alanine (NS5-M19A) reduced its binding ability with MTP. The recombinant JEV with NS5-M19A mutation (JEV-NS5-M19A) was less able to block LCFA ß-oxidation and induced lower levels of IL-6 and TNF-α than wild-type JEV. Moreover, mice challenged with JEV-NS5-M19A showed less neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness. We identified a novel function of JEV NS5 in viral pathogenesis by impairing LCFA ß-oxidation and inducing cytokine expression by association with MTP.
Subject(s)
Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/metabolism , Encephalitis, Japanese/metabolism , Fatty Acids/metabolism , Mitochondrial Trifunctional Protein, alpha Subunit/metabolism , Mitochondrial Trifunctional Protein, beta Subunit/metabolism , Viral Nonstructural Proteins/metabolism , Animals , Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/genetics , Encephalitis, Japanese/genetics , Fatty Acids/genetics , HEK293 Cells , Humans , Mice , Mitochondrial Trifunctional Protein, alpha Subunit/genetics , Mitochondrial Trifunctional Protein, beta Subunit/genetics , Oxidation-Reduction , Point Mutation , Viral Nonstructural Proteins/geneticsABSTRACT
Global histone H1 phosphorylation correlates with cell cycle progression. However, the function of site-specific H1 variant phosphorylation remains unclear. Our mass spectrometry analysis revealed a novel N-terminal phosphorylation of the major H1 variant H1.4 at serine 35 (H1.4S35ph), which accumulates at mitosis immediately after H3 phosphorylation at serine 10. Protein kinase A (PKA) was found to be a kinase for H1.4S35. Importantly, Ser-35-phosphorylated H1.4 dissociates from mitotic chromatin. Moreover, H1.4S35A substitution mutant cannot efficiently rescue the mitotic defect following H1.4 depletion, and inhibition of PKA activity increases the mitotic chromatin compaction depending on H1.4. Our results not only indicate that PKA-mediated H1.4S35 phosphorylation dissociates H1.4 from mitotic chromatin but also suggest that this phosphorylation is necessary for specific mitotic functions.