ABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: La tuberculosis (TB) genera una gran carga de enfermedad a nivel global. Su elevada presencia en grandes ciudades se explica porque ellas son escenarios de urbanización acelerada, fuertes inequidades sociales y concentración de circunstancias de vulnerabilidad. El objetivo fue analizar la situación epidemiológica de la TB en un área programática (AP) de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires entre 2017 y 2019. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. La población de estudio fueron los casos notificados de TB en residentes en el AP del Hospital Fernández (HF). La fuente de datos principal fue el Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia de Salud. RESULTADOS: Se registraron 375 casos. En 2017 se presentó la tasa de notificación de TB más alta del AP (29,2). Los casos se concentraron en el barrio de Retiro y alcanzaron su mayor tasa en 2018 (134,5). Los barrios populares presentaron 12 veces la tasa del AP (305,1). De todos los casos, 213 fueron de género masculino (56,8%), con 29 años como mediana de edad. Mayormente fueron notificados por la red de efectores del AP del HF. Respecto a la evolución, en 169 casos fue satisfactoria (45,1%), y 138 no registraron datos de evolución (36,8%). DISCUSIÓN: El análisis epidemiológico desagregado reveló la gran complejidad del territorio respecto a este padecimiento de salud. Las redes de abordaje interdisciplinarias e intersectoriales resultan claves para garantizar la accesibilidad al cuidado y tratamiento en esta población.
Subject(s)
Primary Health Care , Social Conditions , Tuberculosis , Epidemiology , Health Inequality MonitoringABSTRACT
Las micobacterias de crecimiento rápido son una rara causa de endocarditis bacteriana. Durante las últimas décadas han aumentado las infecciones debido a este tipo de micobacterias, en especial las postraumáticas y las posquirúrgicas. Estas infecciones pueden ser localizadas o diseminadas, y también pueden producir brotes nosocomiales debido a la contaminación del equipamiento médico. Por lo general, las tinciones para bacterias ácido-alcohol resistentes no se emplean de rutina en el procesamiento de hemocultivos positivos. Sin embargo, el microbiólogo debe estar atento al ver un bacilo gram positivo, ya que podría tratarse de una micobacteria de crecimiento rápido. Describimos un caso de endocarditis por de Mycobacterium mageritense en una paciente con parche pericárdico autógeno y un catéter para medir la presión en la aurícula izquierda. La bacteria fue identificada por espectrometría de masas (MALDI-TOF MS), score 2,3, y luego confirmada por secuenciación y análisis del gen ARNr 16s con las bases de datos del NCBI y EzTaxon, con una concordancia del 99,8 y el 100%, respectivamente.
Rapidly growing non-tuberculosis mycobacteria are a rare cause of bacterial endocarditis. During the last decades, there has been an increase in infections due to rapidly growing mycobacteria, mainly after trauma and post-surgical procedures, both localized and disseminated, as well as nosocomial outbreaks due to contamination of medical equipment. Routine acid-fast staining for blood culture bottles is not always performed; however, the microbiologist should be aware of potential RGM infections especially when gram positive bacilli are observed. We describe a case of endocarditis caused by Mycobacterium mageritense in a patient with an autologous pericardial patch and a pressure catheter in the left auricle. The bacterial species was identified as Mycobacterium mageritense by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), score 2.3, and confirmed by 16S rRNA analysis with 99.8 and 100% agreement, respectively.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Endocarditis, Bacterial/microbiology , Catheter-Related Infections/diagnosis , Mycobacterium/isolation & purification , Mass Spectrometry/methods , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/analysis , Catheter-Related Infections/therapy , Blood Culture/methodsABSTRACT
Rapidly growing non-tuberculosis mycobacteria are a rare cause of bacterial endocarditis. During the last decades, there has been an increase in infections due to rapidly growing mycobacteria, mainly after trauma and post-surgical procedures, both localized and disseminated, as well as nosocomial outbreaks due to contamination of medical equipment. Routine acid-fast staining for blood culture bottles is not always performed; however, the microbiologist should be aware of potential RGM infections especially when gram positive bacilli are observed. We describe a case of endocarditis caused by Mycobacterium mageritense in a patient with an autologous pericardial patch and a pressure catheter in the left auricle. The bacterial species was identified as Mycobacterium mageritense by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), score 2.3, and confirmed by 16S rRNA analysis with 99.8 and 100% agreement, respectively.
