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1.
J Infect Dis ; 230(2): 497-504, 2024 Aug 16.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38874098

ABSTRACT

Newly arrived refugees offer insights into malaria epidemiology in their countries of origin. We evaluated asymptomatic refugee children within 7 days of arrival in Uganda from South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in 2022 for parasitemia, parasite species, and Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance markers. Asymptomatic P. falciparum infections were common in both populations. Coinfection with P. malariae was more common in DRC refugees. Prevalences of markers of aminoquinoline resistance (PfCRT K76T, PfMDR1 N86Y) were much higher in South Sudan refugees, of antifolate resistance (PfDHFR C59R and I164L, PfDHPS A437G, K540E, and A581G) much higher in DRC refugees, and of artemisinin partial resistance (ART-R; PfK13 C469Y and A675V) moderate in both populations. Prevalences of most mutations differed from those seen in Ugandans attending health centers near the refugee centers. Refugee evaluations yielded insights into varied malaria epidemiology and identified markers of ART-R in 2 previously little-studied countries.


Subject(s)
Antimalarials , Drug Resistance , Malaria, Falciparum , Plasmodium falciparum , Protozoan Proteins , Refugees , Humans , Uganda/epidemiology , Antimalarials/therapeutic use , Antimalarials/pharmacology , Drug Resistance/genetics , Prevalence , Child, Preschool , Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects , Plasmodium falciparum/genetics , Malaria, Falciparum/epidemiology , Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology , Malaria, Falciparum/drug therapy , Female , Male , Child , Protozoan Proteins/genetics , Infant , Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics , Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/genetics , Sudan/epidemiology , Biomarkers/blood , Artemisinins/therapeutic use , Artemisinins/pharmacology , Parasitemia/epidemiology , Parasitemia/drug therapy , Plasmodium malariae/genetics , Plasmodium malariae/drug effects
2.
Cancers (Basel) ; 16(3)2024 Feb 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38339427

ABSTRACT

Traditionally considered a disease common in the older population, colorectal cancer is increasing in incidence among younger demographics. Evidence suggests that populational- and generational-level shifts in the composition of the human gut microbiome may be tied to the recent trends in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. This review provides an overview of current research and putative mechanisms behind the rising incidence of colorectal cancer in the younger population, with insight into future interventions that may prevent or reverse the rate of early-onset colorectal carcinoma.

3.
Immunogenetics ; 75(3): 207-214, 2023 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37084013

ABSTRACT

In modern medicine, vaccination is one of the most effective public health strategies to prevent infectious diseases. Indisputably, vaccines have saved millions of lives by reducing the burden of many serious infections such as polio, tuberculosis, measles, pneumonia, and tetanus. Despite the recent recommendation by the World Health Organization (WHO) to roll out RTS,S/AS01, this malaria vaccine still faces major challenges of variability in its efficacy partly due to high genetic variation in humans and malaria parasites. Immune responses to malaria vary between individuals and populations. Human genetic variation in immune system genes is the probable cause for this heterogeneity. In this review, we will focus on human genetic factors that determine variable responses to vaccination and how variation in immune system genes affect the immunogenicity and efficacy of the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine.


Subject(s)
Malaria Vaccines , Malaria, Falciparum , Malaria , Humans , Infant , Africa , Genetic Variation
4.
Cancers (Basel) ; 15(5)2023 Feb 24.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36900249

ABSTRACT

The incidence of left-sided colon and rectal cancer in young people are increasing worldwide, but its causes are poorly understood. It is not clear if the tumor microenvironment is dependent on age of onset, and little is known about the composition of tumor-infiltrating T cells in early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC). To address this, we investigated T-cell subsets and performed gene expression immune profiling in sporadic EOCRC tumors and matched average-onset colorectal cancer (AOCRC) tumors. Left-sided colon and rectal tumors from 40 cases were analyzed; 20 EOCRC (<45 years) patients were matched 1:1 to AOCRC (70-75 years) patients by gender, tumor location, and stage. Cases with germline pathogenic variants, inflammatory bowel disease or neoadjuvant-treated tumors were excluded. For T cells in tumors and stroma, a multiplex immunofluorescence assay combined with digital image analysis and machine learning algorithms was used. Immunological mediators in the tumor microenvironment were assessed by NanoString gene expression profiling of mRNA. Immunofluorescence revealed no significant difference between EOCRC and AOCRC with regard to infiltration of total T cells, conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, regulatory T cells, or γδ T cells. Most T cells were located in the stroma in both EOCRC and AOCRC. Immune profiling by gene expression revealed higher expression in AOCRC of the immunoregulatory cytokine IL-10, the inhibitory NK cell receptors KIR3DL3 and KLRB1 (CD161), and IFN-a7 (IFNA7). In contrast, the interferon-induced gene IFIT2 was more highly expressed in EOCRC. However, in a global analysis of 770 tumor immunity genes, no significant differences could be detected. T-cell infiltration and expression of inflammatory mediators are similar in EOCRC and AOCRC. This may indicate that the immune response to cancer in left colon and rectum is not related to age of onset and that EOCRC is likely not driven by immune response deficiency.

