ABSTRACT
Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat. The use of biologically active natural products alone or in combination with the clinically proven antimicrobial agents might be a useful strategy to fight the resistance. The scientific hypotheses of this study were twofold: (1) the natural humic substances rich in dicarboxyl, phenolic, heteroaryl, and other fragments might possess inhibitory activity against ß-lactamases, and (2) this inhibitory activity might be linked to the molecular composition of the humic ensemble. To test these hypotheses, we used humic substances (HS) from different sources (coal, peat, and soil) and of different fractional compositions (humic acids, hymatomelanic acids, and narrow fractions from solid-phase extraction) for inhibiting serine ß-lactamase TEM-1. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR MS) was used to characterize the molecular composition of all humic materials used in this study. The kinetic assay with chromogenic substrate CENTA was used for assessment of inhibitory activity. The inhibition data have shown that among all humic materials tested, a distinct activity was observed within apolar fractions of hymatomelanic acid isolated from lignite. The decrease in the hydrolysis rate in the presence of most active fractions was 42% (with sulbactam-87%). Of particular importance is that these very fractions caused a synergistic effect (2-fold) for the combinations with sulbactam. Linking the observed inhibition effects to molecular composition revealed the preferential contribution of low-oxidized aromatic and acyclic components such as flavonoid-, lignin, and terpenoid-like molecules. The binding of single low-molecular-weight components to the cryptic allosteric site along with supramolecular interactions of humic aggregates with the protein surface could be considered as a major contributor to the observed inhibition. We believe that fine fractionation of hydrophobic humic materials along with molecular modeling studies on the interaction between humic molecules and ß-lactamases might contribute to the development of novel ß-lactamase inhibitors of humic nature.
ABSTRACT
We report synthesis and application of the novel carboxylated styrene for internal calibration of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass-spectra of humic substances. The calibrant was synthesized in five steps from acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) followed by spontaneous polymerization of vinyl salicylic acid. Aromatic nature of the prepared polymer enabled its simultaneous analysis in the presence of the Suwannee River fulvic acid without using dual-spray approach. The major advantage of the calibrant proposed in this study is a lack of suppression of humic substances signals and maintenance of peak intensity distribution. The appropriate calibration resulted in an increased number of unambiguous identification in Suwannee River fulvic acid. Thanks to the higher mass accuracy, it was also possible to refine attribution of the CHOS species to hydrolysable tannins as opposed to the erroneous previous assignment to the condensed tannins.