Subject(s)
Actinomycetales Infections/microbiology , Cardiac Catheterization/instrumentation , Endocarditis, Bacterial/microbiology , Mycobacteriaceae , Prosthesis-Related Infections/etiology , Adult , Female , HumansABSTRACT
La infección por VIH incrementa la posibilidad de contraer tuberculosis; el riesgo resulta mayor para las formas extrapulmonares y dentro de estas, la meníngea. La infección por VIH no modifica las manifestaciones neurológi-cas pero disminuye significativamente la supervivencia. El método molecu-lar GeneXpert MTB/RIF (CEPHEID, USA), implementado en 2010, es un mé-todo de amplificación del ácido nucleico para Mycobacterium tuberculosis, en tiempo real, con la determinación adicional de la resistencia a rifampicina.Caso clínico: paciente con VIH de diagnóstico reciente que manifes-tó enfermedad consuntiva. El cuadro inicial fue de compromiso pulmo-nar y luego meníngeo; en ambos casos el método GeneXpert MTB/RIF detectó Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistente a rifampicina. Se utili-zaron drogas de segunda línea, por la presunción de estar frente a una tuberculosis multiresistente, por definición resistente al menos a iso-niacida y rifampicina. Desarrolló hidrocefalia y profundas secuelas.Conclusiones: este método molecular permitió la detección rápida de la tuberculosis, la implementación de medidas de aislamiento así como con-trol de la infección y el inicio temprano de una terapéutica más eficaz, tan-to en la forma pulmonar como meníngea
HIV infection increases the risk of developing any form of tuberculosis, but the risk is greater for meningitis and the extrapulmonary form. HIV infection does not alter the neurological manifestations, but significantly decreases survival. The GeneXpert MTB / RIF (CEPHEID, USA), implemented in 2010, is a real time PCR for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with rifampicin sensitivity.Case report: patient with recent diagnosed HIV, stating wasting disease. The original picture involved lung and then meningeal compromise: In both cases the Xpert MTB / RIF detected the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis rimfapicin resistant. Second-line drugs were used by the presumption of being faced with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis that, by definition, is resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin. Patient developed hydrocephalus and was severe aftermath.Conclusions: This molecular method allowed the rapid detection of tuberculosis, implementation of isolation measures as infection control and the early onset of a more effective therapy, both in the pulmonary form and the meningeal
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Tuberculosis, Meningeal/therapy , HIV Infections/therapy , Infection Control/methods , Nucleic Acid Amplification TechniquesABSTRACT
Eighty one rectal swabs (RS) were cultured on CHROMagar KPC and the CDC method. Of the 81 samples, 9 were positive for KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae on CHROMagar KPC, and 6 for the CDC method. CHROMagar KPC had two false positive (FP) results: 1 K. pneumoniae and 1 Acinetobacter sp. FP results on the CDC method were: 25 Acinetobacter spp., 2 Escherichia coli and 4 K. pneumoniae: CHROMagar KPC yielded a better recovery of KPC-producing bacteria and less FP results than CDC method. In order to evaluate FP results on CHROMagar KPC, 1247 RS were cultured and yielded 1021 negatives, 171 KPC-producing K. pneumoniae and 55 FP (4.4 %). Because of the FP results growing on CHROMagar KPC, KPC must be phenotypically confirmed in the bacteria isolated.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Proteins/analysis , Bacteriological Techniques/methods , Carbapenems/pharmacology , Culture Media , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolation & purification , Rectum/microbiology , beta-Lactam Resistance , beta-Lactamases/analysis , Acinetobacter/enzymology , Agar , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Chromogenic Compounds , Escherichia coli/enzymology , False Positive Reactions , Humans , Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects , Klebsiella pneumoniae/enzymology , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genetics , Mass Screening , Phenotype , United States , beta-Lactam Resistance/genetics , beta-Lactamases/geneticsABSTRACT
Se cultivaron 81 hisopados rectales en el medio CHROMagar KPC y por el método del CDC. Fueron positivos para Klebsiella pneumoniae KPC en CHROMagar KPC, 9/81 y 6/81 con el método del CDC. El medio CHROMagar KPC tuvo dos falsos positivos: 1 K. pneumoniae y 1 Acinetobacter sp. Los falsos positivos del método CDC fueron: 25 Acinetobacter spp., 2 Escherichia coli y4K. pneumoniae. El empleo del medio CHROMagar KPC resultó ser un método con mayor recuperación de aislamientos productores de KPC y menos falsos positivos que el método del CDC. Para evaluar los falsos positivos en el medio CHROMagar KPC se cultivaron 1247 hisopados rectales. Se obtuvieron 1021 negativos, 171 K. pneumoniae KPC y 55 (4,4 %) falsos positivos. Debido al desarrollo de falsos positivos en el medio CHROMagar KPC, se debe confirmar por caracterización fenotípica la presencia de KPC en las bacterias aisladas.