5.
J Biocommun ; 43(1): e3, 2019.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36407793

ABSTRACT

Medical photography is a specialized genre of photography concerned with taking photographs beneficial to medical practice. This study aimed at delineating trends in medical photography practices among graduate students at Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda. Data suggest most graduate students first encounter medical photographs in their classes (68.1%), although some had taken their own medical photographs (13.5%), primarily using their mobile phone (81.6%). However, the majority of the photographs (66%) were taken by their colleagues.

6.
BMC Res Notes ; 8: 428, 2015 Sep 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26358318

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Dental arch dimensions are useful in dental practice and in forensic odontology. Local data is essential because ethnic differences exist in dental arch dimensions. In the Ugandan population no studies had been done on dental arch dimensions. The objective of the current study was to determine the variations in dental arch dimensions with age and gender in a sample of dental casts from the Ugandan population. METHOD: This was a secondary analysis of dental casts previously prepared using mandibular and maxillary arch impressions of 220 children (85 boys and 135 girls) aged 12-17 years recruited from schools in Kampala, Uganda. Dental arch dimensions for the maxilla and mandibular casts were taken using a digital vernier calliper. The data was analysed using the means based independent samples t test to obtain the descriptive statistics with regression analysis being used to obtain the regression coefficients and constants using STATA 12. RESULTS: The overall maxillary dimensions were significantly smaller in females than males by 1.50 mm (95% CI -2.91 to -0.09, P = 0.04), controlling for age group. The overall dimensions of the mandible were also smaller in younger participants, though this was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: From this study we observed significant differences in arch dimensions between males and females that are of forensic value for this population. There is need for more study of the differences in arch dimensions with age using a larger and more age diverse study population.


Subject(s)
Dental Arch/anatomy & histology , Mandible/anatomy & histology , Maxilla/anatomy & histology , Odontometry/methods , Adolescent , Age Factors , Child , Cuspid/anatomy & histology , Female , Humans , Male , Molar/anatomy & histology , Organ Size , Regression Analysis , Sex Factors , Uganda
7.
Ann Surg Oncol ; 22(11): 3433-50, 2015 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26215192

ABSTRACT

Colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease with a wide range of long-term outcomes and responses to treatment. Recent advances in the genetic and molecular characterization of tumors has yielded a set of prognostic and predictive biomarkers that aid the identification of patients at higher risk for disease recurrence and progression, and in some cases indicate the likelihood of response to a specific treatment. Increasingly, these biomarkers have become integral to the treatment algorithm for managing patients with colorectal cancer. Prognostic and predictive factors in colorectal cancer can broadly be categorized into treatment impact, clinicopathologic factors, and molecular markers. This review will focus primarily on molecular markers, which are foundational to the paradigmatic shift toward personalized cancer therapy.


Subject(s)
Carcinoembryonic Antigen/blood , Colorectal Neoplasms/blood , Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics , ErbB Receptors/genetics , Biomarkers, Tumor , Chromosomal Instability , Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology , Colorectal Neoplasms/surgery , Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis/genetics , CpG Islands/genetics , DNA Mutational Analysis , Disease Progression , Epigenesis, Genetic , GTP Phosphohydrolases/genetics , Gene Expression Profiling , Genes, erbB-1 , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Genome-Wide Association Study , Humans , Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/genetics , Membrane Proteins/genetics , MicroRNAs/genetics , Microsatellite Instability , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics , Precision Medicine , Prognosis , Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/genetics , Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
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