ABSTRACT
Objective: To describe the epidemic of imported infectious diseases in China between 2013 and 2016, including the kinds of infectious diseases, affected provinces, source countries and the epidemiological characteristics, and provide scientific information for the prevention and control of imported infectious diseases. Methods: Data of cases of imported infectious diseases in China from 2013 to 2016 were collected from national information reporting system of infectious diseases, Microsoft Excel 2010 and SPSS 18.0 were used to conduct data cleaning and analysis. Results: From 2013 to 2016, a total of 16 206 imported cases of infectious diseases were reported in China. Of all the cases, 83.12% (13 471 cases) were malaria cases, followed by dengue fever (2 628 cases, 16.22%). The majority of the imported cases were males (14 522 cases, 89.61%). Most cases were aged 20-50 years. Except Zika virus disease and yellow fever, which were mainly reported before and after spring festival, other imported infectious diseases mainly occurred in summer and autumn. The epidemic in affected provinces varied with the types of infectious diseases, and Yunnan reported the largest case number of imported infectious diseases, followed by Jiangsu, Guangxi and Guangdong. The imported cases were mainly from Asian countries, such as Burma, and African countries, such as Angola, Equatorial Guinea and Ghana, which also varied with the types of infectious diseases. Conclusions: We should pay more attention to imported infectious diseases and strengthen the prevention and control measures in our country. In order to reduce the incidence of imported infectious diseases, the health education should be enforced for persons who plan to travel abroad and the active surveillance should be strengthened for returned travelers.
Subject(s)
Communicable Diseases, Imported/epidemiology , Epidemics , Travel , Adolescent , Adult , Age Distribution , Aged , China/epidemiology , Dengue/epidemiology , Humans , Incidence , Malaria/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Myanmar , Seasons , Yellow Fever/epidemiology , Zika Virus InfectionSubject(s)
Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Animals , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Humans , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/drug effects , Male , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/drug effects , T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effectsABSTRACT
The present study was conducted to measure the levels of estrogen and androgen receptors (ER and AR, receptively) simultaneously in the anterior pituitary (AP), and various brain regions from adult male and proestrous female hamsters. Medial preoptic area (MPOA), medial basal hypothalamus (MBH), lateral hypothalamus (LH), medial forebrain bundle (MFB), and amygdala (AMG) were identified and removed from 200-microns frozen brain sections by the Palkovits punch-out technique. ER and AR were determined by the in vitro binding assay using [3H]-estradiol and [3H]-methyltrienolone as the binding ligands. In males, high levels of AR were found in the MPOA, MBH, and AP. In females, the MPOA, MBH, LH, and AP contained high levels of ER. The males exhibited significantly higher levels of AR than females in the MPOA, MBH, and LH, whereas the ER levels in these areas were higher in females. In males, ER and AR contents in the AP were higher, but the contents in the AMG were lower as compared to those of females. The calculated ER/AR ratio in MPOA, MBH, and LH were lowest in males. On the contrary, the ratio in these areas were highest in females. These data suggest that sex differences in response to estrogen and androgen may in part be due to sex differences in ER and AR contents in specific brain regions.