Eighty one rectal swabs (RS) were cultured on CHROMagar KPC and the CDC method. Of the 81 samples, 9 were positive for KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae on CHROMagar KPC, and 6 for the CDC method. CHROMagar KPC had two false positive (FP) results: 1 K. pneumoniae and 1 Acinetobacter sp. FP results on the CDC method were: 25 Acinetobacter spp., 2 Escherichia coli and 4 K. pneumoniae. CHROMagar KPC yielded a better recovery of KPC-producing bacteria and less FP results than CDC method. In order to evaluate FP results on CHROMagar KPC, 1247 RS were cultured and yielded 1021 negatives, 171 KPC-producing K. pneumoniae and 55 FP (4.4 %). Because of the FP results growing on CHROMagar KPC, KPC must be phenotypically confirmed in the bacteria isolated.
Subject(s)
Humans , beta-Lactam Resistance , Bacterial Proteins/analysis , Bacteriological Techniques/methods , Culture Media , Carbapenems/pharmacology , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolation & purification , Rectum/microbiology , beta-Lactamases/analysis , Agar , Acinetobacter/enzymology , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Chromogenic Compounds , Escherichia coli/enzymology , False Positive Reactions , Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects , Klebsiella pneumoniae/enzymology , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genetics , Mass Screening , Phenotype , United States , beta-Lactam Resistance/genetics , beta-Lactamases/geneticsABSTRACT
Se cultivaron 81 hisopados rectales en el medio CHROMagar KPC y por el método del CDC. Fueron positivos para Klebsiella pneumoniae KPC en CHROMagar KPC, 9/81 y 6/81 con el método del CDC. El medio CHROMagar KPC tuvo dos falsos positivos: 1 K. pneumoniae y 1 Acinetobacter sp. Los falsos positivos del método CDC fueron: 25 Acinetobacter spp., 2 Escherichia coli y4K. pneumoniae. El empleo del medio CHROMagar KPC resultó ser un método con mayor recuperación de aislamientos productores de KPC y menos falsos positivos que el método del CDC. Para evaluar los falsos positivos en el medio CHROMagar KPC se cultivaron 1247 hisopados rectales. Se obtuvieron 1021 negativos, 171 K. pneumoniae KPC y 55 (4,4 %) falsos positivos. Debido al desarrollo de falsos positivos en el medio CHROMagar KPC, se debe confirmar por caracterización fenotípica la presencia de KPC en las bacterias aisladas.(AU)
Eighty one rectal swabs (RS) were cultured on CHROMagar KPC and the CDC method. Of the 81 samples, 9 were positive for KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae on CHROMagar KPC, and 6 for the CDC method. CHROMagar KPC had two false positive (FP) results: 1 K. pneumoniae and 1 Acinetobacter sp. FP results on the CDC method were: 25 Acinetobacter spp., 2 Escherichia coli and 4 K. pneumoniae. CHROMagar KPC yielded a better recovery of KPC-producing bacteria and less FP results than CDC method. In order to evaluate FP results on CHROMagar KPC, 1247 RS were cultured and yielded 1021 negatives, 171 KPC-producing K. pneumoniae and 55 FP (4.4 %). Because of the FP results growing on CHROMagar KPC, KPC must be phenotypically confirmed in the bacteria isolated.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Bacterial Proteins/analysis , Bacteriological Techniques/methods , Carbapenems/pharmacology , Culture Media , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolation & purification , Rectum/microbiology , beta-Lactam Resistance , beta-Lactamases/analysis , Acinetobacter/enzymology , Agar , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Chromogenic Compounds , Escherichia coli/enzymology , False Positive Reactions , Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects , Klebsiella pneumoniae/enzymology , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genetics , Mass Screening , Phenotype , United States , beta-Lactam Resistance/genetics , beta-Lactamases/geneticsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Onychomycosis accounts for up to 50% of all nail disorders. They can be caused by: yeasts, dermatophytes and non-dermatophyte moulds. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: A multicentre study designed to determine the prevalence, mycological test results, aetiological agents, and clinical presentation of onychomycosis was carried out. All fingernail and toenail samples taken during a one year period at 9 diagnostic centres were included. RESULTS: A total of 5,961 samples were analysed, of which 82.3% were from toenails and 17.7% from fingernails. The mean age of the patients was 49.7 years, and 66% were females. Direct microscopic examination was positive in 61% of the samples. In adults, 61.2% of toenails were positive using potassium hydroxide (KOH), and 43.7% were positive in cultures. The prevailing aetiological agents belong to the dermatophyte group (82.8%), and distal subungual was the most common clinical form. In fingernails, direct examination showed 59.8% positive samples, and cultures were positive in 52.9%. The prevailing agents were yeasts belonging to Candida species, and onycholysis was the most common lesion. CONCLUSIONS: Direct mycological examinations were positive in 61%, a higher value than that found in other series. Dermatophytes were prevalent in toenails of both sexes, and in finger nails yeast were prevalent in females, and dermatophytes in males. Non-dermatophyte moulds corresponded to 4.8% of toenail and 2.05% of fingernails isolates.